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Introduction

Ariver is a naturalstream offresh water that flows onland or insidecaves towards anotherbody of water at a lowerelevation, such as anocean,lake, or another river. A river may run dry before reaching the end of its course if it runs out of water, or only flow during certain seasons. Rivers are regulated by thewater cycle, the processes by whichwater moves around the Earth. Water first enters rivers throughprecipitation, whether from rainfall, therunoff of water down a slope, the melting ofglaciers orsnow, or seepage fromaquifers beneath the surface of the Earth.

Rivers flow in channeledwatercourses and merge inconfluences to formdrainage basins, areas where surface water eventually flows to a common outlet.Drainage divides keep rivers separated from other courses of water and causes upstream water within the confines of the divide to fall into the downhill stream. Rivers have a great effect on the landscape around them. They may regularly overflow theirbanks andflood the surrounding area, spreading nutrients to the surrounding area. Sediment oralluvium carried by rivers shapes the landscape around it, formingdeltas andislands where the flow slows down. Rivers rarely run in a straight line, instead, they bend ormeander; the locations of a river's banks can change frequently. Rivers get their alluvium fromerosion, which carves rock intocanyons andvalleys.

Rivers have sustained human and animal life for millennia, including the first humancivilizations. The organisms that live around or in a river such asfish,aquatic plants, andinsects have different roles, including processingorganic matter andpredation. Rivers have produced abundant resources for humans, includingfood,transportation,drinking water, and recreation. Humans have engineered rivers to prevent flooding,irrigate crops, perform work withwater wheels, and producehydroelectricity from dams. People associate rivers withlife andfertility and have strong religious, political, social, and mythological attachments to them. (Full article...)

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Little Fishing Creek looking downstream in Millville

Little Fishing Creek is a tributary ofFishing Creek inSullivan County,Lycoming County, andColumbia County, inPennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 23.5 miles (37.8 km) long and flows through eight townships. The watershed of the creek has an area of 68.1 square miles (176 km²). The creek hassix named tributaries, of which the largest are Spruce Run and West Branch Run.

There are at least two major rock formations in the watershed of Little Fishing Creek: theChemung Formation and theHamilton Group. The creek's watershed includes part of the Greenwood Valley. Much of the watershed is forested and major roads in it includePennsylvania Route 42. The first European settler first arrived in the vicinity of the creek during the 1760s or 1770s, with other settlers arriving in the 1790s. A number of sawmills, woolen mills, and tanneries historically operated on the creek. A number ofcovered bridges have also been built over it and there were historically some railroads in the watershed. (Full article...)

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Cherish these rivers. Witness for them. Enjoy their un-improvable purpose as you sense it, and let those rivers that you never visit comfort you with the assurance that they are there, doing wonderfully what they have always done.

—David Brower, Foreword to Oregon Rivers, 1997

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Photograph:Christian Mehlführer

Horseshoe Bend is a horseshoe-shapedmeander of theColorado River in theGlen Canyon National Recreation Area, located 5 miles (8 km) downstream from theGlen Canyon Dam andLake Powell, near the town ofPage, Arizona. It is accessible via hiking trail or an access road.

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The following are images from various river-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Castle Geyser,Yellowstone National Park (fromRiver ecosystem)
Image 2Anthropogenic influences on river systems. Examples are mainly from settings with a modest technological influence, especially in the period of about 10,000 to 4000 cal yr BP. (fromRiver ecosystem)
Image 3A subterranean river in theCross Cave system ofSlovenia. (Scale shown by people in photograph.) (fromSubterranean river)
Image 4Common water hyacinth in flower (fromRiver ecosystem)
Image 5Devil's Throat Cave subterranean river from above (fromSubterranean river)
Image 6InDante'sInferno,Charon ferries souls across the subterranean riverAcheron. (fromSubterranean river)
Image 7Whitewater at Yosemite (fromWhitewater)
Image 8Rafting is a watersport wherebuoyancy aids,helmets andwetsuits are mandatory and often imposed by law, due to the constant risk of falling off the boat and into the rapids (fromWhitewater)
Image 9Leaf litter is an allochthonous energy source. (fromRiver ecosystem)
Image 10Different biofilm components in streams. Principal components are algae and bacteria. (fromRiver ecosystem)
Image 11New Zealand longfin eels can weigh over 50 kilograms. (fromRiver ecosystem)
Image 12Cascade in thePyrénées (fromRiver ecosystem)
Image 13Pondweed is an autochthonous energy source. (fromRiver ecosystem)
Image 14A forest stream in the winter nearErzhausen, Germany (fromRiver ecosystem)
Image 15This stream operating together with its environment can be thought of as forming a river ecosystem. (fromRiver ecosystem)
Image 16Rapids inMount Robson Provincial Park (fromRiver ecosystem)
Image 17Map of the world showing elevation levels (fromUpland and lowland)
Image 18A whitewater canoe with yellow air bags. (fromWhitewater)
Image 19A pensive Cooplacurripa River,NSW (fromRiver ecosystem)
Image 20ThePuerto Princesa cave can be entered by boat. (fromSubterranean river)
Image 21Thebrook trout is native to small streams, creeks, lakes, and spring ponds. (fromRiver ecosystem)
Image 22Periphyton (fromRiver ecosystem)
Image 23Co-occurrence network of a bacterial community in a stream (fromRiver ecosystem)
Image 24TheEffra is one of thesubterranean rivers of London. It empties into theThames byVauxhall Bridge, from which this photograph was taken. (fromSubterranean river)
Image 25The cave ofsource of the Buna can be entered by boat and dived through a cave system serving as an effluence of theZalomka. (fromSubterranean river)
Image 26Flowing rivers can act asdispersal vectors for plant matter and invertebrates. (fromRiver ecosystem)
Image 27Example of a river food web.Bacteria can be seen in the red box at the bottom. Bacteria (and other decomposers, like worms) decompose and recycle nutrients back to the habitat, which is shown by the light blue arrows. Without bacteria, the rest of the food web would starve, because there would not be enough nutrients for the animals higher up in the food web. The dark orange arrows show how some animals consume others in the food web. For example,lobsters may be eaten by humans. The dark blue arrows represent one completefood chain, beginning with the consumption ofalgae by the water flea,Daphnia, which is consumed by a small fish, which is consumed by a larger fish, which is at the end consumed by thegreat blue heron. (fromRiver ecosystem)
Image 28Aweir on theRiver Calder, West Yorkshire (fromRiver ecosystem)

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Did you know?

... that theRiver Poddle, the main water source of the city ofDublin for over 500 years, was later so polluted by industry that it allegedly killed cattle and horses drinking from it?
... that six different dams were proposed for the lowerSanpoil River?
... that radio stationWWBC inCocoa, Florida, was forced to remove its transmitter tower from theIndian River when the site was sold to condominium developers?

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Photograph:David Iliff

TheTagus River, seen here passing through theWorld Heritage listed city ofToledo,Spain. It is the longest river on theIberian Peninsula at 1,038 kilometres (645 mi). It begins its journey in theAlbarracín mountains in Spain, and follows a very constricted course for much of its length before reaching theAtlantic Ocean inPortugal.

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Topics

v t e Rivers,streams andsprings
Rivers (lists)	Alluvial river Braided river Blackwater river Channel Channel pattern Channel types Confluence Distributary Drainage basin Mountain river Subterranean river River bifurcation River ecosystem River source Tributary
Streams	Arroyo Beck Bourne Burn Chalk stream Coulee Current Stream bed Stream channel Streamflow Stream gradient Stream pool Perennial stream Winterbourne
Springs (list)	Estavelle/Inversac Geyser Holy well Hot spring list list in the US Karst spring list Mineral spring Ponor Rhythmic spring Spring horizon
Sedimentary processes anderosion	Abrasion Anabranch Aggradation Armor Bed load Bed material load Granular flow Debris flow Deposition Dissolved load Downcutting Erosion Headward erosion Knickpoint Palaeochannel Progradation Retrogradation Saltation Secondary flow Sediment transport Suspended load Wash load Water gap
Fluvial landforms	Ait Alluvial fan Antecedent drainage stream Avulsion Bank Bar Bayou Billabong Canyon Chine Cut bank Estuary Floating island Fluvial terrace Gill Gulch Gully Glen Meander scar Mouth bar Oxbow lake Riffle-pool sequence Point bar Ravine Rill River island Rock-cut basin Sedimentary basin Sedimentary structures Strath Thalweg River valley Wadi
Fluvial flow	Helicoidal flow International scale of river difficulty Log jam Meander Plunge pool Rapids Riffle Shoal Stream capture Waterfall list of waterfalls Whitewater
Surface runoff	Agricultural wastewater First flush Urban runoff
Floods andstormwater	100-year flood Crevasse splay Flash flood Flood Urban flooding Non-water flood Flood barrier Flood control Flood forecasting Flood-meadow Floodplain Flood pulse concept Flooded grasslands and savannas Inundation Storm Water Management Model Return period
Point source pollution	Effluent Industrial wastewater Sewage
River measurement and modelling	Baer's law Baseflow Bradshaw model Discharge (hydrology) Drainage density Exner equation Groundwater model Hack's law Hjulström curve Hydrograph Hydrological model Hydrological transport model Infiltration (hydrology) Main stem Playfair's law Relief ratio River Continuum Concept Rouse number Runoff curve number Runoff model (reservoir) Stream gauge WAFLEX Wetted perimeter Volumetric flow rate
River engineering	Aqueduct Balancing lake Canal Check dam Dam Drop structure Daylighting Detention basin Erosion control Fish ladder Floodplain restoration Flume Infiltration basin Leat Levee River morphology Retention basin Revetment Riparian-zone restoration Stream restoration Weir
River sports	Canyoning Fly fishing Rafting River surfing Riverboarding Stone skipping Triathlon Whitewater canoeing Whitewater kayaking Whitewater slalom
Related	Aquifer Aquatic toxicology Body of water Hydraulic civilization Limnology Riparian zone River valley civilization River cruise Sacred waters Surface water Wild river
Rivers by length Rivers by discharge rate Drainage basins Whitewater rivers Flash floods River name etymologies Countries without rivers

v t e River morphology
Large-scale features	Alluvial plain Drainage basin Drainage system (geomorphology) Estuary Strahler number (stream order) River valley River delta River sinuosity
Alluvial rivers	Anabranch Avulsion (river) Bar (river morphology) Braided river Channel pattern Cut bank Floodplain Meander Meander cutoff Mouth bar Oxbow lake Point bar Riffle Rapids Riparian zone River bifurcation River channel migration River mouth Slip-off slope Stream pool Thalweg
Bedrock river	Canyon Knickpoint Plunge pool
Bedforms	Ait Antidune Dune Current ripple
Regional processes	Aggradation Base level Degradation (geology) Erosion and tectonics River rejuvenation
Mechanics	Deposition (geology) Water erosion Exner equation Hack's law Helicoidal flow Playfair's law Sediment transport List of rivers that have reversed direction
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