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Socialism is aneconomic andpolitical philosophy encompassing diverseeconomic andsocial systems characterised bysocial ownership of themeans of production, as opposed toprivate ownership. It describes theeconomic,political, andsocial theories andmovements associated with the implementation of such systems. Social ownership can take various forms, includingpublic,community,collective,cooperative, oremployee. As one of the main ideologies on thepolitical spectrum, socialism is the standardleft-wing ideology in most countries. Types of socialism vary based on the role of markets and planning inresource allocation, and the structure of management in organizations.

The socialistpolitical movement includes political philosophies that originated in the revolutionary movements of the mid-to-late 18th century and out of concern for thesocial problems that socialists associated with capitalism. By the late 19th century, after the work ofKarl Marx and his collaboratorFriedrich Engels, socialism had come to signifyanti-capitalism and advocacy for apost-capitalist system based on some form of social ownership of the means of production. By the early 1920s,communism and social democracy had become the two dominant political tendencies within the international socialist movement, with socialism itself becoming the most influential secular movement of the 20th century. Many socialists also adopted the causes of other social movements, such asfeminism,environmentalism, andprogressivism. (Full article...)

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Christian socialism generally refers to those on theChristian left whose politics are bothChristian andsocialist and who see these two things as being interconnected. This category can includeLiberation theology and the doctrine of thesocial gospel. Christian socialists draw parallels between what some have characterized as theegalitarian and anti-establishment message ofJesus, who — according to ChristianGospel — spoke against the religious authorities of his time, and the egalitarian, anti-establishment, and sometimesanti-clerical message of most contemporary socialisms. Some Christian Socialists have gone as far as to become activeCommunists.

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Chávez in 2011

Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (/ˈtʃɑːvɛz/CHAH-vez,Latin American Spanish:[ˈuɣorafaˈelˈtʃaβesˈfɾi.as]^ⓘ; 28 July 1954 – 5 March 2013) was a Venezuelan politician,revolutionary, andmilitary officer who was thepresident of Venezuela from 1999 untilhis death in 2013, except fora brief period of forty-seven hours in 2002. Chávez was also leader of theFifth Republic Movement political party from its foundation in 1997 until 2007, when it merged with several other parties to form theUnited Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which he led until 2012.

Born into a middle-class family inSabaneta, Barinas, Chávez became a career military officer. After becoming dissatisfied with the Venezuelan political system based on thePuntofijo Pact, he founded the clandestineRevolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200 (MBR-200) in the early 1980s. Chávez led the MBR-200 in its unsuccessfulcoup d'état against theDemocratic Action government of PresidentCarlos Andrés Pérez in 1992, for which he was imprisoned. Pardoned from prison two years later, he founded the Fifth Republic Movement political party, and then receiving 56.2% of the vote, waselected president of Venezuela in 1998. He was reelected in the2000 Venezuelan general election with 59.8% of the vote and again in the2006 Venezuelan presidential election, with 62.8% of the vote. After winning his fourth term as president in the2012 Venezuelan presidential election with 55.1% of the vote, he was to be sworn in on 10 January 2013. However, the inauguration was cancelled due to hiscancer treatment, and on 5 March at age 58, he died inCaracas. (Full article...)

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General images

The following are images from various socialism-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theoristVladimir Lenin in 1920 (fromSocialism)
Image 2PresidentsFernando Lugo of Paraguay,Evo Morales of Bolivia,Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil,Rafael Correa of Ecuador andHugo Chávez of Venezuela inWorld Social Forum for Latin America (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 3Socialists inUnion Square, New York City onMay Day 1912 (fromSocialism)
Image 4Barricades Boulevard Voltaire, Paris during the uprising known as the Paris Commune (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 5The writings ofKarl Marx provided the basis for the development ofMarxist political theory andMarxian economics. (fromSocialism)
Image 6TheSoviet of Workers' Deputies of St. Petersburg in 1905, Trotsky in the center. Thesoviets were an early example of aworkers council. (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 7The first anarchist journal to use the termlibertarian wasLe Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social, published in New York City between 1858 and 1861 by Frenchlibertarian communist Joseph Déjacque, the first recorded person to describe himself aslibertarian. (fromSocialism)
Image 8Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon, early French socialist (fromSocialism)
Image 9New Harmony, a utopian attempt as proposed byRobert Owen (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 10Alexis Tsipras, socialistPrime Minister of Greece who led theCoalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) through a victory in theJanuary 2015 Greek legislative election (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 11Arabic letters "Lam" and "Alif" reading "Lā" (Arabic for "No!") are a symbol of Islamic Socialism inTurkey. (fromSocialism)
Image 12Project Cybersyn was an early form of computationaleconomic planning (fromSocialism)
Image 13Russian anarchistMikhail Bakunin opposed theMarxist aim of dictatorship of the proletariat in favour of universal rebellion and allied himself with the federalists in the First International before his expulsion by the Marxists (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 14Albert Einstein advocated for a socialistplanned economy with his 1949 article "Why Socialism?" (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 15Pierre Leroux founder of the Parisian newspaperLe Globe in which the term socialism first appeared (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 16World Map of Socialist countries in 1985 (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 17Thefist and rose, acommon symbol of democratic socialism and social democracy (fromSocialism)
Image 18Socialist feministClara Zetkin and Rosa Luxemburg in 1910 (fromSocialism)
Image 19Albert Einstein advocated for a socialistplanned economy with his 1949 article "Why Socialism?" (fromSocialism)
Image 20Noam Chomsky, an Americanlibertarian socialist (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 21New Harmony, a utopian attempt as proposed byRobert Owen (fromSocialism)
Image 22Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, founder of French socialism (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 23Leonid Brezhnev (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 24Anarchist flag (fromSocialism)
Image 25Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, main theorist ofmutualism and influential French socialist thinker (fromSocialism)
Image 26"Is The World Turning Socialist?" An article by Allen D. Albert published inThe Rotarian commenting on the rising popularity of socialism in thepostwar era, January 1918 (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 27Man, Controller of the Universe produced by Mexican artistDiego Rivera (fromSocialism)
Image 28Encounter betweenSimone de Beauvoir,Jean-Paul Sartre andChe Guevara in Cuba, three radical icons of the 1960s (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 29Statue ofKarl Marx andFriedrich Engels in Alexanderplatz, Berlin (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 30Edward Carpenter, philosopher and activist who was instrumental in the foundation of theFabian Society and theLabour Party as well as in the earlyLGBTI western movements (fromSocialism)
Image 31TheSoviet of Workers' Deputies of St. Petersburg in 1905, Trotsky in the center. Thesoviets were an early example of aworkers council. (fromSocialism)
Image 32Kwame Nkrumah, the firstpresident of Ghana and theorist ofAfrican socialism, on aSoviet Union commemorative postage stamp (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 33Mikhail Bakunin speaking to members of theIWA at the Basel Congress in 1869 (fromHistory of socialism)
Image 34R. H. Tawney, founder of ethical socialism (fromSocialism)

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... that theEurovision Song Contest 1990, held inYugoslavia, was the firstEurovision Song Contest to be held in theBalkans or in asocialist state?
... that the pianistPanka Pelishek was aHeroine of Socialist Labor?
... that socialists received 31 percent of the vote in the1917 Łódź City Council election, but the system implemented by the German occupying authorities only gave them 8 percent of the seats?
... that a priest refused to perform the wedding ceremony for Austrian socialistJosef Peskoller and his fiancée Maria Griel on political grounds in 1928?
... thatLeft Socialist-Revolutionary leaderMaria Spiridonova addressedher party's fourth congress in October 1918 by letter as she was in jail?
... thatVoltaire Molesworth spent part of his early childhood ina utopian socialist colony in Paraguay?
... thatBill Shearer, a leader of the segregationistGeorge Wallace's 1968 presidential campaign, also advocated for ballot access for theSocialist Workers Party?

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Topics

Socialism

Schools of thought

Libertarian (from below)	Anarchism Collectivist Communist Free-market Left-wing laissez-faire Left-wing market Green Individualist Insurrectionary Magonism Mutualism Neozapatismo Platformism Social Syndicalist Left-libertarianism Libertarian Marxism Left communism Council communism Luxemburgism Mao-Spontex Third camp
Authoritarian (from above)	Barracks Nechayevism Blanquism Bolshevism Leninism Marxism–Leninism Brezhnevism Castroism Ceaușism Guevarism Ho Chi Minh Thought Hoxhaism Husakism Juche (originally) Kadarism Khrushchevism Maoism Dengism Maoism–Third Worldism Marxism–Leninism–Maoism Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path Xi Jinping Thought Stalinism Neo-Stalinism Tkachevism Trotskyism Neo-Trotskyism Pabloism Posadism Orthodox Trotskyism State Lassallism
Religious	Buddhist Christian Islamic Jewish
Regional variants	African African-Caribbean Arab Bolivarian Chinese Communist Nationalist European Eurocommunism Indian Israeli Indonesian Melanesian Mexican Soviet In one country Real Sri Lankan Third World Yugoslav

Key topics and issues

Concepts

People

16thc.	Tommaso Campanella Thomas More
18thc.	Gracchus Babeuf Victor d'Hupay Gabriel Bonnot de Mably Sylvain Maréchal Étienne-Gabriel Morelly
19thc.	Stephen Pearl Andrews Mikhail Bakunin John Goodwyn Barmby Enrico Barone August Bebel Edward Bellamy Eduard Bernstein Louis Blanc Louis Auguste Blanqui Philippe Buchez Georg Büchner Philippe Buonarroti Étienne Cabet Edward Carpenter Nikolay Chernyshevsky James Connolly Victor Prosper Considerant Claire Démar Théodore Dézamy W. E. B. Du Bois Prosper Enfantin Friedrich Engels Charles Fourier Emma Goldman William Batchelder Greene Charles Hall Alexander Herzen Thomas Hodgskin Jean Jaurès Mother Jones Karl Kautsky Peter Kropotkin Paul Lafargue Albert Laponneraye Ferdinand Lassalle Pyotr Lavrov Alexandre Ledru-Rollin Pierre Leroux Helen Macfarlane Errico Malatesta Karl Marx Louise Michel Nikolay Mikhaylovsky William Morris Robert Owen Antonie Pannekoek Giovanni Pascoli Constantin Pecqueur Georgi Plekhanov Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Luis Emilio Recabarren Henri de Saint-Simon Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin George Sand Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz Eugène Sue Lysander Spooner Fred M. Taylor William Thompson Pyotr Tkachev Benjamin Tucker Suzanne Voilquin Alfred Russel Wallace Josiah Warren Wilhelm Weitling Oscar Wilde
20thc.	Tariq Ali Salvador Allende Louis Aragon Clement Attlee Henri Barbusse Zygmunt Bauman Simone de Beauvoir Walter Benjamin Tony Benn Léon Blum Grace Lee Boggs Murray Bookchin Bertolt Brecht Aristide Briand Josip Broz Tito Nikolai Bukharin Cornelius Castoriadis Hugo Chávez Noam Chomsky G. D. H. Cole Jeremy Corbyn Bob Crow Guy Debord Eugene V. Debs John Dewey Alexander Dubček Albert Einstein Einar Gerhardsen Mikhail Gorbachev Maxim Gorky Antonio Gramsci Chris Hedges Eric Hobsbawm Dolores Ibárruri Pablo Iglesias Posse Elfriede Jelinek Martin Luther King Jr. Alexandra Kollontai Jack Layton Henri Lefebvre Claude Lefort Vladimir Lenin Ken Livingstone György Lukács Rosa Luxemburg Nestor Makhno Nelson Mandela Mao Dun Vladimir Mayakovsky Maurice Merleau-Ponty China Miéville François Mitterrand Evo Morales Imre Nagy Gamal Abdel Nasser Otto Neurath Paul Nizan Abdullah Öcalan Seán O'Casey George Orwell Sylvia Pankhurst Fred Paterson Pier Paolo Pasolini Karl Polanyi Bertrand Russell Gaetano Salvemini Bernie Sanders Jean-Paul Sartre Arthur Scargill Léopold Sédar Senghor George Bernard Shaw R. H. Tawney E. P. Thompson Ernst Toller Leon Trotsky Yanis Varoufakis H. G. Wells Cornel West Richard D. Wolff Clara Zetkin Howard Zinn Slavoj Žižek

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“

I know that many of myAnglo-Saxon friends have sometimes been shocked by the semi-Fascist view they would occasionally hear expressed byGerman refugees, whose genuinelysocialist convictions could not be doubted. But while these observers put this down to the others' being Germans, the true explanation is that they were socialists whose experience had carried them several stages beyond that yet reached by socialists inEngland andAmerica. It is true, of course, that German socialists have found much support in their country from certain features of thePrussian tradition; and this kinship which in Germany both sides gloried, gives additional support to our main contention. But it would be a mistake to believe that the specific German rather than the socialist element producedtotalitarianism. It was the prevalence of socialist views and not Prussianism that Germany had in common withItaly andRussia-and it was from the masses and not from the classes stepped in the Prussian tradition, and favored by it, thatNational Socialism arose.

”

— Friedrich Hayek,The Road to Serfdom, 1944

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