A tulip, known as "the Viceroy" (viseroij), displayed in the 1637 Dutch catalogueVerzameling van een Meenigte Tulipaanen ("Collection of a Crowd of Tulips"). Its bulb was offered for sale for between 3,000 and 4,200guilders (florins) depending on weight (gewooge). A skilled artisan at the time earned about 300 guilders a year.
Tulip mania (Dutch:tulpenmanie) was a period during theDutch Golden Age when contract prices for somebulbs of the recently introduced and fashionabletulip reached extraordinarily high levels. The major acceleration started in 1634 and then dramatically collapsed in February 1637. It is generally considered to have been the first recordedspeculative bubble or asset bubble in history. In many ways, the tulip mania was more of a then-unknownsocio-economic phenomenon than a significanteconomic crisis. It had no critical influence on the prosperity of theDutch Republic, which was one of the world'sleading economic andfinancial powers in the 17th century, with the highestper capita income in the world from about 1600 to about 1720. The termtulip mania is now often usedmetaphorically to refer to any large economic bubble when asset prices deviate fromintrinsic values.
Forward markets appeared in the Dutch Republic during the 17th century. Among the most notable was one centred on the tulip market. At the peak of tulip mania, in February 1637, certain tulip bulbs sold for more than 10 times the annual income of a skilled artisan. Research is difficult because of the limited economic data from the 1630s, much of which comes from biased and speculative sources. Some modern economists have proposed rational explanations, rather than a speculative mania, for the rise and fall in prices. For example, other flowers, such as thehyacinth, also had high initial prices at the time of their introduction, which then fell as the plants were propagated. The high prices may also have been driven by expectations of a parliamentary decree that contracts could be voided for a small cost, thus lowering the risk to buyers. (Full article...)
TheBattle of Öland was a naval battle between an alliedDanish-Dutch fleet and the Swedish navy in theBaltic Sea, off the east coast ofÖland on 1 June 1676. The battle was a part of theScanian War (1675–1679) fought for supremacy over the southern Baltic. Sweden was in urgent need of reinforcements for its north German possessions; Denmark sought to ferry an army toScania in southern Sweden to open a front on Swedish soil.
Just as the battle began, the Swedish flagshipKronan sank, taking with it almost the entire crew, including theAdmiral of the Realm and commander of the Swedish navy,Lorentz Creutz. The allied force under the leadership of the Dutch admiralCornelis Tromp took full advantage of the ensuing disorder on the Swedish side. The acting commander after Creutz's sudden demise, AdmiralClaes Uggla, was surrounded and his flagshipSvärdet battered in a drawn-out artillery duel, then set ablaze by afire ship. Uggla drowned while escaping the burning ship, and with the loss of a second supreme commander, the rest of the Swedish fleet fled in disorder. (Full article...)
Shot on location at an orphanage and two factories incentral Java,Panggilan Darah was a modest commercial success in the Indies andSingapore. Its soundtrack, which featured ninekroncong songs, received popular acclaim, and the film's acting received critical praise. Despite this success, Oriental was unable to recoup its expenses, and merged into Multi Film soon afterwards.Panggilan Darah, which was screened as late as 1952, may now belost. (Full article...)
According to Six, the concept arose from a joke he had made with friends about punishing achild molester by stitching his mouth to the anus of a "fat truck driver". Other sources of inspiration wereNazi medical experiments performed duringWorld War II, such as those performed byJosef Mengele at theAuschwitz concentration camp. When approaching investors to fund the project, Six did not mention the premise of the film for fear of putting off potential backers; financiers did not discover the full nature of the film until completion. (Full article...)
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Union Films was a film production company located in Batavia,Dutch East Indies (nowJakarta, Indonesia). Established byethnic Chinese businessmen Ang Hock Liem and Tjoa Ma Tjoen in 1940, it produced sevenblack-and-white films before it was dissolved in 1942; all are thought to belost. The company's films were directed by four men, mostly ethnic Chinese, and launched the careers of actors such asRendra Karno andDjoewariah.
Established during the revival of the Indies film industry, Union released its first film,Kedok Ketawa, in July 1940. This was followed by a series of films penned bySaeroen which were increasingly oriented towards the Indies' growingintelligentsia and attempted to distance themselves from the theatrical conventions which were common in the contemporary film industry. This continued after Saeroen left forStar Film in 1941, with Union's final two productions emphasisingrealism. Following theJapanese occupation of the Indies in March 1942, Union was dissolved, though its films continued to be screened into the mid-1940s. (Full article...)
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Si Ronda is a 1930silent film from theDutch East Indies which was directed byLie Tek Swie and starredBachtiar Effendi. Based on contemporaryBetawi oral tradition, it follows the exploits of a bandit, skilled insilat (traditional Malay martial arts), known as Si Ronda. In thelenong stories from which the film was derived, Ronda was often depicted as aRobin Hood type of figure. The production, now thoughtlost, was one of a series of martial arts films released between 1929 and 1931.Si Ronda received little coverage in the media upon its release. A second adaptation of the tale,Si Ronda Macan Betawi, was made in 1978. (Full article...)
Tengku Amir Hamzah (February 1911 – 20 March 1946) was an Indonesian poet andNational Hero of Indonesia. Born into aMalay aristocratic family in theSultanate of Langkat inNorth Sumatra, he was educated in bothSumatra andJava. While attending senior high school inSurakarta around 1930, Amir became involved with thenationalist movement and fell in love with aJavanese schoolmate, Ilik Sundari. Even after Amir continued his studies in legal school inBatavia (nowJakarta) the two remained close, only separating in 1937 when Amir was recalled to Sumatra to marry the sultan's daughter and take on responsibilities of the court. Though unhappy with his marriage, he fulfilled his courtly duties. AfterIndonesia proclaimed its independence in 1945, he served as the government's representative in Langkat. The following year he was killed ina social revolution led by the PESINDO (Pemuda Sosialis Indonesia), and buried in a mass grave.
Amir began writing poetry while still a teenager: though his works are undated, the earliest are thought to have been written when he first travelled to Java. Drawing influences from his own Malay culture and Islam, as well as from Christianity and Eastern literature, Amir wrote 50 poems, 18 pieces of lyrical prose, and numerous other works, including several translations. In 1932 he co-founded the literary magazinePoedjangga Baroe. After his return to Sumatra, he stopped writing. Most of his poems were published in two collections,Nyanyi Sunyi (1937) andBuah Rindu (1941), first inPoedjangga Baroe then as stand-alone books. (Full article...)
Prolific and versatile, Ruisdael depicted a wide variety of landscape subjects. From 1646 he painted Dutch countryside scenes of remarkable quality for a young man. After a trip toGermany in 1650, his landscapes took on a more heroic character. In his late work, conducted when he lived and worked inAmsterdam, he added city panoramas and seascapes to his regular repertoire. In these, the sky often took up two-thirds of the canvas. In total he produced more than 150Scandinavian views featuring waterfalls. (Full article...)
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Twenty-two people are recorded as havingproduced fictional films in theDutch East Indies between 1926, when L. Heuveldorp releasedLoetoeng Kasaroeng, the colony's first domestically produced film, and 1949, when the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty after afour-year revolution, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct. Altogether, they are credited for 93 ofall known films produced in the Indies, and four of them remained active after independence. All were men; the first female film producer in Indonesia,Ratna Asmara, produced her first film in 1953.
The colony's first producer, Heuveldorp, was of European descent. He was followed in 1928 by theethnic Chinese businessmen Tjan Tjoen Lian and Liem Goan Lian, who began work onLily van Java but soon pulled out, to be replaced by David Wong. By 1930 Chinese producers had dominated the industry. The most active of these,The Teng Chun, made his debut in 1931 withBoenga Roos dari Tjikembang; he would go on to produce another 27 films before independence. Nonative Indonesian film producers are recorded from this period, although several productions were credited only to companies. (Full article...)
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TheAmsterdam Tournament (Dutch:Amsterdam Toernooi) was a pre-seasonassociation football competition, held inAmsterdam,Netherlands. The competition was hosted byEredivisie clubAjax at theAmsterdam Arena. It was inaugurated in 1975 as theAmsterdam 700 Tournament to celebrate 700 years of history in the city. It was held annually each summer until 1992, when the last edition of the original tournament was played. It returned in 1999 with the backing of the International Event Partnership (IEP). Four teams participate in the competition, played in a league format since 1986.
Since its return, the tournament has used an unusual point scoring system. As with most league competitions, three points are awarded for a win, one for a draw and zero for a loss. An additional point, however, is awarded for each goal scored. The system is designed to reward teams that adopt a more attacking style of play. Each entrant plays two matches, with the winner being the club that finishes at the top of the table. The original competition was held at Amsterdam'sOlympic Stadium, where Ajax played its international games until 1996. The Amsterdam Arena, now named theJohan Cruyff Arena, has played host to the event since the return until 2009. (Full article...)
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Since 1 January 2023, there are 342 regular municipalities (Dutch:gemeenten[ɣəˈmeːntə(n)]ⓘ;sing.gemeente[xəˈmeːntə]ⓘ) and threespecial municipalities (Dutch:bijzondere gemeenten[biˈzɔndərə-]) in theNetherlands. The latter is the status of three of the six island territories that make up theDutch Caribbean. Municipalities are the second-level administrative division, orpublic bodies (Dutch:openbare lichamen), in the Netherlands and are subdivisions of their respectiveprovinces. Their duties are delegated to them by thecentral government and they are ruled by amunicipal council that is elected every four years. Municipalmergers have reduced the total number of municipalities by two-thirds since the first official boundaries were created in the mid 19th century. Municipalities themselves are informally subdivided into districts and neighbourhoods for administrative and statistical purposes.
These municipalities come in a wide range of sizes,Westervoort is the smallest with a land area of 7.01 km2 (2.71 sq mi) andSúdwest-Fryslân the largest with a land area of 522.7 km2 (201.8 sq mi).Schiermonnikoog is both the least populated, with 972 people, and the least densely populated municipality at23/km2 (60/sq mi).Amsterdam has the highest population with 931,298 residents as of January 2024, whereasThe Hague is the most densely populated with a density of6,868/km2 (17,790/sq mi). (Full article...)
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TheWong brothers (one pictured) were the firstethnic Chinese directors in the Indies. Twenty-nine people are recorded as havingdirected fictional films in theDutch East Indies between 1926, when L. Heuveldorp releasedLoetoeng Kasaroeng, the colony's first domestically produced film, and 1949, when the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty after afour-year revolution, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct. Thirteen directors active in the Indies continued to direct films after 1950, includingUsmar Ismail: his 1950 filmDarah dan Doa (The Long March) is generally considered the first truly Indonesian film.
TheBattle of Camperdown was an important naval action of theFrench Revolutionary Wars, fought offCamperduin on theNorth Holland coast on 11 October 1797 between aRoyal Navy fleet under AdmiralAdam Duncan and aBatavian Navy fleet under Vice-AdmiralJan Willem de Winter.France had overrun theDutch Republic two years earlier, which was replaced by theBatavian Republic. In early 1797, the Batavian Navy was ordered to sail toBrest and unite with the French Atlantic Fleet in preparation for an invasion ofIreland. Shortly afterwards, the British navy was paralysed by theSpithead and Nore mutinies, in which the navy's sailors refused to take their ships to sea until they were awarded better pay and conditions.For two months[citation needed] theEnglish Channel was undefended, but the Batavian navy failed to take the opportunity to sail from their harbour in theTexel as their preparations were not complete; furthermore, a small squadron of loyal ships under Duncan convinced de Winter that the British navy was at sea by sending nonsensical signals to fictitious ships over the horizon.
By October 1797, the plan to invade Ireland had been abandoned and the British North Sea Fleet was again at full strength. During a brief period replenishing supplies atYarmouth, news reached Duncan on 10 October that de Winter had set sail with his fleeton a raiding cruise[citation needed] and he returned to the Dutch coast, intercepting the Batavian fleet on its way back to the Texel. The Batavians formed aline of battle in shallow coastal waters to meet Duncan's attack, which was conducted in a confused mass, the British fleet separating into two groups that struck thevanguard andrear of the Batavian fleet, overwhelming each in turn and capturing eleven ships, including de Winter's flagshipVrijheid. On the return journey, three of the captured ships were lost, andnone of the surviving prizes were ever suitable for active service again[citation needed]. Both sides suffered heavy casualties during the battle as each fleet had been trained to aim at the hulls of their opponents, maximising the damage to personnel. (Full article...)
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Film poster forLoetoeng Kasaroeng, the first locally produced film released in theDutch East Indies A total of 112fictional films are known to have been produced in theDutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia) between 1926 and the colony's dissolution in 1949. The earliest motion pictures, imported from abroad, were shown in late 1900, and by the early 1920s importedserials and fictional films were being shown, often with localised names. Dutch companies were also producing documentary films about the Indies to be shown in the Netherlands. The first reports of fictional film production in the Indies date from 1923, although the work in question was not completed. The first locally produced film,Loetoeng Kasaroeng, was directed by L. Heuveldorp and released on 31 December 1926.
Between 1926 and 1933 numerous other local productions were released. Although Dutchmen like Heuveldorp andGeorge Krugers continued to be active in the industry, the majority of filmmakers and producers wereethnic Chinese. The Tan brothers (Khoen Yauw and Khoen Hian) andThe Teng Chun were major producers during this period, while theWong brothers (Nelson, Othniel, and Joshua) were among the more prominent directors. During the mid-1930s, production dropped as a result of theGreat Depression. The release ofAlbert Balink's commercially and critically successfulTerang Boelan (Full Moon) in 1937 led to renewed interest in filmmaking, and 1941 saw thirty locally produced films. This rate of production declined after theJapanese occupation beginning in early 1942, closing all but one film studio; this resulted in several films which had begun production in 1941 being released several years later. The majority of films produced during the occupation were shortpropaganda pieces. Following theProclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945 and during the ensuingrevolution several films were made, by both pro-Dutch and pro-Indonesian backers; the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty on 27 December 1949, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct. (Full article...)
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This page is alist offilms that received theGolden Film since its introduction in 2001 by theNetherlands Film Festival and theNetherlands Film Fund. In 2001 and 2002, films from theNetherlands received the award once they had sold 75,000 tickets. From 2003 to date, the Golden Film is awarded to films from the Netherlands once they have sold 100,000 tickets. This page shows, for both audience criteria, which films received the Golden Film and how soon they received it after their releases.
In the following tables, the 'year' column contains the years in which the films received the Golden Film, the '#' column contains the number of the Golden Film, the 'film title' column contains the titles of the receiving films, the 'film release' column contains the dates on which the films were first released in the cinemas, and the 'Golden Film' column contains the days when the Netherlands Film Festival and the Netherlands Film Fund announced that the receiving films reached the audience criterion of the Golden Film. (Full article...)
Muller started his career as a businessman, trading withEast andWest Africa. In his mid-twenties he travelled toZanzibar,Mozambique, andSouth Africa for business purposes, but showed himself a keenethnographer as well, collecting ethnographicartifacts and writing reports about the societies and people he encountered on his way. In 1890, Muller retired from business for personal reasons, and went toGermany to study ethnography and geography. He graduated with a Ph.D. dissertation four years later.
Laura Dekker (born 1995) is a New Zealand–born Dutch sailor who completed a solocircumnavigation of the globe in a 12.4-metre (41-foot) two-mastedketch from 2010 to 2012. Dekker was fourteen years old when she set off from Gibraltar rather than the Netherlands, because the Dutch shipping regulations did not permit anyone under the age of sixteen to skipper a boat of that size in Dutch waters. After crossing the Atlantic Ocean, she started her record-breaking attempt fromSint Maarten in the Caribbean, passing through thePanama Canal and traversing the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans before completing her circumnavigation back at Sint Maarten. This picture shows Dekker attending the 2011 Hiswa Boat Show in Amsterdam.
De Zoeker ("The Seeker") is awindmill located in theZaanse Schans,Zaanstad, Netherlands used to extractoil from seeds. Built in 1672, it is the only such mill still in operation, and is one of five remainingoil mills in the area.
Therupiah is the national currency of Indonesia. Introduced in 1946 by Indonesian nationalistsfighting for independence, the currency replaced a version of theNetherlands Indies gulden which had been introduced during theJapanese occupation inWorld War II. In its early years the rupiah was used in conjunction with other currencies, including a new version of the gulden introduced by the Dutch. Since 1950, it has had alengthy history of inflation and revaluation. As of August 2018[update] '"`UNIQ--nowiki-0000002B-QINU`"' , the currency—which is issued and controlled by theBank of Indonesia—is trading for more than 14,600 rupiah to theUnited States dollar.
QueenWilhelmina of the Netherlands with her daughter and successorPrincess Juliana, circa 1914. Wilhelmina wasqueen regnant from 1890 to 1948, longer than any other Dutch monarch. Outside the Netherlands she is primarily remembered for her role in the Second World War, in which she proved to be a great inspiration to theDutch resistance, as well as a prominent leader of theDutch government in exile. Juliana became queen regnant in 1948 after her mother'sabdication and ruled until her own abdication in 1980, succeeded by her daughter,Beatrix.
Apanoramic view of Grote Werf, a community in the municipality ofWaterland, located on theMarken peninsula in theNetherlands. Marken is atourist attraction, well-known for its characteristic wooden houses. The island is connected to the mainland by acauseway and was a separate municipality until 1991, when it was merged into Waterland.
William I (1772–1843) was aPrince of Orange and the firstKing of the Netherlands andGrand Duke of Luxembourg. William implemented controversial language policies, founded many trade institutions and universities, and adopted a new constitution. However, the southern Netherlands became increasingly marginalized, and in 1830 theBelgian Revolution broke out. The war against the newly-declaredBelgium caused considerable economic distress for the Netherlands, and in 1839 William signed theTreaty of London, which recognized Belgium. William abdicated the following year.
Mary of Hungary (1505–1558) wasqueen of Hungary andBohemia as the wife ofKing Louis II. After their short, childless marriage ended with Louis' death, Mary's brotherFerdinand I came to power and made her regent – and latergovernor – of the Netherlands. She created unity between the provinces and was an enthusiastic patron of literature, music, and hunting.
Therupiah is the national currency of Indonesia. Introduced in 1946 by Indonesian nationalistsfighting for independence, the currency replaced a version of theNetherlands Indies gulden which had been introduced during theJapanese occupation inWorld War II. In its early years the rupiah was used in conjunction with other currencies, including a new version of the gulden introduced by the Dutch. Since 1950, it has had alengthy history of inflation and revaluation. As of August 2018[update] '"`UNIQ--nowiki-0000002C-QINU`"' , the currency—which is issued and controlled by theBank of Indonesia—is trading for more than 14,600 rupiah to theUnited States dollar.
Helleborus orientalis, also known as the Lenten rose, is aperennial flowering plant and a species ofhellebore in the buttercup family,Ranunculaceae, native to Greece and Turkey.Jean-Baptiste Lamarck described the species in 1789, giving it its current name ofHelleborus orientalis ("Hellébore du Levant"). The species name is derived from the Latinoriens ('east'). The common name derives from the plant's flowering duringLent. Within the genusHelleborus, it has been classified in the sectionHelleborastrum, and is closely related to the other eight species in the section. These species are all highlyvariable andhybridise with each other freely.
This picture shows anH. orientalis flower from the Netherlands, showing swollenseedpods.
The memorial tower at theNetherlands American Cemetery, aWorld War II war cemetery inMargraten, the Netherlands. Administered by theAmerican Battle Monuments Commission, the cemetery holds 8,301 graves in an area of 65.5 acres (26.5 ha). The site includes a reflecting pool, museum, and aCourt of Honor, the walls of which contain the Tablets of the Missing, on which are recorded the names of 1,722 American missing.
Therupiah is the national currency of Indonesia. Introduced in 1946 by Indonesian nationalistsfighting for independence, the currency replaced a version of theNetherlands Indies gulden which had been introduced during theJapanese occupation inWorld War II. In its early years the rupiah was used in conjunction with other currencies, including a new version of the gulden introduced by the Dutch. Since 1950, it has had alengthy history of inflation and revaluation. As of August 2018[update] '"`UNIQ--nowiki-0000002D-QINU`"' , the currency—which is issued and controlled by theBank of Indonesia—is trading for more than 14,600 rupiah to theUnited States dollar.
Therupiah is the national currency of Indonesia. Introduced in 1946 by Indonesian nationalistsfighting for independence, the currency replaced a version of theNetherlands Indies gulden which had been introduced during theJapanese occupation inWorld War II. In its early years the rupiah was used in conjunction with other currencies, including a new version of the gulden introduced by the Dutch. Since 1950, it has had alengthy history of inflation and revaluation. As of August 2018[update] '"`UNIQ--nowiki-0000002A-QINU`"' , the currency—which is issued and controlled by theBank of Indonesia—is trading for more than 14,600 rupiah to theUnited States dollar.
This note, denominated 1,000 rupiah, is part of the 2000 series. It depictsPattimura, aNational Hero of Indonesia, on its obverse, and the islands of Maitara andTidore on its reverse.
Featured articles -load new batch![Image 1 Newspaper advertisement Sorga Ka Toedjoe ([ˈsɔrɡa kə ˈtudʒu]; vernacular Malay for Seventh Heaven; also advertised under the Dutch title In Den Zevenden Hemel) is a 1940 film from the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) directed by Joshua and Othniel Wong for Tan's Film. It follows an older couple (Kartolo and Annie Landouw) who are reunited by another, younger couple (Roekiah and Djoemala) after years of separation. The black-and-white film, the first production by Tan's Film after the departure of Rd Mochtar, featured kroncong music and was targeted at lower-class native audiences. It was a commercial and critical success. Roekiah and Djoemala took leading roles in three more films before Tan's closed in 1942. Sorga Ka Toedjoe is now thought lost. (Full article...)](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aBlank.png)
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![Image 4 Indonesian rupiah Banknotes: Bank of Indonesia The rupiah is the national currency of Indonesia. Introduced in 1946 by Indonesian nationalists fighting for independence, the currency replaced a version of the Netherlands Indies gulden which had been introduced during the Japanese occupation in World War II. In its early years the rupiah was used in conjunction with other currencies, including a new version of the gulden introduced by the Dutch. Since 1950, it has had a lengthy history of inflation and revaluation. As of August 2018[update] '"`UNIQ--nowiki-0000002B-QINU`"' , the currency—which is issued and controlled by the Bank of Indonesia—is trading for more than 14,600 rupiah to the United States dollar. This note, denominated 5,000 rupiah, is part of the 2009 series. It depicts Tuanku Imam Bonjol, a National Hero of Indonesia, on its obverse, and a West Sumatran weaver on its reverse. See other denominations: Rp 1,000, Rp 2,000, Rp 10,000, Rp 20,000, Rp 50,000, Rp 100,000 More selected pictures](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3a5000_rupiah_bill%2c_2001_series_(2009_date)%2c_processed%2c_obverse_and_reverse.jpg)
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![Image 11 Indonesian rupiah Banknotes: Bank of Indonesia The rupiah is the national currency of Indonesia. Introduced in 1946 by Indonesian nationalists fighting for independence, the currency replaced a version of the Netherlands Indies gulden which had been introduced during the Japanese occupation in World War II. In its early years the rupiah was used in conjunction with other currencies, including a new version of the gulden introduced by the Dutch. Since 1950, it has had a lengthy history of inflation and revaluation. As of August 2018[update] '"`UNIQ--nowiki-0000002C-QINU`"' , the currency—which is issued and controlled by the Bank of Indonesia—is trading for more than 14,600 rupiah to the United States dollar. This note, denominated 50,000 rupiah, is from a 2011 revision of an earlier series. It depicts I Gusti Ngurah Rai, a National Hero of Indonesia, on its obverse, and Bratan Temple on its reverse. See other denominations: Rp 1,000, Rp 2,000, Rp 5,000, Rp 10,000, Rp 20,000, Rp 100,000 More selected pictures](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3a50000_rupiah_bill%2c_2011_revision_(2013_date)%2c_processed%2c_obverse%252Breverse.jpg)
![Image 14 Indonesian rupiah Banknotes: Bank of Indonesia The rupiah is the national currency of Indonesia. Introduced in 1946 by Indonesian nationalists fighting for independence, the currency replaced a version of the Netherlands Indies gulden which had been introduced during the Japanese occupation in World War II. In its early years the rupiah was used in conjunction with other currencies, including a new version of the gulden introduced by the Dutch. Since 1950, it has had a lengthy history of inflation and revaluation. As of August 2018[update] '"`UNIQ--nowiki-0000002D-QINU`"' , the currency—which is issued and controlled by the Bank of Indonesia—is trading for more than 14,600 rupiah to the United States dollar. This note, denominated 20,000 rupiah, is from a 2011 revision of an earlier series. It depicts Oto Iskandar di Nata, a National Hero of Indonesia, on its obverse, and Sundanese tea farmers on its reverse. See other denominations: Rp 1,000, Rp 2,000, Rp 5,000, Rp 10,000, Rp 50,000, Rp 100,000 More selected pictures](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3a20000_rupiah_bill%2c_2011_revision_(2013_date)%2c_processed%2c_obverse%252Breverse.jpg)
![Image 15 Indonesian rupiah Banknotes: Bank of Indonesia The rupiah is the national currency of Indonesia. Introduced in 1946 by Indonesian nationalists fighting for independence, the currency replaced a version of the Netherlands Indies gulden which had been introduced during the Japanese occupation in World War II. In its early years the rupiah was used in conjunction with other currencies, including a new version of the gulden introduced by the Dutch. Since 1950, it has had a lengthy history of inflation and revaluation. As of August 2018[update] '"`UNIQ--nowiki-0000002A-QINU`"' , the currency—which is issued and controlled by the Bank of Indonesia—is trading for more than 14,600 rupiah to the United States dollar. This note, denominated 1,000 rupiah, is part of the 2000 series. It depicts Pattimura, a National Hero of Indonesia, on its obverse, and the islands of Maitara and Tidore on its reverse. See other denominations: Rp 2,000, Rp 5,000, Rp 10,000, Rp 20,000, Rp 50,000, Rp 100,000 More selected pictures](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3a1000_rupiah_bill%2c_2000_series_(2013_date)%2c_processed%2c_obverse%252Breverse.jpg)
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