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Socialism is aneconomic andpolitical philosophy encompassing diverseeconomic andsocial systems characterised bysocial ownership of themeans of production, as opposed toprivate ownership. It describes theeconomic,political, andsocial theories andmovements associated with the implementation of such systems. Social ownership can take various forms, includingpublic,community,collective,cooperative, oremployee. As one of the main ideologies on thepolitical spectrum, socialism is the standardleft-wing ideology in most countries. Types of socialism vary based on the role of markets and planning inresource allocation, and the structure of management in organizations.

The socialistpolitical movement includes political philosophies that originated in the revolutionary movements of the mid-to-late 18th century and out of concern for thesocial problems that socialists associated with capitalism. By the late 19th century, after the work ofKarl Marx and his collaboratorFriedrich Engels, socialism had come to signifyanti-capitalism and advocacy for apost-capitalist system based on some form of social ownership of the means of production. By the early 1920s,communism and social democracy had become the two dominant political tendencies within the international socialist movement, with socialism itself becoming the most influential secular movement of the 20th century. Many socialists also adopted the causes of other social movements, such asfeminism,environmentalism, andprogressivism. (Full article...)

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Blanquism refers to a conception of revolution generally attributed toLouis Auguste Blanqui (1805–1881) which holds that socialist revolution should be carried out by a relatively small group of highly organised and secretive conspirators. Having seized power, the revolutionaries would then use the power of the state to introducesocialism. It is considered a particular sort of 'putschism' – that is, the view that political revolution should take the form of aputsch orcoup d'état.

Blanquism is distinguished from other socialist currents (especiallyMarxist ones) in various ways; on the one hand, contrary to Marx, Blanqui did not believe in the predominant role of the working class, nor did he believe in popular movements. Instead he believed that revolution should be carried out by a small group of professional, dedicated revolutionaries, who would establish a temporary dictatorship by force. This dictatorship would permit the implementation of the basis of a new order, after which power would then be handed to the people. In another respect, Blanqui was more concerned with the revolution itself rather than the future society that would result from it; if his thought was based on precise socialist principles, it rarely goes so far as to imagine a purely socialist society. For Blanquists, the overturning of thebourgeois social order and the revolution are ends sufficient in themselves, at least for their immediate purposes. He was one of the non-Marxist socialists of his day.

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Bernsteinc. 1890s

Eduard Bernstein (German:[ˈeːduaʁtˈbɛʁnʃtaɪn]; 6 January 1850 – 18 December 1932) was a Germansocial democratic politician andsocialist theorist. A member of theSocial Democratic Party (SPD), Bernstein is best known for hisreformist challenge toMarxism known as evolutionary socialism orrevisionism, in which he questioned the revolutionary predictions ofKarl Marx and advocated for a gradual, parliamentary path to socialism. His political and theoretical work played a significant role in the development of social democracy and democratic socialism.

Born into a lower-middle-class Jewish family inBerlin, Bernstein became active in socialist politics in his early twenties. He spent years in exile inSwitzerland andLondon during the period of theAnti-Socialist Laws in Germany, where he became a close associate ofFriedrich Engels. During his time in London, his interactions with the reformistFabian Society and his observation of the stability of lateVictorian capitalism led him to question key tenets oforthodox Marxism. (Full article...)

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General images

The following are images from various socialism-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1"Is The World Turning Socialist?" An article by Allen D. Albert published inThe Rotarian commenting on the rising popularity of socialism in thepostwar era, January 1918 (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 2Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, main theorist ofmutualism and influential French socialist thinker (fromSocialism)
Image 3TheSoviet of Workers' Deputies of St. Petersburg in 1905, Trotsky in the center. Thesoviets were an early example of aworkers council. (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 4Socialists inUnion Square, New York City onMay Day 1912 (fromSocialism)
Image 5New Harmony, a utopian attempt as proposed byRobert Owen (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 6Statue ofKarl Marx andFriedrich Engels in Alexanderplatz, Berlin (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 7Noam Chomsky, an Americanlibertarian socialist (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 8Russian anarchistMikhail Bakunin opposed theMarxist aim of dictatorship of the proletariat in favour of universal rebellion and allied himself with the federalists in the First International before his expulsion by the Marxists (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 9This map shows the 35 countries that adopted some form of socialism on the African continent from the 1950s to the 1980s. (fromSocialism)
Image 10Project Cybersyn was an early form of computationaleconomic planning (fromSocialism)
Image 11R. H. Tawney, founder of ethical socialism (fromSocialism)
Image 12The capital letterA surrounded by acircle is a common symbol of anarchism. (fromSocialism)
Image 13Man, Controller of the Universe produced by Mexican artistDiego Rivera (fromSocialism)
Image 14Encounter betweenSimone de Beauvoir,Jean-Paul Sartre andChe Guevara in Cuba, three radical icons of the 1960s (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 15Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, founder of French socialism (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 16World Map of Socialist countries in 1985 (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 17PresidentsFernando Lugo of Paraguay,Evo Morales of Bolivia,Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil,Rafael Correa of Ecuador andHugo Chávez of Venezuela inWorld Social Forum for Latin America (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 18Pierre Leroux founder of the Parisian newspaperLe Globe in which the term socialism first appeared (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 19Edward Carpenter, philosopher and activist who was instrumental in the foundation of theFabian Society and theLabour Party as well as in the earlyLGBTI western movements (fromSocialism)
Image 20Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theoristVladimir Lenin in 1920 (fromSocialism)
Image 21New Harmony, a utopian attempt as proposed byRobert Owen (fromSocialism)
Image 22Thefist and rose, acommon symbol of democratic socialism and social democracy (fromSocialism)
Image 23Kwame Nkrumah, the firstpresident of Ghana and theorist ofAfrican socialism, on aSoviet Union commemorative postage stamp (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 24Alexis Tsipras, socialistPrime Minister of Greece who led theCoalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) through a victory in theJanuary 2015 Greek legislative election (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 25Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon, early French socialist (fromSocialism)
Image 26Albert Einstein advocated for a socialistplanned economy with his 1949 article "Why Socialism?" (fromSocialism)
Image 27TheSoviet of Workers' Deputies of St. Petersburg in 1905, Trotsky in the center. Thesoviets were an early example of aworkers council. (fromSocialism)
Image 28The first anarchist journal to use the termlibertarian wasLe Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social, published in New York City between 1858 and 1861 by Frenchlibertarian communist Joseph Déjacque, the first recorded person to describe himself aslibertarian. (fromSocialism)
Image 29Arabic letters "Lam" and "Alif" reading "Lā" (Arabic for "No!") are a symbol of Islamic Socialism inTurkey. (fromSocialism)
Image 30Albert Einstein advocated for a socialistplanned economy with his 1949 article "Why Socialism?" (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 31The writings ofKarl Marx provided the basis for the development ofMarxist political theory andMarxian economics. (fromSocialism)
Image 32Socialist feministClara Zetkin and Rosa Luxemburg in 1910 (fromSocialism)
Image 33Mikhail Bakunin speaking to members of theIWA at the Basel Congress in 1869 (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 34Leonid Brezhnev (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 35    States that had communist governments
  States that the Soviet Union believed at one point to bemoving toward socialism
  Other states allied with the Soviet Union at some point
(fromSocialism)
Image 36Map showing socialism in Latin America, thepink tide (Foro de São Paulo members) in 2023:
Socialist government
Member not in government
(fromSocialism)
Image 37Barricades Boulevard Voltaire, Paris during the uprising known as the Paris Commune (fromHistory of socialism)

Did you know(auto-generated) -load new batch

... thatMarie-Thérèse Eyquem served in the government ofVichy France, and was later appointed a national secretary of the French Socialist Party?
... thata leader ofa terrorist group in the Russian Empire was revealed in 1908 to have been a police agent for 15 years?
... thatLeft Socialist-Revolutionary leaderMaria Spiridonova addressedher party's fourth congress in October 1918 by letter as she was in jail?
... thatBill Shearer, a leader of the segregationistGeorge Wallace's 1968 presidential campaign, also advocated for ballot access for theSocialist Workers Party?
... that in its 1962 election campaign, theSocialist Party of India demanded that twice-yearly inter-caste dining be made a mandatory criterion for government employment?
... that a priest refused to perform the wedding ceremony for Austrian socialistJosef Peskoller and his fiancée Maria Griel on political grounds in 1928?
... that, before he came to advocateTransnistrian separatism within theMoldavian SSR,Stanislav Moroz had been one of Moldavia'sstate planners?

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Socialism

Schools of thought

Libertarian (from below)	Anarchism Collectivist Communist Free-market Left-wing laissez-faire Left-wing market Green Individualist Insurrectionary Magonism Mutualism Neozapatismo Platformism Social Syndicalist Left-libertarianism Libertarian Marxism Left communism Council communism Luxemburgism Mao-Spontex Third camp
Authoritarian (from above)	Barracks Nechayevism Blanquism Bolshevism Leninism Marxism–Leninism Brezhnevism Castroism Ceaușism Guevarism Ho Chi Minh Thought Hoxhaism Husakism Juche (originally) Kadarism Khrushchevism Maoism Dengism Maoism–Third Worldism Marxism–Leninism–Maoism Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path Xi Jinping Thought Stalinism Neo-Stalinism Tkachevism Trotskyism Neo-Trotskyism Pabloism Posadism Orthodox Trotskyism State Lassallism
Religious	Buddhist Christian Islamic Jewish
Regional variants	African African-Caribbean Arab Bolivarian Chinese Communist Nationalist European Eurocommunism Indian Israeli Indonesian Melanesian Mexican Soviet In one country Real Sri Lankan Third World Yugoslav

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People

16thc.	Tommaso Campanella Thomas More
18thc.	Gracchus Babeuf Victor d'Hupay Gabriel Bonnot de Mably Sylvain Maréchal Étienne-Gabriel Morelly
19thc.	Stephen Pearl Andrews Mikhail Bakunin John Goodwyn Barmby Enrico Barone August Bebel Edward Bellamy Eduard Bernstein Louis Blanc Louis Auguste Blanqui Philippe Buchez Georg Büchner Philippe Buonarroti Étienne Cabet Edward Carpenter Nikolay Chernyshevsky James Connolly Victor Prosper Considerant Claire Démar Théodore Dézamy W. E. B. Du Bois Prosper Enfantin Friedrich Engels Charles Fourier Emma Goldman William Batchelder Greene Charles Hall Alexander Herzen Thomas Hodgskin Jean Jaurès Mother Jones Karl Kautsky Peter Kropotkin Paul Lafargue Albert Laponneraye Ferdinand Lassalle Pyotr Lavrov Alexandre Ledru-Rollin Pierre Leroux Helen Macfarlane Errico Malatesta Karl Marx Louise Michel Nikolay Mikhaylovsky William Morris Robert Owen Antonie Pannekoek Giovanni Pascoli Constantin Pecqueur Georgi Plekhanov Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Luis Emilio Recabarren Henri de Saint-Simon Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin George Sand Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz Eugène Sue Lysander Spooner Fred M. Taylor William Thompson Pyotr Tkachev Benjamin Tucker Suzanne Voilquin Alfred Russel Wallace Josiah Warren Wilhelm Weitling Oscar Wilde
20thc.	Tariq Ali Salvador Allende Louis Aragon Clement Attlee Henri Barbusse Zygmunt Bauman Simone de Beauvoir Walter Benjamin Tony Benn Léon Blum Grace Lee Boggs Murray Bookchin Bertolt Brecht Aristide Briand Josip Broz Tito Nikolai Bukharin Cornelius Castoriadis Hugo Chávez Noam Chomsky G. D. H. Cole Jeremy Corbyn Bob Crow Guy Debord Eugene V. Debs John Dewey Alexander Dubček Albert Einstein Einar Gerhardsen Mikhail Gorbachev Maxim Gorky Antonio Gramsci Chris Hedges Eric Hobsbawm Dolores Ibárruri Pablo Iglesias Posse Elfriede Jelinek Martin Luther King Jr. Alexandra Kollontai Jack Layton Henri Lefebvre Claude Lefort Vladimir Lenin Ken Livingstone György Lukács Rosa Luxemburg Nestor Makhno Nelson Mandela Mao Dun Vladimir Mayakovsky Maurice Merleau-Ponty China Miéville François Mitterrand Evo Morales Imre Nagy Gamal Abdel Nasser Otto Neurath Paul Nizan Abdullah Öcalan Seán O'Casey George Orwell Sylvia Pankhurst Fred Paterson Pier Paolo Pasolini Karl Polanyi Bertrand Russell Gaetano Salvemini Bernie Sanders Jean-Paul Sartre Arthur Scargill Léopold Sédar Senghor George Bernard Shaw R. H. Tawney E. P. Thompson Ernst Toller Leon Trotsky Yanis Varoufakis H. G. Wells Cornel West Richard D. Wolff Clara Zetkin Howard Zinn Slavoj Žižek

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“

What was this recent “Spartacus week” inBerlin? What has it brought? What does it teach us? While we are still in the midst of battle, while thecounterrevolution is still howling about their victory, revolutionaryproletarians must take stock of what happened and measure the events and their results against the greatyardstick ofhistory. The revolution has no time to lose, it continues to rush headlong over still-opengraves, past “victories” and “defeats,” toward its great goal. The first duty of fighters forinternational socialism is to consciously follow the revolution’s principles and its path.

Was the ultimate victory of the revolutionary proletariat to be expected in thisconflict? Could we have expected the overthrow Ebert-Scheidemann and the establishment of asocialist dictatorship? Certainly not, if we carefully consider all the variables that weigh upon the question. The weak link in the revolutionary cause is the political immaturity of the masses ofsoldiers, who still allow theirofficers to misuse them, against the people, for counterrevolutionary ends. This alone shows that no lasting revolutionary victory was possible at this juncture. On the other hand, the immaturity of the military is itself a symptom of the general immaturity of the German revolution.

Thecountryside, from which a large percentage of rank-and-file soldiers come, has hardly been touched by the revolution. So far, Berlin has remained virtually isolated from the rest of the country. The revolutionary centers in the provinces – theRhineland, the northern coast,Brunswick,Saxony,Württemburg – have been heart and soul behind the Berlin workers, it is true. But for the time being they still do not march forward in lockstep with one another, there is still no unity of action, which would make the forward thrust and fighting will of the Berlin working class incomparably more effective. Furthermore, there is – and this is only the deeper cause of the political immaturity of the revolution – the economic struggle, the actual volcanic font that feeds the revolution, is only in its initial stage. And that is the underlying reason why the revolutionary class struggle, is in its infancy.

”

— Rosa Luxemburg,Order Prevails in Berlin, 1919

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