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Portal:Turkey

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Merhaba! Türkiye portalına hoş geldiniz. Hi! Welcome to the Turkey portal.

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Turkey, officially theRepublic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located inAnatolia inWest Asia, with a relatively small part calledEast Thrace inSoutheast Europe. It borders theBlack Sea to the north;Georgia,Armenia,Azerbaijan, andIran to the east;Iraq,Syria, and theMediterranean Sea to the south; and theAegean Sea,Greece, andBulgaria to the west. Turkey is home to over 85 million people; most are ethnicTurks, whileKurds are thelargest ethnic minority. Officiallya secular state, Turkey hasa Muslim-majority population.Ankara is Turkey's capital and second-largest city.Istanbul is its largest city and economic center. Other major cities includeİzmir,Bursa, andAntalya.

First inhabited by modern humans during theLate Paleolithic, present-day Turkey was home tovarious ancient peoples. TheHattians were assimilated by theHittites and otherAnatolian peoples.Classical Anatolia transitioned into culturalHellenization afterAlexander the Great's conquests, and laterRomanization during theRoman andByzantine eras. TheSeljuk Turks began migrating into Anatolia in the 11th century, starting theTurkification process. The SeljukSultanate of Rum ruled Anatolia until theMongol invasion in 1243, when it disintegrated intoTurkish principalities. Beginning in 1299, theOttomans united the principalities andexpanded.Mehmed II conqueredConstantinople (modern-day Istanbul) in 1453. During the reigns ofSelim I andSuleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire became aglobal power. From 1789 onwards, the empire saw major changes,reforms, centralization, andrising nationalism whileits territory declined.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries,persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction andin the Russian Empire resulted in large-scale loss of life andmass migration into modern-day Turkey from theBalkans,Caucasus, andCrimea. Under the control of theThree Pashas, the Ottoman Empireentered World War I in 1914, during which the Ottoman government committedgenocides against itsArmenian,Greek, andAssyrian subjects. Following Ottoman defeat, theTurkish War of Independence resulted in theabolition of the sultanate and the signing of theTreaty of Lausanne. Turkey emerged as a more homogenousnation state. The Republicwas proclaimed on 29 October 1923, modelled onthe reforms initiated by its founder and first president,Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Turkeyremained neutral during most of World War II, but was involved in theKorean War. Several military interventions interfered with the transition to a multi-party system.

Turkey is anupper-middle-income andemerging country;its economy is the world's16th-largest by nominal and11th-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP. As the15th-largest electricity producer in the world, Turkey aims to become a hub for regional energy transportation. It is aunitary presidentialrepublic. Turkey is a founding member of theOECD,G20, andOrganization of Turkic States. With a geopolitically significant location, Turkey is aNATO member and hasits second-largest military force. It may be recognized as anemerging, amiddle, and aregional power. Asan EU candidate, Turkey is part of theEU Customs Union.

Turkey has coastal plains,a high central plateau, and various mountain ranges with rising elevation eastwards.Turkey's climate is diverse, ranging fromMediterranean and othertemperate climates tosemi-arid andcontinental types. Home to threebiodiversity hotspots, Turkey is prone tofrequent earthquakes and ishighly vulnerable to climate change. Turkey hasa universal healthcare system, growingaccess to education, and increasing levels ofinnovativeness. It is a leadingTV content exporter. With numerous UNESCOWorld Heritage sites andintangible cultural heritage inscriptions, anda rich and diverse cuisine, Turkey is thefourth most visited country in the world. (Full article...)

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Landscape of a section of the Great Zab in Erbil, Northern Iraq (Kurdistan region).

TheGreat Zab orUpper Zab (Arabic:الزَّاب الْكَبِيْر,romanized: ez-Zâb el-Kebîr;Kurdish:Zêy Badînan orZêyê Mezin;Turkish:Zap;Syriac:ܙܒܐ ܥܠܝܐ,romanized: zāba ʻalya) is an approximately 400-kilometre (250 mi) long river flowing throughTurkey andIraq. It rises in Turkey nearLake Van and joins theTigris in Iraq south ofMosul. During its course, the river collects water from many tributaries and thedrainage basin of the Great Zab covers approximately 40,300 square kilometres (15,600 sq mi). The river and its tributaries are primarily fed by rainfall and snowmelt – as a result of whichdischarge fluctuates highly throughout the year. At least six dams have been planned on the Great Zab and its tributaries, but construction of only one, theBekhme Dam, has commenced but was halted after theGulf War.

TheZagros Mountains have been occupied since at least theLower Palaeolithic, andNeanderthal occupation of the Great Zab basin has been testified at thearchaeological site ofShanidar Cave. Historical records for the region are available from the end of the third millennium BCE onward. In theNeo-Assyrian period, the Great Zab provided water forirrigation for the lands around the capital city ofNimrud. TheBattle of the Zab – which ended theUmayyad Caliphate – took place near a tributary of the Great Zab, and the valleys of the river provided shelter for refugees from theMongol conquest of Iraq. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the Great Zab basin saw frequent uprisings of localKurdish tribes striving for autonomy. (Full article...)

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General images

The following are images from various Turkey-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Antalya (fromGeography of Turkey)
Image 2The Nation's Library of the Presidency,Ankara (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 3View ofDilek Peninsula-Büyük Menderes Delta National Park (fromGeography of Turkey)
Image 4Mount Ararat (fromGeography of Turkey)
Image 5Anoil wrestling tournament inIstanbul. (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 6Selimiye Mosque inEdirne (1568–1574) (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 7Istanbul (fromGeography of Turkey)
Image 8Karagöz and Hacivat are the lead characters ofTurkish shadow play, popularized during theOttoman period. (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 9Mount Nemrut,Adıyaman (fromGeography of Turkey)
Image 10The sultan of the golden age,Suleiman the Magnificent. (fromHistory of Turkey)
Image 11Turkish delight (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 12Turkish coffee (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 13The Ottoman Empire in1683, at the start of theGreat Turkish War (1683–1699) (fromHistory of Turkey)
Image 14Namık Kemal was a prominent Turkish poet, novelist, playwright and journalist of the late-19th-centuryOttoman Empire. (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 15Lake Van (fromGeography of Turkey)
Image 16Designed by Şekip Akalın,Ankara Central Station (1937) is a notableart deco design of its era. (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 17Map showing events of the first phases of the Greco-Persian Wars (fromHistory of Turkey)
Image 18Istanbul University Faculty of Science and Faculty of Literature Buildings (1944–52) designed bySedad Hakkı Eldem and Emin Onat (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 19Night view of theTaksim Mosque (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 20Istanbul LGBT Pride 2013 atTaksim Square duringGezi Park protests (fromHistory of Turkey)
Image 21A view ofLevent fromKanlıca across theBosporus. (fromGeography of Turkey)
Image 22The empire in 555 underJustinian the Great, at its greatest extent since the fall of theWestern Roman Empire (itsvassals in pink) (fromHistory of Turkey)
Image 23Mehmed II enters Constantinople byFausto Zonaro (fromHistory of Turkey)
Image 24FirstZiraat Bank Headquarters (1925–29) inAnkara designed by Giulio Mongeri is an important symbol of the First National Architectural Movement. (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 25Istanbul Sapphire (2006–11) is the tallest building inTurkey and 4th inEurope. (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 26Turkish national basketball team won the silver medal in the2010 FIBA World Championship. (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 27Roosevelt,İnönü andChurchill at theSecond Cairo Conference which was held between 4–6 December 1943. (fromHistory of Turkey)
Image 28Beaches and marina ofKemer nearAntalya on theTurkish Riviera. (fromGeography of Turkey)
Image 29Map showing theAnatolian Plate, theNorth Anatolian Fault andEast Anatolian Fault in Turkey. (fromGeography of Turkey)
Image 30Orhan Pamuk, winner of the 2006Nobel Prize in Literature. (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 31Butterfly Valley on theTurkish Riviera. (fromGeography of Turkey)
Image 32Bronze Age Anatolia (fromHistory of Turkey)
Image 33Kaçkar Mountains. (fromGeography of Turkey)
Image 34Köppen climate types of Turkey (fromGeography of Turkey)
Image 35Originally a church, later a mosque, and now a Grand mosque, theHagia Sophia inIstanbul was built by theByzantines in the 6th century. (fromHistory of Turkey)
Image 36Ankara Opera House, designed byŞevki Balmumcu (1933–34) and renovation byPaul Bonatz (1946–47). (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 37Anıtkabir designed byEmin Halid Onat and Ahmet Orhan Arda (1944–53) (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 38Tevfik Fikret (1867–1915) was a prominent Turkish poet of the late Ottoman era. (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 39View ofBeydağları Coastal National Park (fromGeography of Turkey)
Image 40Mount Erciyes nearKayseri (fromGeography of Turkey)
Image 41Map of Istanbul by the miniature artistMatrakçı Nasuh (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 42Map of earthquakes in Turkey 1900–2023 (fromGeography of Turkey)
Image 43Atatürk on the cover of theTime magazine, Vol. I No. 4, March 24, 1923. Title: "Mustapha Kemal Pasha" (fromHistory of Turkey)
Image 44Sami Frashëri (1850–1904) and his wife Emine, May 1884. (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 45Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca was one of the most prolificTurkish poets of the Turkish Republic with more than 60 collections of his poems published, laureate of theStruga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath Award. (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 46Entrance portal of theKaratay Madrasa inKonya (c. 1251) (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 47Regions of Roman Anatolia (fromHistory of Turkey)
Image 48Yalikavak Palmarina inBodrum (2014) designed byEmre Arolat (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 49View fromLevent district inIstanbul. Istanbul's skyline has changed especially since the early 2000s. (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 50Orhan Veli Kanık was the founder of theGarip Movement in Turkish poetry. (fromCulture of Turkey)
Image 51Ankara (fromGeography of Turkey)
Image 52Thrace and the Thracian Odrysian kingdom in its maximum extent under Sitalces (431-424 BC) (fromHistory of Turkey)
Image 53Visit ofKaiser Wilhelm II of Germany to Turkey in October 1917. Together with theMehmed V andEnver Pasha (fromHistory of Turkey)
Image 54Recaizade Mahmud Ekrem (1847–1914) was another prominent Turkish poet of the late Ottoman era. (fromCulture of Turkey)

Did you know -show different entries

... that theVefa Kilise Mosque
(pictured) inIstanbul is one of the first examples ofbyzantine churches ofConstantinople which were converted into mosques by theOttomans? (July 13, 2007)Wikipedia:Recent additions 154
... thatTahir Aydoğdu and his father Gültekin are both players of theqanun, an instrument ofTurkish classical music? (July 8, 2013)
... that human rights activistAyse Nur Zarakolu, anAmnesty International "prisoner of conscience", was arrested 30 times and jailed four for violatingcensorship laws in Turkey? (March 13, 2009)Wikipedia:Recent additions 242
... thatKieran Prendergast was theBritish Ambassador to Turkey before serving asUnited Nations Under-Secretary-General forPolitical Affairs? (June 21, 2008)Wikipedia:Recent additions 220
... that the crash ofTurkish AirlinesFlight 634 on 8 January 2003 was the worst crash involving aBAe 146? (January 4, 2009)Wikipedia:Recent additions 238
... that theMcGhee Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies inAlanya is run byGeorgetown University as the onlyindependent study program inTurkey? (November 12, 2007)Wikipedia:Recent additions 185
... thatSüreyya Opera House inIstanbul, built in 1927 as amusical theater but used all the time as a cinema, gained its intended status only in 2007 after redevelopment? (October 30, 2008)Wikipedia:Recent additions 234

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Image 1Kemer
Image 2The ancientLake Abant Nature Park inBolu
Image 3Aydilge Sarp;Turkish singer, songwriter and novelist
Image 418th-century Ottoman barber's apron
Image 5Rize
Image 6Tünel,Istanbul
Image 7Atram inIstanbul
Image 8theSelimiye Mosque inEdirne
Image 9Cappadocia
Image 10theBosphorus Bridge
Image 11A faculty ofSakarya University
Image 12AKocek
Image 13Atatürk praying
Image 14Lake Akdoğan inMuş
Image 15Tarkan with Hungarian fans
Image 16Anairplane with anazar boncuğu symbol that is said to offer protection from the "evil eye".
Image 17The tughra ofMahmud II. "Mahmud Han bin Abdulhamid muzaffer daima" ("Mahmud Khan son of Abdulhamid is forever victorious").
Image 18The Temple of Athena atPriene, an ancient site near Turunçlar inAydın province.
Image 19Mount Nemrut
Image 20The sun setting over theGolden Horn in the city ofIstanbul.
Image 21Ölüdeniz
Image 22Safranbolu
Image 23Iznik, 16th-century vase
Image 24Lahmacun
Image 251. picture on portal: The prominent towers of Dayro d-Mor Gabriel; 15th December 2005
Image 26Antalya
Image 27Flag of Turkey, from flowers

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Miniature from the Majma al-Tawarikh byHafiz Abru circa 1425; which depicts accession to the throne by Alp Arslan

Alp Arslan, bornMuhammad Alp Arslan bin Dawud Chaghri, was the secondsultan of the Seljuk Empire and great-grandson ofSeljuk, theeponymous founder of the dynasty and the empire. He greatly expanded Seljuk territories and consolidated his power, defeating rivals to the south, east, and northwest. His victory over theByzantines at theBattle of Manzikert in 1071 ushered in theTurkoman settlement ofAnatolia. (Full article...)

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Lake Bafa Nature Park, 2015

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Videos from Turkey on Wikimedia Commons

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“

A satiated man doesn't know what's hunger, a healthy man doesn't know what's disease.

”

Turkish proverb

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Turkish proverbs in Wikiquote

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Recognized content

	Alanya,Byzantine Empire,SMS Goeben,The Turk,List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire,Istanbul,Italian War of 1521–1526,Italian War of 1542–1546,List of battleships of the Ottoman Empire,Rhodes blood libel
	2004 Istanbul summit,2008 Turkish Grand Prix,Battle of Manzikert,Battle of Marash,Battle of Vaslui,Church of St. Polyeuctus,First Crusade,Great Zab,Hood event,Limyra Bridge,Siege of Szigetvár,Night Attack at Târgoviște,Third Perso-Turkic War,Walls of Constantinople,Gallipoli Campaign,Battle of Lone Pine

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Provinces

Provinces of Turkey

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Topics

Turkey

History

Ancient and Middle Ages	Prehistory of Anatolia Classical Anatolia Byzantine Anatolia
Seljuks andBeyliks	Seljuk Empire Battle of Manzikert Sultanate of Rum Anatolian beyliks
Ottoman Empire	Rise Classical Age Conquest of Constantinople Transformation Ottoman Old Regime Tulip era Decline and modernization Tanzimat First Constitutional Era Second Constitutional Era Dissolution Partition
Republic of Türkiye	War of Independence Proclamation of the republic Atatürk's reforms Language reform Secularism One-party period Multi-party period
Overviews	Constitutional Economic Ottoman Military
Topics	Turkic migration Oghuz Turks Turkification Ancient peoples of Anatolia History of Anatolia History of Thrace

Geography

Regions (west to east)	Marmara region Aegean region Mediterranean region Black Sea region Central Anatolia region Eastern Anatolia region Southeastern Anatolia region
Topics	Climate Climate change Earthquakes East Anatolian Fault North Anatolian Fault Environmental issues Air pollution Waste management Fauna Flora and vegetation Geology Lakes Mountains National parks Rivers Turkish Riviera Wildlife

Government

Branches	Legislative Executive Cabinet Judicial Constitutional Court Court of Cassation Court of Jurisdictional Disputes Council of State
Politics	Elections Parliamentary elections Presidential elections Electoral system Political parties Referendums
Topics	Administrative divisions Foreign relations Intelligence Services Ministry of the Interior National Police Gendarmerie The constitutional system Turkish Armed Forces Air Force Land Navy

Economy

Demographics

Society

Culture	Anthem Architecture Seljuk Ottoman Art Carpet Cinema Cuisine Ottoman Festivals Flag Folk dance Folklore Illumination Intangible cultural heritage Literature Media TV Newspapers Radio stations Miniature Music Names Painting Pottery Sports Football Theater TV series Video games Wine World heritage sites