TheBattle of Gettysburg, fought in July 1863 aroundGettysburg, was the bloodiest battle of theAmerican Civil War with over 51,000Union andConfederate casualties, and resulted in a repulsion of the Confederacy's invasion of the North. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, the state'ssteel production and manufacturing-based economy contributed to the development of much of the nation's early infrastructure, including key bridges, skyscrapers, and military hardware used in U.S.-led victories inWorld War I,World War II, and theCold War. In the 21st century, Pennsylvania has garnered the nickname "Cellicon State" for the central role of Philadelphia and Pittsburgh in the development ofimmunotherapies to treat different cancers. (Full article...)
Benjamin Franklin Peale (bornAldrovand Peale; October 15, 1795 – May 5, 1870) was an American officer of thePhiladelphia Mint from 1833 to 1854. Although Peale introduced many innovations to theMint of the United States, he was eventually dismissed amid allegations he had used his position for personal gain.
Peale was a son of painterCharles Willson Peale, and was born in thePhiladelphia Museum, a museum of curiosities which his father ran in Philadelphia. For the most part, Franklin Peale's education was informal, though he took some classes at theUniversity of Pennsylvania. He became adept in machine making. In 1820, he became an assistant to his father at the museum, and managed it after Charles Peale's death in 1827. (Full article...)
Hull Creek (also known asHulls Creek) is atributary of theLackawanna River inLackawanna County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 4.1 miles (6.6 km) long and flows throughScott Township,Blakely, andDickson City. The watershed of the creek has an area of 3.22 square miles (8.3 km2). The creek is considered to be impaired by habitat alteration. It is a perennial stream, but experiences some flow loss. Awaterfall system known as the Blakely Falls are on the creek, in a post-glacial valley. It also flows through a deep water gap. Channelization work was done on the creek in 1975 by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, which has had the effect of reducing flooding.
Hull Creek is a second-order stream with some wetlands in its watershed. Its relatively narrow watershed occupies parts of Scott Township, Blakely, Archbald, and Dickson City. Several flooding events have occurred on Hull Creek. The creek is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. In 2013, it received a habitat assessment score of 159 on a scale of 0 to 200.Macroinvertebrate taxa such as mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera), and caddis flies (Trichoptera) inhabit the creek as well. (Full article...)
… that the large pothole inArchbald Pothole State Park(sign pictured) in Pennsylvania formed about 13,000 years ago in theWisconsin glaciation, but was not discovered until 1884 by a coal miner?
Gaylussacia brachycera is easily distinguished from other members of its genus by its leaves: they resemble those ofboxwood (hence its name) and lack the resin glands typical of huckleberries. Like its relatives, it bears white urn-shaped flowers in the early summer, which develop to blue, edible berries in late summer. It is mostly found inAppalachia; many of its stands there were known to natives, who picked and ate the berries, before botanists became aware of them in the 1920s. (Full article...)
Image 2One of only two confirmed photos ofAbraham Lincoln (sitting in center, facing camera, without his traditional top hat) atGettysburg a few hours prior to giving theGettysburg Address atGettysburg National Cemetery on November 19, 1863. The address, which was only 271 words in length, ranks among the most famed speeches in American history. (fromHistory of Pennsylvania)
Image 6Ethnic origins of Pennsylvanians (fromPennsylvania)
Image 7Bethlehem Steel inBethlehem was one of the world's leading steel manufacturers for most of the 20th century. In 1982, however, it discontinued most of its operations, declared bankruptcy in 2001, and was dissolved in 2003. (fromPennsylvania)
Image 12The locomotiveTioga inPhiladelphia in 1848; Pennsylvania was an important railroad center throughout the 19th century. (fromHistory of Pennsylvania)
Image 39TheBattle of Gettysburg, an 1887 portrait byThure de Thulstrup depicting theBattle of Gettysburg, fought over three days from July 1 to 3, 1863, inGettysburg. It was thedeadliest battle ever fought on American soil and the bloodiest battle in all of American military history. But theUnion army's victory at Gettysburg proved theCivil War's turning point, paving the way for theUnion's ultimate victory two years later and the nation's preservation. (fromPennsylvania)
Image 40Map of counties in Pennsylvania by racial and ethnic plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census (fromPennsylvania)
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