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Turkey, officially theRepublic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located inAnatolia inWest Asia, with a smaller part calledEast Thrace inSoutheast Europe. It borders theBlack Sea to the north;Georgia,Armenia,Azerbaijan, andIran to the east;Iraq,Syria, and theMediterranean Sea to the south; and theAegean Sea,Greece, andBulgaria to the west. Turkey is home to over 86 million people; most are ethnicTurks, whileKurds are thelargest ethnic minority. Officiallya secular state, Turkey hasa Muslim-majority population.Ankara is Turkey's capital andsecond-largest city.Istanbul is its largest city and economic center. Other major cities includeİzmir,Bursa, andAntalya.
First inhabited by modern humans during theLate Paleolithic, present-day Turkey was home tovarious ancient peoples. TheHattians were assimilated by theHittites and otherAnatolian peoples.Classical Anatolia transitioned into culturalHellenization afterAlexander the Great's conquests, and laterRomanization during theRoman andByzantine eras. TheSeljuk Turks began migrating into Anatolia in the 11th century, starting theTurkification process. The SeljukSultanate of Rum ruled Anatolia until theMongol invasion in 1243, when it disintegrated intoTurkish principalities. Beginning in 1299, theOttomans united the principalities andexpanded.Mehmed II conqueredConstantinople (modern-day Istanbul) in 1453. During the reigns ofSelim I andSuleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire became aglobal power. From 1789 onwards, the empire saw major changes,reforms, centralization, andrising nationalism whileits territory declined.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries,persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction andin the Russian Empire resulted in large-scale loss of life andmass migration into modern-day Turkey from theBalkans,Caucasus, andCrimea. Under the control of theThree Pashas, the Ottoman Empireentered World War I in 1914, during which the Ottoman government committedgenocides against itsArmenian,Greek, andAssyrian subjects. Following Ottoman defeat, theTurkish War of Independence resulted in theabolition of the sultanate and the signing of theTreaty of Lausanne. Turkey emerged as a more homogenousnation state. The Republicwas proclaimed on 29 October 1923, modelled onthe reforms initiated by its founder and first president,Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Turkeyremained neutral during most of World War II, but was involved in theKorean War. Several military interventions interfered with the transition to a multi-party system.
Turkey is anupper-middle-income andemerging country;its economy is the world's16th-largest by nominal and11th-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP. As the15th-largest electricity producer in the world, Turkey aims to become a hub for regional energy transportation. It is aunitary presidentialrepublic. Turkey is a founding member of theOECD,G20, andOrganization of Turkic States. With a geopolitically significant location, Turkey is aNATO member and hasits second-largest military force. It may be recognized as anemerging, amiddle, and aregional power. Asan EU candidate, Turkey is part of theEU Customs Union.
Turkey has coastal plains,a high central plateau, and various mountain ranges with rising elevation eastwards.Turkey's climate is diverse, ranging fromMediterranean and othertemperate climates tosemi-arid andcontinental types. Home to threebiodiversity hotspots, Turkey is prone tofrequent earthquakes and ishighly vulnerable to climate change. Turkey hasa universal healthcare system, growingaccess to education, and increasing levels ofinnovativeness. It is a leadingTV content exporter. With numerous UNESCOWorld Heritage sites andintangible cultural heritage inscriptions, anda rich and diverse cuisine, Turkey is thefourth most visited country in the world. (Full article...)
Turkish art (Turkish: Türk sanatı) refers to all works ofvisual art originating from the geographical area of what is present dayTurkey since the arrival of theTurks in the Middle Ages. Turkey also was the home of much significant art produced by earlier cultures, including theHittites,Ancient Greeks, andByzantines.Ottoman art is therefore the dominant element of Turkish art before the 20th century, although theSeljuks and otherearlier Turks also contributed. The 16th and 17th centuries are generally recognized as the finest period for art in theOttoman Empire, much of it associated with the huge Imperial court. In particular the long reign ofSuleiman the Magnificent from 1520 to 1566 brought a combination, rare in any ruling dynasty, of political and military success with strong encouragement of the arts.
Thenakkashane, as the palace workshops are now generally known, were evidently very important and productive, but though there is a fair amount of surviving documentation, much remains unclear about how they operated. They operated over many different media, but apparently not including pottery or textiles, with the craftsmen or artists apparently a mixture of slaves, especially Persians, captured in war (at least in the early periods), trained Turks, and foreign specialists. They were not necessarily physically located in the palace, and may have been able to undertake work for other clients as well as the sultan. Many specialities were passed from father to son. (Full article...)
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Piri Reis (Turkish:PîrîReis; bornMuhiddin Piri;c. 1470–1553) was an Ottoman Turkishcartographer, admiral,navigator, andcorsair. He is best known for his1513 world map and his nautical atlas, theKitab-ı Bahriye (Book of the Sea). His maps combined classical sources, his own seafaring knowledge, and information from new European discoveries. His cartography was more engaged with theAge of Discovery than other Ottoman works from the period.
Piri Reis began his maritime career sailing with his uncle, the corsairKemal Reis, with whom he enteredOttoman naval service. He later commanded his own ship in theOttoman–Venetian wars and, following his uncle’s death, began the cartographic work for which he became best known. Returning to the Ottoman fleet by 1516, he took part inthe conquest of Egypt. He presented his world maps and atlases as gifts to the Ottoman Sultan, and commanded a small group of ships in naval operations in the easternMediterranean. Later, as grand admiral of theOttoman fleet in the Indian Ocean, Piri Reis led successful campaigns in the Red Sea, but was executed following his retreat from thesiege of Hormuz Island at the mouth of thePersian Gulf. (Full article...)
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Religions in Turkey
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