Politics (from Ancient Greek πολιτικά (politiká) 'affairs of the cities') is the set of activities that are associated withmaking decisions ingroups, or other forms ofpower relations among individuals, such as the distribution ofstatus orresources.The branch ofsocial science that studies politics andgovernment is referred to aspolitical science.

Politics may be used positively in the context of a "political solution" which is compromising and non-violent, or descriptively as "the art or science of government", but the word often also carries a negative connotation. The concept has been defined in various ways, and different approaches have fundamentally differing views on whether it should be used extensively or in a limited way, empirically or normatively, and on whether conflict or co-operation is more essential to it.

A variety of methods are deployed in politics, which includepromoting one's own political views among people,negotiation with other political subjects, makinglaws, and exercising internal and externalforce, includingwarfare against adversaries. Politics is exercised on a wide range of social levels, fromclans andtribes of traditionalsocieties, through modernlocal governments,companies andinstitutions up tosovereign states, to theinternational level.

In modernstates, people often formpolitical parties to represent their ideas. Members of a party often agree to take the same position on many issues and agree to support the same changes to law and the same leaders. Anelection is usually a competition between different parties.

Apolitical system is a framework which defines acceptable political methods within a society. Thehistory of political thought can be traced back to early antiquity, with seminal works such asPlato'sRepublic,Aristotle'sPolitics,Confucius's political manuscripts andChanakya'sArthashastra. (Full article...)

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TheAct of Independence of Lithuania was signed by theCouncil of Lithuania on 16 February 1918, proclaiming the restoration of an independent State ofLithuania, governed bydemocratic principles, withVilnius as its capital. The act was signed by all twenty members of the council, chaired byJonas Basanavičius. The act of 16 February was the end result of a series of resolutions on the issue, including one issued by theVilnius Conference and the act of 8 January. The path to the act was long and complex because theGerman Empire exerted pressure on the council to form an alliance. The Council had to carefully manoeuvre between the Germans, whose troops were present in Lithuania, and the demands of the Lithuanian people. While the act's original document has been lost, its legacy continues. Thelaconic act is the legal basis for the existence of modern Lithuania, both during theinterwar period and since 1990. The act formulated the basic constitutional principles that were and still are followed by allConstitutions of Lithuania. The act itself was a key element in the foundation of Lithuania'sAct of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania, adopted on 11 March 1990. Lithuania, breaking away from theSoviet Union, stressed that it was simply re-establishing the independent state that existed between the world wars and that the act never lost its legal power.

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Annkathrin Kammeyer (born 1990) is a GermanSocial Democratic politician. She became aMember of the Hamburg Parliament on 7 March 2011, the youngest person ever elected to that body.

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Featured lists have been determined by the Wikipedia community to be the best lists on English Wikipedia.

Image 1
Ron DeSantis has been governor since January 8, 2019.

Thegovernor of Florida is thehead of government of theU.S. state ofFlorida. Thegovernor is the head of theexecutive branch of thegovernment of Florida and is thecommander-in-chief of theFlorida National Guard andFlorida State Guard.

The current officeholder isRon DeSantis, a member of theRepublican Party who took office on January 8, 2019. (Full article...)
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TheRepublic of Adygea, anenclave withinKrasnodar Krai located at the foothills of theCaucasus Mountains, is afederal subject ofRussia. It was originally established in 1922 as theCherkess (Adyghe) Autonomous Oblast within theRussian SFSR for theAdyghe (Circassian) majority that lived in the area. As of the2010 Census, Adyghe people accounted for 25.2% of therepublic's population (107,048 people), whileRussians accounted for the majority 63.6% (270,714 people).

Since establishing and maintaining the structure of the administrative divisions of the federal subjects is not explicitly specified in theConstitution of Russia as the responsibility of the federal government, this task falls within the scope of the responsibilities of the Republic of Adygea itself. Changes to the administrative-territorial structure of the republic are authorized by theState Council. (Full article...)
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TheMinister of Transport (Norwegian:Samferdelsministeren) is aCouncillor of State and Chief of theNorwegian Ministry of Transport. The post has been held byJon-Ivar Nygård of theLabour Party since 2021. The ministry is responsible for policy and public operations withinpostal services,telecommunications,civil aviation,public roads,rail transport, andpublic transport, includingferry services that are part ofnational roads and coastal transport infrastructure. The ministry has seven agencies and four limited companies, including the airport operatorAvinor, railway operatorVy, theNorwegian National Rail Administration, theNorwegian Public Roads Administration, andNorway Post. There are also inspectorates and authorities related toaccident investigation,civil aviation, andrailways.

The position was created with the ministry on 22 February 1946, whenNils Langhelle (Labour) was appointed. The ministry and minister positions were split out from theMinistry of Labour. Twenty-eight people have held the position, representing six parties. Sixteen people have represented the Labour Party, five for theCentre Party, two for theChristian Democratic Party, theConservative Party, and theLiberal Party, and one for the Progress Party.Kjell Opseth (Labour) is the longest-sitting minister, who sat a week short of six years.Lars Leiro (Centre) sat for only four weeks, giving him the shortest tenure. He both succeeded and precededTrygve Bratteli, the only person to have held the position twice and the only officeholder to later becomePrime Minister. (Full article...)
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Map showing thepopulation density of Tennessee

There are 95counties in theU.S. State ofTennessee. As of 2024,Shelby County was both Tennessee's most populous county, with 910,530 residents, and the largest county in area, covering an area of 755 sq mi (1,955 km²). The least populous county wasPickett County (5,108) and the smallest in area wasTrousdale County, covering 114 sq mi (295 km²). As of the same year,Davidson County, in which the capitalNashville is located, covers 502 sq mi (1,300 km²) with a population of 729,505. The population of the state of Tennessee as of the 2024census estimate was 7,227,750 in an area of 42,169 sq mi (109,217 km²). The oldest county isWashington County, founded in 1777. The most recently formed county isChester County (1879).
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According to the 2020 census, thecenter of population for Tennessee was located at , 3.5 mi (5.6 km) southeast ofMurfreesboro inRutherford County. The center of population pinpoints the location at which the population of the state, as placed on a map of the state where they reside, would balance out the map. Thegeographic center, the point where the map of Tennessee would balance without the population, is located 5 mi (8 km) northeast of Murfreesboro. In 1976, the Rutherford County Historical Society marked the geographic center of Tennessee with anobelisk. (Full article...)
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There are fivecounties in theU.S.state ofRhode Island. Rhode Island istied with Hawaii for having the second-fewest counties of any U.S. state (onlyDelaware has fewer, with three counties). Although Rhode Island is divided into counties, it does not have any local government at the county level. Instead, local governance is provided by theeight cities and thirty-one towns. Counties in Rhode Island have had no governmental functions since 1846 other than as court administrative and sheriff corrections boundaries which are part of state government.

Within Rhode Island,Washington County is colloquially referred to as South County. (Full article...)
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Location ofNew Brunswick inCanada

New Brunswick is theeighth-most populous province inCanada, with 775,610 residents as of the2021 census, and thethird-smallest province by land area, at 71,248.50 km² (27,509.20 sq mi). New Brunswick's 104municipalities, as of 2021, covered only10.9% of the province's land mass but were home to69.5% of its population.

Local governments in New Brunswick may be incorporated under theLocal Governance Act of 2017. Local governments include municipalities – cities, towns, and villages – as well as rural communities and regional municipalities. Municipal governments are led by elected councils and are responsible for the delivery of services such as civic administration,land use planning, emergency measures, policing, road, and garbage collection. (Full article...)
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Thechancellor of Austria is thehead of government ofAustria, appointed by thepresident and viewed as the country'sde facto chief executive. The chancellor chairs and leads theCabinet, which also includes thevice-chancellor and theministers.

FollowingWorld War I, the office was established by theProvisional National Assembly on 30 October 1918 and named state chancellor of theRepublic of German-Austria, and its first holder,Karl Renner, was appointed by theState Council. After theAllied powers forbade German-Austria to merge with theWeimar Republic, the country formed the federalFirst Austrian Republic and the office was renamed from state chancellor to federal chancellor. The first federal chancellor wasMichael Mayr. Ten chancellors served under the First Republic until ChancellorEngelbert Dollfuss created the authoritarian and dictatorialFederal State of Austria. FollowingDollfuss's assassination by AustrianNational Socialists,Kurt Schuschnigg succeeded him as chancellor and upheld the dictatorship. Schuschnigg was replaced byArthur Seyss-Inquart, a Nazi caretaker who held the office for two days, untilAustria was annexed into Nazi Germany. (Full article...)
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Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio was electedPope Francis by the conclave on 13 March 2013.

Thepapal conclave of 2013 was convened to elect apope, the leader of theCatholic Church, to succeedBenedict XVI followinghis resignation on 28 February 2013. In accordance with theapostolic constitutionUniversi Dominici gregis, which governed thevacancy of the Holy See, onlycardinals who had not passed their 80th birthday on the day on which theHoly See became vacant (in this case, those who were born on or after 28 February 1933) were eligible to participate in theconclave. Although not a formal requirement, the cardinal electors almost always elect the pope from among their number. The election was carried out by secret ballot (Latin:per scrutinium).

Of the 207 members of theCollege of Cardinals at the time of Benedict XVI's resignation, 117 cardinal electors were eligible to participate in the subsequent conclave. Two cardinal electors did not participate, decreasing the number of participants to 115. The required two-thirdssupermajority needed to elect a pope was 77 votes. (Full article...)
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Counties of Croatia: Bjelovar-Bilogora Brod-Posavina Dubrovnik-Neretva Istria Karlovac Koprivnica-Križevci Krapina-Zagorje Lika-Senj Međimurje Osijek-Baranja Požega-Slavonia Primorje-Gorski Kotar Šibenik-Knin Sisak-Moslavina Split-Dalmatia Varaždin Virovitica-Podravina Vukovar-Srijem Zadar City of Zagreb Zagreb County

Thecounties of Croatia (Croatian:hrvatske županije) are the first-leveladministrative subdivisions of theRepublic of Croatia. Since they were re-established in 1992, Croatia has been divided into 20counties and thecapital city ofZagreb, which has the authority and legal status of both a county and acity (separate from the surroundingZagreb County). As of 2015, the counties are subdivided into 128 cities and 428 (mostly rural)municipalities. The divisions have changed over time since themedieval Croatian state. They reflected territorial losses and expansions; changes in the political status ofDalmatia,Dubrovnik andIstria; and political circumstances, including thepersonal union and subsequent development of relations between theKingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and theKingdom of Hungary. (Full article...)
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Seal of the governor

The governor of Connecticut is thehead of government ofConnecticut, and the commander-in-chief of thestate's military forces. Thegovernor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by theConnecticut General Assembly and to convene the legislature. Unusual among governors, the governor of Connecticut has no power topardon. The governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the state's Bonding Commission. He is an ex-officio member of the board of trustees of theUniversity of Connecticut andYale University.

There have been 69 post-Revolution governors of the state, serving 73 distinct spans in office. Four have served non-consecutive terms:Henry W. Edwards,James E. English,Marshall Jewell, andRaymond E. Baldwin. The longest terms in office were in the state's early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The longest was that of the first governor,Jonathan Trumbull, who served over 14 years, but 7 of those as colonial governor; the longest-serving state governor — with no other position included in the term — was his son,Jonathan Trumbull Jr., who served over 11 years. The shortest term was that ofHiram Bingham III, who served only one day before resigning to take an elected seat in theUnited States Senate. Additionally,Lowell Weicker is noted for a rarethird party win in American politics, having been elected to a term in 1990 representingA Connecticut Party. (Full article...)
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Thegovernor of the State of Hawaii is thehead of government ofHawaii, and commander-in-chief of thestate's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws; the power to either approve orveto bills passed by theHawaii Legislature; the power to convene the legislature; and the power to grantpardons, except in cases oftreason andimpeachment.

Of the eight governors of the state, two have been elected to three terms, four have been elected to two terms, and one has been elected to one term. No state governor has yet resigned or died in office, nor did any territorial governor die in office.George Ariyoshi was the firstAsian American to be governor of anyU.S. state. The current governor is DemocratJosh Green, who took office on December 5, 2022. (Full article...)
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The 19municipalities of theBrussels-Capital Region are the political subdivisions ofBelgium's centralregion. The government of each municipality is responsible for the handling of local level duties, such as law enforcement and the upkeep of schools and roads within its borders. Municipal administration is also conducted by a mayor, a council, and an executive.

In 1831, Belgium was divided into 2,739 municipalities, including 20 within the current Brussels-Capital Region (which at that time did not exist). In 1841, a 21st and 22nd municipality were created whenBerchem-Sainte-Agathe formally separated from neighbouringKoekelberg andJette-Ganshoren split intoJette andGanshoren. Since then, three municipalities have been merged with theCity of Brussels:Laeken,Haren, andNeder-Over-Heembeek, in 1921. Unlike most of themunicipalities in Belgium, the ones located in the Brussels-Capital Region were not merged with others during mergers occurring in 1964, 1970, and 1975. However, many territorial changes have occurred, predominantly between the City of Brussels and its neighbouring municipalities. (Full article...)
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TheU.S. state ofMaine has sixteencounties. Before statehood, Maine was officially part of the state ofMassachusetts and was called theDistrict of Maine. Maine was granted statehood on March 15, 1820, as part of theMissouri Compromise. Nine of the 16 counties had their borders defined while Maine was still part of Massachusetts, and hence are older than the state itself.^{[page needed]} Even after 1820, the exact location of the northern border of Maine was disputed withBritain, until the question was settled and the northern counties signed their final official form, theWebster–Ashburton Treaty, signed in 1842. Almost all ofAroostook County was disputed land until the treaty was signed.^{[page needed]}
The first county to be created wasYork County, created asYork County, Massachusetts, by the government of theMassachusetts Bay Colony in 1652 to govern territories it claimed in southern Maine. No new counties have been created since 1860, whenKnox County andSagadahoc County were created. The most populous counties tend to be located in the southeastern portion of the state, along the Atlantic seaboard. The largest counties in terms of land area are inland and further north. Maine's county names come from a mix of British, American, and Native American sources, reflecting Maine's pre-colonial, colonial, and national heritage.^{[page needed]} (Full article...)
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TheSupreme Court of Canada is thehighest court ofCanada. It was established by theParliament of Canada through theSupreme and Exchequer Court Act of 1875. Since 1949, the Court has been the finalcourt of appeal in theCanadian justice system. Originally composed of six justices (theChief Justice of Canada and fivepuisne justices), the Court was expanded to seven justices by the creation of an additional puisne justice position in 1927, and then to nine justices by the creation of two more puisne justice positions in 1949.

The justices are appointed by thegovernor general on the advice of theprime minister. When a chief justice leaves office, the vacancy is traditionally filled by elevating an incumbent puisne justice to the position, which requires a separate appointment process. The first six justices of the Court were all appointed in 1875 by Governor Generalthe Earl of Dufferin, on theadvice of Prime MinisterAlexander Mackenzie. (Full article...)
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There are 62counties in theU.S. state ofNew York.

The first 12 counties were created in 1683 soon after the British took over the Dutch colony ofNew Amsterdam; two of these counties were later abolished, their land going to Massachusetts. These counties were carried over after independence in 1783, but most of the counties were created by the state in the 19th century. The newest county isthe Bronx, created in 1914 from the portions ofNew York County that had been annexed fromWestchester County in the late 19th century. New York's counties are named for various Native American words; British provinces, counties, cities, and royalty; early American statesmen and military personnel; and New York State politicians. (Full article...)

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Last of all he exercised his interest and his patience for eight years together at the court ofFerdinand andIsabella. There is a fort of enthusiasm in all projectors, absolutely necessary for their affairs, which makes them, proof against themoil: fatiguing delays, the moil mortifying disappointments, the moll mocking insults; and, what is severer than all, the presumptuous judgments of the ignorant upon their designs.Columbus had a sufficient share of thisquality^{[disambiguation needed]}. He had every day, during this long space, to combat with every objection that want ofknowledge, or that a false knowledge, could propose. Some held that the known world, which they thought was all that could be known, floated like a vast scum upon theocean; that the ocean itself wasinfinite. Others, who entertained more just notions, and believed that the whole of theearth and waters composed one vast globe, drew a consequence from it as absurd as the former opinion. For they argued, that if Columbus should fail beyond a certain point, the convexity of this globe would prevent his return. As is usual in such cafes, every one abounded with objections. His whole time was spent in fruitless endeavors to enlighten ignorance, to remove prejudice, and to vanquish that obstinate incredulity, which is of all others the greatest enemy to improvement, rejecting every thing as false and absurd, which is ever little out of the track of common experience ; and it is of the more dangerous consequence, as it carries a delusive air ofcoolness, of temper andwisdom. With all this, he had yet greater difficulties from the interests of mankind, than from their malignity andignorance. The expence of the undertaking, inconsiderable as this expense was, was at the bottom the chief support of the other objections, and had more weight than all the rest together. However, with an assiduity and firmness of mind, never enough to be admired and applauded, he at length overcame all difficulties; and, to his inexpreflible joy, with a fleet of three {hips, and the title and command of an admiral, set fail on the third of August,1492, on a voyage the most daring and grand in the design, and in the event of which the world was the most concerned, of any that ever yet was undertaken.

—Edmund Burke, An account of the European Settlements in America, 1757

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Ramón Emeterio Betances was aPuerto Rican nationalist. He was the primary instigator of theGrito de Lares revolution and, as such, is considered to be the father of thePuerto Rican independence movement. Betances was also the most renownedmedical doctor andsurgeon of his time in Puerto Rico, and one of its firstsocial hygienists. He had established a successful surgery andophthalmology practice. Betances was also adiplomat,public health administrator,poet andnovelist. He served as representative and contact forCuba and theDominican Republic inParis. A firm believer inFreemasonry, his political and social activism was deeply influenced by the group's philosophical beliefs. His personal and professional relationships (as well as the organizational structure behind the Grito de Lares, an event that, in theory, clashes with traditional Freemason beliefs) were based upon his relationships with Freemasons, their hierarchical structure, rites and signs.

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... that artistTove Jansson based the children's book characterSnufkin ona political philosopher whom she had dated?
... thatLouis Malet de Graville began a successful career at the centre of French politics after his father was captured by the English?
... that Romanian adventure novelistN. D. Popescu-Popnedea "generate[d] laughter" with his deposition at a political assassin's trial?
... thatValentina Bodrug-Lungu has declared that Moldova's political climate does not encourage female participation, despite havinga woman president?
... that theFirst Lady Bake-Off was inspired by a political gaffe byHillary Clinton and predicted five out of seven elections?
... that the Mexican-American bandGrupo Frontera has been affected bya massive backlash because of an alleged endorsement ofDonald Trump after a viral video of the vocalist's grandmother?

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...that the2010 Bihar legislative assembly election takes place across six phases and over one month?

...that theNational Assembly of Azerbaijan was the firstsecular republican parliament in the Muslim world?
...that inworld-system theory, sociologists debate whether twoworld-systems have ever existed during the same period?
...that formerRepublican California State SenatorBecky Morgan served on the Board of Trustees of both heralma maters,Stanford University andCornell University?

...thatChinese Taipei is the designated name theRepublic of China (Taiwan) uses in most international organizations?

...that during theSixth Congress of theCuban Communist Party,Raúl Castro proposed term limits for the country's leaders?

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November 4,1980 –Ronald Reagan defeatsJimmy Carter in thepresidential election and becomes the 40th President of the United States.
November 4,2008 –Barack Obama waselected as the 44thPresident of the United States, becoming the firstAfrican American elected to the office. Congressional elections for theHouse of Representatives and one third of theSenators (second class) were also held.
November 7,2000 –Hillary Rodham Clinton iselected to theUnited States Senate, becoming the firstFirst Lady of the United States to winpublic office.
November 7,1917 – The workers of thePetrograd Soviet in Russia, led by theBolshevik Party and leaderVladimir Lenin, storm theWinter Palace and successfully destroy theKerensky Provisional Government, resulting in the first overthrow ofcapitalism in history.
November 11,2004 – Former Palestinian PresidentYasser Arafat dies from a mysterious illness, aged 75.
November 21, 2004 –Ukrainian presidential election, 2004:Viktor Yanukovych is declared the winner in the final round. International election observers express severe criticism, and large crowds gather in a protest rally inKiev; 12 days later, the Supreme Court annuls the result, and a new poll is scheduled.
November 22, – InDallas, Texas,United States President John F. Kennedy is assassinated,Texas GovernorJohn B. Connally is seriously wounded, andVice President Lyndon Baines Johnson becomes the 36th President. All television coverage for the next four days is devoted to the assassination, its aftermath, the procession of the horsedrawn casket to the Capitol Rotunda, and the funeral of President Kennedy. Stores and businesses shut down for the entire weekend and Monday, in tribute.

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Image 1This is the divide of the different political parties in Estonia where in the 2013 elections, over 133,000 people (roughly 21.2% of participating voters) voted over the Internet. The 2013 elections were also the first elections to allow vote verification with mobile devices. (fromPolitics and technology)
Image 2Benjamin Constant (fromHistory of political thought)
Image 3Montenegro's former presidentMilo Đukanović is often described as having strong links toMontenegrin mafia. (fromPolitical corruption)
Image 4Countries with politicians, public officials or close associates implicated in thePanama Papers leak on April 15, 2016 (fromPolitical corruption)
Image 5US Military Police officer restraining and sedating prisoner while a soldier holds him down (fromPolitical corruption)
Image 6Detail fromCorrupt Legislation (1896) byElihu Vedder. Library of CongressThomas Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C. (fromPolitical corruption)
Image 7TheFlag of the United Nations flying at United Nations Plaza in theCivic Center, San Francisco, California. The UN is one of the key organizations in the process of the political globalization. (fromPolitical globalization)
Image 8John Locke (fromHistory of political thought)
Image 9Ferdinand Marcos (pictured with his daughterImee) was a Philippine dictator and kleptocrat. His regime was infamous for its corruption. (fromPolitical corruption)
Image 10Protesters in support of American whistleblowerEdward Snowden, Berlin, Germany, 30 August 2014 (fromPolitical corruption)
Image 11Reformers like the AmericanJoseph Keppler depicted the Senate as controlled by the giant moneybags, who represented the nation's financial trusts and monopolies. (fromPolitical corruption)
Image 12Savka Dabčević-Kučar,Croatian Spring participant; Europe's first female prime minister (fromCivil and political rights)
Image 13The logo and slogan for change.org (fromPolitics and technology)
Image 14Sir Halford Mackinder's Heartland concept showing the situation of the "pivot area" established in theTheory of the Heartland. He later revised it to mark Northern Eurasia as a pivot while keeping area marked above as Heartland. (fromGeopolitics)
Image 15American lobbyist and businessmanJack Abramoff was at the center of an extensive corruption investigation. (fromPolitical corruption)
Image 16A memorial to theGreat Famine (Ireland), a famine event in Ireland that faced elongated suffering from the UK's domestic policy failures at the time under thePrime Ministers Sir Robert Peel andLord John Russell. (fromHealth politics)
Image 17Elizabeth Warren andBernie Sanders campaigning for extendedUS Medicare coverage in 2017. (fromHealth politics)
Image 18Malaysia's former Prime MinisterNajib Razak was found guilty in the corruption trial over the multi-billion-dollar1MDB scandal. He is currently serving his sentence inKajang Prison. (fromPolitical corruption)
Image 19United Nations Convention against Corruption (fromPolitical corruption)
Image 20World map with the concepts of Heartland and Rimland applied (fromGeopolitics)
Image 21Karl Marx and his theory of Communism, developed withFriedrich Engels, proved to be one of the most influential political ideologies of the 20th century. (fromHistory of political thought)
Image 22The sixthpresident of theUnited States,John Quincy Adams' "corrupt bargain" of 1824 is an example of patronage. (fromPolitical corruption)
Image 23Russia handing over the symbolic relay baton for the hosting rights of the2022 FIFA World Cup toQatar in June 2018 (fromPolitical corruption)
Image 24Candlelight protest against South Korean PresidentPark Geun-hye inSeoul, South Korea, 7 January 2017 (fromPolitical corruption)
Image 25Niccolò Machiavelli (fromHistory of political thought)
Image 26Eugène Delacroix'sLiberty Leading the People (1830, Louvre), a painting created at a time where old and modern political philosophies came into violent conflict. (fromHistory of political thought)
Image 27Division of the world according to Haushofer'span-regions doctrine (fromGeopolitics)
Image 28A world map distinguishing countries of the world asfederations (green) fromunitary states (blue), a work of political science (fromPolitical science)
Image 29John Stuart Mill (fromHistory of political thought)