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Wikipedia portal for content related to Myanmar (Burma)

ကြိုဆိုပါတယ်။ / Welcome to the Myanmar PortalPeacock

Myanmar, officially theRepublic of the Union of Myanmar and also referred to asBurma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwestSoutheast Asia. It is the largest country by area inMainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered byIndia andBangladesh to the northwest,China to the northeast,Laos andThailand to the east and southeast, and theAndaman Sea and theBay of Bengal to the south and southwest. The country's capital city isNaypyidaw, while itslargest city isYangon (formerly Rangoon).

Following the2020 Myanmar general election, in whichAung San Suu Kyi's party won a clear majority in both houses, the Tatmadaw again seized power in a2021 coup d'état, which led to the rule of theNational Defence and Security Council (NDSC) and its new military junta, theState Administration Council (SAC). The coup, which was widely condemned by theinternational community, led tocontinuous ongoing widespread protests in Myanmar and has been marked by violentpolitical repression by the military, as well as the outbreak of acivil war. The military again arrested Aung San Suu Kyi in order to remove her from public life, and charged her with crimes ranging fromcorruption to violation ofCOVID-19 protocols; all of the charges against her are "politically motivated" according to independent observers. The SAC imposed a state of emergency from 2021 to 2025, after which it transferred power back to the NDSC.

Myanmar is a member of theEast Asia Summit,Non-Aligned Movement,ASEAN, andBIMSTEC, but it is not a member of theCommonwealth of Nations despite once being part of theBritish Empire. Myanmar is a Dialogue Partner of theShanghai Cooperation Organization. The country is very rich innatural resources, such asjade,gems,oil,natural gas,teak and otherminerals, as well as endowed withrenewable energy, having the highestsolar power potential compared to other countries of the GreatMekong Subregion. However, Myanmar has long suffered frominstability, factional violence,corruption, poor infrastructure, as well as a long history ofcolonial exploitation with little regard tohuman development. In 2013, its GDP (nominal) stood at US$56.7 billion and its GDP (PPP) at US$221.5 billion. Theincome gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of theeconomy is controlled bycronies of themilitary junta. Myanmar is one of theleast developed countries in the world.

The country remains riven by ethnic strife among itsmyriad ethnic groups and has one of the world'slongest-running ongoing civil wars. TheUnited Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systemichuman rights violations in the country. Since 2021, more than 600,000 people have been displaced across Myanmar due to thecivil war post-coup, with more than three million people in dire need of humanitarian assistance. According to theUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are over 1.3 million people counted as refugees and asylum seekers, and 3.5 million people displaced internally as of December 2024. (Full article...)

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  • Image 1 Temples and pagodas in Bagan Bagan (/bəˈɡæn/ bə-GAN; Burmese: ပုဂံ Băgam [bəɡàɰ̃]; formerly Pagan) is an ancient city and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Mandalay Region of Myanmar. From the 9th to 13th centuries, the city was the capital of the Pagan Kingdom, the first kingdom that unified the regions that would later constitute Myanmar. During the kingdom's height between the 11th and 13th centuries, more than 10,000 Buddhist temples, pagodas and monasteries were constructed in the Bagan plains alone, of which the remains of over 2200 temples and pagodas survive. The Bagan Archaeological Zone is a main attraction for the country's nascent tourism industry. (Full article...)
    Image 1

    Temples and pagodas in Bagan

    Bagan (/bəˈɡæn/bə-GAN;Burmese:ပုဂံBăgam[bəɡàɰ̃]; formerlyPagan) is an ancient city and a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site in theMandalay Region ofMyanmar. From the 9th to 13th centuries, the city was the capital of thePagan Kingdom, the first kingdom that unified the regions that would later constitute Myanmar. During the kingdom's height between the 11th and 13th centuries, more than 10,000Buddhist temples,pagodas andmonasteries were constructed in the Bagan plains alone, of which the remains of over 2200 temples and pagodas survive.

    TheBagan Archaeological Zone is a main attraction forthe country's nascent tourism industry. (Full article...)
  • Image 2 Kyaw Moe Tun in 2022 Kyaw Moe Tun (Burmese: ကျော်မိုးထွန်း; born 28 July 1969) is a Burmese diplomat who currently serves as the Permanent Representative of Myanmar to the United Nations. Prior to his appointment to UN, he had served as director-general of International Organizations and Economic Development Department under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 2016 to 2018. In 2021, while Tun was serving as ambassador, the Myanmar military overthrew the elected civilian government in a coup d'etat. Tun remained loyal to the civilian government. The military regime attempted to remove him from his post, but Tun remained in his position at the UN. (Full article...)
    Image 2

    Kyaw Moe Tun in 2022

    Kyaw Moe Tun (Burmese:ကျော်မိုးထွန်း; born 28 July 1969) is a Burmese diplomat who currently serves as the Permanent Representative of Myanmar to theUnited Nations. Prior to his appointment to UN, he had served as director-general of International Organizations and Economic Development Department under theMinistry of Foreign Affairs from 2016 to 2018.

    In 2021, while Tun was serving as ambassador, theMyanmar military overthrew the elected civilian government in a coup d'etat. Tun remained loyal to the civilian government. The military regime attempted to remove him from his post, but Tun remained in his position at the UN. (Full article...)
  • Image 3 An earthquake affected Myanmar on 5 May 1930 with a moment magnitude (Mw ) of 7.4. The shock occurred 35 km (22 mi) beneath the surface with a maximum Rossi–Forel intensity of IX (Devastating tremor). The earthquake was the result of rupture along a 131 km (81 mi) segment of the Sagaing Fault—a major strike-slip fault that runs through the country. Extensive damage was reported in the southern part of the country, particularly in Bago and Yangon, where buildings collapsed and fires erupted. At least 550, and possibly up to 7,000 people were killed. A moderate tsunami struck the Burmese coast which caused minor damage to ships and a port. The earthquake was felt over 570,000 km2 (220,000 sq mi) and as far as Shan State and Thailand; it was followed by many aftershocks including several damaging ones. A further, related, earthquake in December was similarly sized and also occurred along the Sagaing Fault. (Full article...)
    Image 3

    An earthquake affected Myanmar on 5 May 1930 with amoment magnitude (Mw ) of 7.4. The shock occurred 35 km (22 mi) beneath the surface with a maximumRossi–Forel intensity of IX (Devastating tremor). The earthquake was the result of rupture along a 131 km (81 mi) segment of theSagaing Fault—a major strike-slip fault that runs through the country. Extensive damage was reported in the southern part of the country, particularly inBago andYangon, where buildings collapsed and fires erupted. At least 550, and possibly up to 7,000 people were killed. A moderate tsunami struck the Burmese coast which caused minor damage to ships and a port. The earthquake was felt over 570,000 km2 (220,000 sq mi) and as far asShan State andThailand; it was followed by manyaftershocks including several damaging ones. A further, related,earthquake in December was similarly sized and also occurred along the Sagaing Fault. (Full article...)
  • Image 4 The University of Yangon (also Yangon University; Burmese: ရန်ကုန် တက္ကသိုလ်, pronounced [jàɰ̃ɡòʊɰ̃ tɛʔkəθò]; formerly Rangoon College, University of Rangoon and Rangoon Arts and Sciences University), located in Kamayut, Yangon, is the oldest university in Myanmar's modern education system and the best known university in Myanmar. The university offers mainly undergraduate and postgraduate degrees (Bachelor's, Master's, Post-graduate Diploma, and Doctorate) programs in liberal arts, sciences and law. Full-time bachelor's degrees were not offered at the university's main campus after the student protests of 1996. The bachelor's degree was re-offered from 2014 on. Today degrees in Political Science are offered to undergraduate students, as well as postgraduate diplomas in areas such as social work and geology. Initially most major universities in the country depended on Yangon University. Until 1958 when Mandalay University became an independent university, all institutions of higher education in Myanmar were under Yangon University. After the University Education Act of 1964, all professional colleges and institutes of the university such as the Institute of Medicine 1, Rangoon Institute of Technology and Yangon Institute of Economics became independent universities, leaving the Yangon University with liberal arts, sciences and law. In Myanmar, responsibility for higher education depends on various ministries. The University of Yangon depends from the Ministry of education. (Full article...)
    Image 4
    TheUniversity of Yangon (alsoYangon University;Burmese:ရန်ကုန် တက္ကသိုလ်,pronounced[jàɰ̃ɡòʊɰ̃tɛʔkəθò]; formerlyRangoon College,University of Rangoon andRangoon Arts and Sciences University), located inKamayut,Yangon, is the oldest university in Myanmar's modern education system and the best known university inMyanmar. The university offers mainly undergraduate and postgraduate degrees (Bachelor's, Master's, Post-graduate Diploma, and Doctorate) programs inliberal arts,sciences andlaw. Full-time bachelor's degrees were not offered at the university's main campus after the student protests of 1996. The bachelor's degree was re-offered from 2014 on. Today degrees in Political Science are offered to undergraduate students, as well as postgraduate diplomas in areas such as social work and geology.

    Initially most major universities in the country depended on Yangon University. Until 1958 whenMandalay University became an independent university, all institutions of higher education in Myanmar were under Yangon University. After the University Education Act of 1964, allprofessional colleges and institutes of the university such as theInstitute of Medicine 1,Rangoon Institute of Technology andYangon Institute of Economics became independent universities, leaving the Yangon University with liberal arts, sciences and law. In Myanmar, responsibility for higher education depends on various ministries. The University of Yangon depends from the Ministry of education. (Full article...)
  • Image 5 Karen woman in traditional attire, 1912 The Karen (/kəˈrɛn/ ⓘ kə-REN), also known as the Kayin, are an ethnolinguistic group of peoples who speak Karenic languages and are indigenous to southern and southeastern Myanmar, including the Irrawaddy delta and Kayin State. The Karen account for around 6.69% of the Burmese population. The Karen consist of approximately 20 subgroups, the largest of whom are the S'gaw and the Pwo peoples. Other Karenic-speaking peoples like the Pa'O, Karenni, and the Kayan, have formed distinct identities. The ethnic identity of the Karen peoples has significantly been shaped by British colonial rule, Christian missionaries, decolonisation, and sociopolitical developments in Myanmar. The group as a whole is heterogeneous and disparate, as many Karenic ethnic groups do not share a common language, culture, religion, or material characteristics. A pan-Karen ethnic identity is a relatively modern creation, established in the 19th century with the conversion of some Karen to Christianity, and mediated by British colonial policies and practices. (Full article...)
    Image 5

    Karen woman in traditional attire, 1912

    TheKaren (/kəˈrɛn/ ⓘkə-REN), also known as theKayin, are anethnolinguistic group of peoples who speakKarenic languages and are indigenous to southern and southeasternMyanmar, including theIrrawaddy delta andKayin State. The Karen account for around 6.69% of the Burmese population. The Karen consist of approximately 20 subgroups, the largest of whom are theS'gaw and the Pwo peoples. Other Karenic-speaking peoples like thePa'O,Karenni, and theKayan, have formed distinct identities.
    The ethnic identity of the Karen peoples has significantly been shaped by British colonial rule, Christian missionaries,decolonisation, and sociopolitical developments in Myanmar. The group as a whole is heterogeneous and disparate, as many Karenic ethnic groups do not share a common language, culture, religion, or material characteristics. A pan-Karen ethnic identity is a relatively modern creation, established in the 19th century with the conversion of some Karen to Christianity, and mediated by British colonial policies and practices. (Full article...)
  • Image 6 U Thaw (Burmese: ဦးသော်; 5 September 1893 – 25 June 1980), known honorifically as Baganset U Thaw (Burmese: ပန်းကန်စက် ဦးသော်), was a Burmese businessman, trader, administrator, and politician. He was the first manufacturer of porcelain products in Burma. He was a member of the Legislative Council of Burma, patron of the Young Men's Buddhist Association (YMBA), chairman of Myoma National High School Administration Board, and one of the leaders of the General Council of Burmese Associations. (Full article...)
    Image 6

    U Thaw (Burmese:ဦးသော်; 5 September 1893 – 25 June 1980), known honorifically asBaganset U Thaw (Burmese:ပန်းကန်စက် ဦးသော်), was a Burmese businessman, trader, administrator, and politician. He was the first manufacturer ofporcelain products inBurma. He was a member of theLegislative Council of Burma, patron of theYoung Men's Buddhist Association (YMBA), chairman ofMyoma National High School Administration Board, and one of the leaders of theGeneral Council of Burmese Associations. (Full article...)
  • Image 7 There is a history of persecution of Muslims in Myanmar that continues to the present day. Myanmar is a Buddhist majority country, with significant Christian and Muslim minorities. While Muslims served in the government of Prime Minister U Nu (1948–1963), the situation changed with the 1962 Burmese coup d'état. While a few continued to serve, most Christians and Muslims were excluded from positions in the government and army. In 1982, the government introduced regulations that denied citizenship to anyone who could not prove Burmese ancestry from before 1823. This disenfranchised many Muslims in Myanmar, even though they had lived in Myanmar for several generations. The Rohingya people are a large Muslim group in Myanmar; the Rohingyas have been among the most persecuted group under Myanmar's military regime, with the Kachin, who are predominantly U.S. Baptists, a close second. The UN states that the Rohingyas are one of the most persecuted groups in the world. Since 1948, successive governments have carried out 13 military operations against the Rohingya (including in 1975, 1978, 1989, 1991–92, 2002). During the operations, Myanmar security forces have driven the Rohingyas off their land, burned down their mosques and committed widespread looting, arson and rape of Rohingya Muslims. Outside of these military raids, Rohingya are subjected to frequent theft and extortion from the authorities and many are subjected to forced labor. In some cases, land occupied by Rohingya Muslims has been confiscated and reallocated to local Buddhists. (Full article...)
    Image 7
    There is a history ofpersecution of Muslims in Myanmar that continues to the present day.Myanmar is aBuddhist majority country, with significant Christian andMuslim minorities. While Muslims served in the government of Prime MinisterU Nu (1948–1963), the situation changed with the1962 Burmese coup d'état. While a few continued to serve, most Christians and Muslims were excluded from positions in the government and army. In 1982, the government introduced regulations that denied citizenship to anyone who could not prove Burmese ancestry from before 1823. This disenfranchised many Muslims in Myanmar, even though they had lived in Myanmar for several generations.

    TheRohingya people are a large Muslim group in Myanmar; the Rohingyas have been among the most persecuted group under Myanmar's military regime, with theKachin, who are predominantly U.S. Baptists, a close second. The UN states that the Rohingyas are one of the most persecuted groups in the world. Since 1948, successive governments have carried out 13 military operations against the Rohingya (including in 1975,1978, 1989,1991–92, 2002). During the operations, Myanmar security forces have driven the Rohingyas off their land, burned down their mosques and committed widespread looting, arson and rape of Rohingya Muslims. Outside of these military raids, Rohingya are subjected to frequent theft and extortion from the authorities and many are subjected toforced labor. In some cases, land occupied by Rohingya Muslims has been confiscated and reallocated to local Buddhists. (Full article...)
  • Image 8 A Burmese calendar The Burmese calendar (Burmese: မြန်မာသက္ကရာဇ်, pronounced [mjəmà θɛʔkəɹɪʔ], or ကောဇာသက္ကရာဇ်, [kɔ́zà θɛʔkəɹɪʔ]; Burmese Era (BE) or Myanmar Era (ME)) is a lunisolar calendar in which the months are based on lunar months and years are based on sidereal years. The calendar is largely based on an older version of the Hindu calendar, though unlike the Indian systems, it employs a version of the Metonic cycle. The calendar therefore has to reconcile the sidereal years of the Hindu calendar with the Metonic cycle's near tropical years by adding intercalary months and days at irregular intervals. The calendar has been used continuously in various Burmese states since its purported launch in 640 CE in the Sri Ksetra Kingdom, also called the Pyu era. It was also used as the official calendar in other mainland Southeast Asian kingdoms of Rakhine, Lan Na, Xishuangbanna, Lan Xang, Siam, and Cambodia down to the late 19th century. (Full article...)
    Image 8
    A Burmese calendar

    TheBurmese calendar (Burmese:မြန်မာသက္ကရာဇ်,pronounced[mjəmàθɛʔkəɹɪʔ], orကောဇာသက္ကရာဇ်,[kɔ́zàθɛʔkəɹɪʔ];Burmese Era (BE) orMyanmar Era (ME)) is alunisolar calendar in which the months are based onlunar months and years are based onsidereal years. The calendar is largely based on an older version of theHindu calendar, though unlike the Indian systems, it employs a version of theMetonic cycle. The calendar therefore has to reconcile thesidereal years of the Hindu calendar with the Metonic cycle's neartropical years by addingintercalary months anddays atirregular intervals.

    The calendar has been used continuously in various Burmese states since its purported launch in 640 CE in theSri Ksetra Kingdom, also called thePyu era. It was also used as the official calendar in othermainland Southeast Asian kingdoms ofRakhine,Lan Na,Xishuangbanna,Lan Xang,Siam, andCambodia down to the late 19th century. (Full article...)
  • Image 9 Ava c. 1450 The Ava Kingdom (Burmese: အင်းဝပြည်, pronounced [ʔɪ́ɰ̃wa̰ kʰɪʔ]; INN-wa pyi) also known as Inwa Kingdom or Kingdom of Ava was the dominant kingdom that ruled upper Burma (Myanmar) from 1365 to 1555. Founded in 1365, the kingdom was the successor state to the petty kingdoms of Myinsaing, Pinya and Sagaing that had ruled central Burma since the collapse of the Pagan Kingdom in the late 13th century. Like the small kingdoms that preceded it, Ava may have been led by Bamarised Shan kings who claimed descent from the kings of Pagan. Scholars debate that the Shan ethnicity of Avan kings comes from mistranslation, particularly from a record of the Avan kings' ancestors ruling a Shan village in central Burma prior to their rise or prominence. (Full article...)
    Image 9

    TheAva Kingdom (    Burmese:အင်းဝပြည်,pronounced[ʔɪ́ɰ̃wa̰kʰɪʔ]; INN-wa pyi) also known asInwa Kingdom orKingdom of Ava was the dominant kingdom that ruledupper Burma (Myanmar) from 1365 to 1555. Founded in 1365, the kingdom was the successor state to thepetty kingdoms ofMyinsaing,Pinya andSagaing that had ruled central Burma since the collapse of thePagan Kingdom in the late 13th century.

    Like thesmall kingdoms that preceded it, Ava may have been led byBamarisedShan kings who claimed descent from thekings of Pagan. Scholars debate that the Shan ethnicity of Avan kings comes from mistranslation, particularly from a record of the Avan kings' ancestors ruling a Shan village in central Burma prior to their rise or prominence. (Full article...)
  • Image 10 Cyclone Nargis approaching Myanmar on 2 May Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis (Burmese: နာဂစ်; Urdu: نرگس, [ˈnərɡɪs]) was an extremely deadly and catastrophic tropical cyclone that caused the worst natural disaster in the recorded history of Myanmar during early May 2008. The cyclone made landfall in Myanmar on 2 May 2008, sending a storm surge 40 kilometres up the densely populated Irrawaddy delta, causing catastrophic destruction and at least 138,373 fatalities. The Labutta Township alone was reported to have 80,000 dead, with about 10,000 more deaths in Bogale. There were around 55,000 people missing and many other deaths were found in other towns and areas, although the Myanmar government's official death toll may have been under-reported, and there have been allegations that government officials stopped updating the death toll after 138,000 to minimise political fallout. The feared 'second wave' of fatalities from disease and lack of relief efforts never materialised. Damage was at 13 trillion kyat (US$15.3 billion), making Nargis the costliest tropical cyclone on record in the North Indian Ocean at the time, before that record was broken by Amphan in 2020. The first named storm of the 2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Nargis developed on 27 April in the central area of Bay of Bengal. Initially, the storm tracked slowly northwestward, and encountering favourable conditions, it quickly strengthened. Dry air weakened the cyclone on 29 April, though after beginning a steady eastward motion, Nargis rapidly intensified to attain peak winds of at least 165 km/h (105 mph) on 2 May, according to IMD observations; the JTWC assessed peak winds of 215 km/h (135 mph), making it a weak Category 4 cyclone on the SSHWS. The cyclone moved ashore in the Ayeyarwady Division of Myanmar at peak intensity and, after passing near the major city of Yangon (Rangoon), the storm gradually weakened until dissipating near the border of Myanmar and Thailand. (Full article...)
    Image 10

    Cyclone Nargis approaching Myanmar on 2 May

    Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis (Burmese:နာဂစ်;Urdu:نرگس,[ˈnərɡɪs]) was an extremely deadly and catastrophictropical cyclone that caused the worstnatural disaster in therecorded history ofMyanmar during early May 2008. The cyclone madelandfall in Myanmar on 2 May 2008, sending astorm surge 40 kilometres up the densely populatedIrrawaddydelta, causing catastrophic destruction and at least 138,373 fatalities. TheLabutta Township alone was reported to have 80,000 dead, with about 10,000 more deaths inBogale. There were around 55,000 people missing and many other deaths were found in other towns and areas, although the Myanmargovernment's official death toll may have been under-reported, and there have been allegations that government officials stopped updating the death toll after 138,000 to minimise political fallout. The feared 'second wave' of fatalities from disease and lack of relief efforts never materialised. Damage was at 13 trillionkyat (US$15.3 billion), making Nargis the costliest tropical cyclone on record in theNorth Indian Ocean at the time, before that record was broken byAmphan in2020.

    The first named storm of the2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Nargis developed on 27 April in the central area ofBay of Bengal. Initially, the storm tracked slowly northwestward, and encountering favourable conditions, it quickly strengthened. Dry air weakened the cyclone on 29 April, though after beginning a steady eastward motion, Nargisrapidly intensified to attain peak winds of at least 165 km/h (105 mph) on 2 May, according toIMD observations; theJTWC assessed peak winds of 215 km/h (135 mph), making it a weak Category 4 cyclone on theSSHWS. The cyclone moved ashore in theAyeyarwady Division of Myanmar at peak intensity and, after passing near the major city ofYangon (Rangoon), the storm gradually weakened until dissipating near the border of Myanmar andThailand. (Full article...)

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