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Portal:Wetlands

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Wetlands Portal

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Introduction

Awetland is a land area that issaturated withwater, either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinctecosystem. The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other land forms or water bodies is the characteristicvegetation ofaquatic plants, adapted to the uniquehydric soil. Wetlands play a number of roles in the environment, principally water purification, flood control, carbon sink and shoreline stability. Wetlands are also considered the mostbiologically diverse of all ecosystems, serving as home to a wide range of plant and animal life. Wetlands occur naturally on every continent exceptAntarctica, the largest including theAmazon River basin, theWest Siberian Plain, and thePantanal in South America. The water found in wetlands can befreshwater,brackish, orsaltwater. The main wetland types includeswamps,marshes,bogs, andfens; and sub-types includemangrove,carr,pocosin, andvarzea.

The UNMillennium Ecosystem Assessment determined thatenvironmental degradation is more prominent within wetland systems than any other ecosystem on Earth. Internationalconservation efforts are being used in conjunction with the development of rapid assessment tools to inform people about wetland issues.

Constructed wetlands can be used to treat municipal and industrialwastewater as well asstormwater runoff and they also play a role inwater-sensitive urban design.

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Constructed wetland in a ecological settlement in Flintenbreite near Luebeck, Germany

Aconstructed wetland (CW) is an artificialwetland created for the purpose of treatinganthropogenic discharge such as municipal or industrialwastewater,stormwater runoff. It may also be created for land reclamation aftermining,refineries, or other ecological disturbances such as requiredmitigation for natural areas lost to a development.

Constructed wetlands are engineered systems that use natural functions of vegetation, soil, and organisms to treat different water streams. Depending on the type of wastewater that has to be treated the system has to be adjusted accordingly which means that pre- or post-treatments might be necessary.

Constructed wetlands can be designed to emulate the features of naturalwetlands, such as acting as abiofilter or removingsediments andpollutants such asheavy metals from the water. Some constructed wetlands may also serve as ahabitat for native and migratorywildlife, although that is usually not their main purpose.

The two main types of constructed wetlands are subsurface flow and surface flow wetlands. The planted vegetation plays a role in contaminant removal but the filter bed, consisting usually of a combination of sand and gravel, has an equally important role to play. (Full article...)

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General images

The following are images from various wetland-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Sugar Fen, Norfolk (fromFen)
Image 2TheLinnaistensuo Mire, anature reserve swamp inLahti, Finland. (fromSwamp)
Image 3Aerial image ofCarbajal Valley peat bogs,Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina (fromBog)
Image 4Dernford Fen, Cambridgeshire (fromFen)
Image 5Blanket bog inConnemara, Ireland (fromBog)
Image 6Marshlands are often noted within wetlands, as seen here at theJamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge inNew York City. (fromWetland)
Image 7Small extreme rich fen in southwestern Minnesota. The white flowers,Parnassia glauca, are a fen indicator species in Minnesota. (fromFen)
Image 8A salt marsh inScotland (fromMarsh)
Image 9Viru Bog inLahemaa National Park,Estonia, which is rich in raised bogs (fromBog)
Image 10Aerial view of prairie potholes (fromMarsh)
Image 11Bog in Antwerp Province, Belgium (fromBog)
Image 12Bud of water lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), an aquatic plant (fromWetland)
Image 13A bog inLauhanvuori National Park,Isojoki, Finland (fromBog)
Image 14Humid wetland in Pennsylvania before a rain (fromWetland)
Image 15A bog inOstfriesland, Germany (fromBog)
Image 16Wetlands contrast the hot, arid landscape around Middle Spring,Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge,Utah. (fromWetland)
Image 17The Sitniki peat bog inRussia recultivated after industrial use (fromBog)
Image 18Marsh Arabs poling amashoof (fromSwamp)
Image 19Awet meadow adjacent toBig Bear Lake,San Bernardino Mountains, California (fromMarsh)
Image 20Kakerdaja Fen, Estonia (fromFen)
Image 21The wetlands ofCape May,New Jersey, in theUnited States comprise an extensive hydrological network that makes them anornithologically important location to study the many birds which use the preserve as a place tonest. (fromWetland)
Image 22Difference between swamp and marsh (fromSwamp)
Image 23Carnivorous plants, such as thisSarracenia purpurea pitcher plant of the eastern seaboard of North America, are often found in bogs. Capturing insects provides nitrogen and phosphorus, which are usually scarce in such conditions. (fromBog)
Image 24World map showing the coverage of wetlands as percentage of total land area defined as wetland according to the Ramsar convention by country (fromWetland)
Image 25A freshwater swamp inFlorida,United States (fromSwamp)
Image 26Spaulding Fen, Wisconsin (fromFen)
Image 27White water lilies are a typical marsh plant in European areas of deeper water. (fromMarsh)
Image 28Wicken Fen, England. Grasses in the foreground are typical of a fen. (fromFen)
Image 29Snapping turtles are one of the many kinds of turtles found in wetlands. (fromWetland)
Image 30Marsh in shallow water on a lakeshore (fromMarsh)
Image 31Many species of evergreen shrub are found in bogs, such asLabrador tea. (fromBog)
Image 32Peat bog and peat to dry,L'Isle-aux-Coudres,Quebec,Canada, 1976 (fromBog)
Image 33Sphagnum withnorthern pitcher plants atBrown's Lake Bog, Ohio, US (fromBog)
Image 34Many kinds of birds nest in marshes; this one is ayellow-headed blackbird. (fromMarsh)
Image 35Ablack alder swamp inGermany (fromSwamp)
Image 36Bog in the Seliger Lake area, Tver Oblast, Russia (fromBog)
Image 37Precipitation accumulates in many bogs, forming bog pools, such asKoitjärve bog in Estonia (fromBog)
Image 38Araised bog inĶemeri National Park,Jūrmala, Latvia, formed approximately 10,000 years ago in the postglacial period and now a tourist attraction. (fromBog)
Image 39An expanse of wet Sphagnum bog inFrontenac National Park,Quebec, Canada. Spruce trees can be seen on a forested ridge in the background. (fromBog)
Image 40Peat extraction in East Frisia, Germany (fromBog)
Image 41A wetland in theChesapeake Bay drainage basin in Mallows Bay Park inCharles County,Maryland, in the United States. (fromWetland)
Image 42Fog rising over the Mukri bog nearMukri, Estonia. The bog has an area of 2,147 hectares (5,310 acres) and has been protected since 1992. (fromWetland)
Image 43A small swamp inPadstow, New South Wales, Australia (fromSwamp)
Image 44Marshlands are often noted withinwetlands, as seen here in theNew Jersey Meadowlands atLyndhurst, New Jersey, U.S. (fromMarsh)
Image 45Sphagnum moss and sedges can produce floating bog mats along the shores of small lakes. This bog in Duck Lake,Oregon, US, supports populations ofEnglish sundew (Drosera anglica). (fromBog)
Image 46Swamp in southernLouisiana (fromSwamp)
Image 47Wetland at the Broadmoor Wildlife Sanctuary in Massachusetts, United States, in February (fromWetland)
Image 48Avaste Fen, Estonia. Sedges dominate the landscape, woody shrubs and trees are sparse. (fromFen)
Image 49Vernal pools are ponded only during the wetter part of the year. (fromMarsh)
Image 50Pantanal in Brazil (fromSwamp)
Image 51Sunrise at Viru Bog, Estonia (fromWetland)
Image 52Bog-wood andboulders at the Stumpy Knowe nearSouth Auchenmade, Ayrshire, Scotland, United Kingdom (fromBog)
Image 53Many species offrogs live in wetlands, while others visit them each year to lay eggs. (fromWetland)
Image 54A marsh inJyväskylä,Finland (fromMarsh)
Image 55Inside amangrove canopy,Salt Pan Creek, New South Wales (fromSwamp)

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Wetland

Credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Headquarters.

Coastal Plain stream inGeorgia.

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Did you know...

... thathigh marshes have salinity levels up to four times that of sea water?

(Pictured left: Spartina patens.)

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Related portals

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Organizations

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Topics

v t e River morphology
Large-scale features	Alluvial plain Drainage basin Drainage system (geomorphology) Estuary Strahler number (stream order) River valley River delta River sinuosity
Alluvial rivers	Anabranch Avulsion (river) Bar (river morphology) Braided river Channel pattern Cut bank Floodplain Meander Meander cutoff Mouth bar Oxbow lake Point bar Riffle Rapids Riparian zone River bifurcation River channel migration River mouth Slip-off slope Stream pool Thalweg
Bedrock river	Canyon Knickpoint Plunge pool
Bedforms	Ait Antidune Dune Current ripple
Regional processes	Aggradation Base level Degradation (geology) Erosion and tectonics River rejuvenation
Mechanics	Deposition (geology) Water erosion Exner equation Hack's law Helicoidal flow Playfair's law Sediment transport List of rivers that have reversed direction
Category

Aquatic ecosystems

General components andfreshwater ecosystems

General	Acoustic ecology Algal bloom Anoxic waters Aquatic adaptation Aquatic animal Insect Mammal Water bird Aquatic biomonitoring Aquatic plant Aquatic population dynamics Aquatic predation Aquatic respiration Aquatic science Aquatic toxicology Benthos Bioluminescence Biomass Cascade effect Colored dissolved organic matter Dead zone Ecohydrology Eutrophication Fisheries science Food chain Food web GIS and aquatic science Hydrobiology Hypoxia Macrobenthos Meiobenthos Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial loop Mycoloop Nekton Neuston Particle Pelagic zone Photic zone Phytoplankton Plankton Pleuston Productivity Ramsar Convention Sediment trap Semiaquatic Shoaling and schooling Siltation Spawn Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems Stream metabolism Substrate Thermal pollution Trophic level Underwater camouflage Water column Zooplankton
Freshwater	Freshwater biology Freshwater biome Freshwater environmental quality parameters Freshwater fish Hyporheic zone Limnology Lake ecosystem Lake stratification Macrophyte Pond Fish pond Rheotaxis River Ecosystem Stream bed Stream pool Trophic state index Upland and lowland Water garden Wetland Bog Brackish marsh Fen Freshwater marsh Freshwater swamp forest
Ecoregions	List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF) Africa and Madagascar Latin America and the Caribbean List of marine ecoregions Specific examples Everglades Maharashtra North Pacific Subtropical Gyre San Francisco Estuary

Marine ecosystems (components)

General

Marine life

Census of Marine Life Deep-sea community Deep-water coral Marine fungi Marine invertebrates Marine larval ecology Seagrass Seashore wildlife Wild fisheries
Microorganisms	Marine bacteriophage Marine prokaryotes Marine protists Marine viruses Paradox of the plankton
Vertebrates	Marine mammal Marine reptile Saltwater fish Coastal fish Coral reef fish Deep-sea fish Demersal fish Pelagic fish Seabird

Marine habitats

Conservation

Biogeographic regions

Biomes

Terrestrial
biomes

Polar/montane	Tundra Taiga Montane grasslands and shrublands
Temperate	Coniferous forests Broadleaf and mixed forests Deciduous forests Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
Tropical and subtropical	Coniferous forests Moist broadleaf forests Dry broadleaf forests Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
Dry	Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub Deserts and xeric shrublands Steppe
Wet	Flooded grasslands and savannas Riparian Wetland Mangroves

Aquatic
biomes

Other biomes

Endolithic zone

Biogeographic
realms

Terrestrial	Afrotropical Antarctic Australasian Holarctic Nearctic Palearctic Indomalayan Neotropical Oceanian
Marine	Antarctic/Southern Ocean Arctic Central Indo-Pacific Eastern Indo-Pacific Temperate Australasia Temperate Northern Atlantic Temperate Northern Pacific Temperate South America Temperate Southern Africa Tropical Atlantic Tropical Eastern Pacific Western Indo-Pacific
Subdivisions	Biogeographic provinces Bioregions Ecoregions Lists of ecoregions Global 200 ecoregions

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