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The Libya Portal

A view of theBenghazi port, 2013

Libya, officially theState of Libya, is a country in theMaghreb region ofNorth Africa. It borders theMediterranean Sea to the north,Egypt tothe east,Sudan tothe southeast,Chad tothe south,Niger tothe southwest,Algeria tothe west, andTunisia tothe northwest. With an area of almost 1.8 million km² (700,000 sq mi), Libya is thefourth-largest country in Africa and theArab world, and the16th-largest in the world. The country claims 32,000 square kilometres of southeastern Algeria, south of the Libyan town ofGhat. The capital andlargest city isTripoli, located in the northwest and containing over a million of Libya's seven million people.

Libya has been inhabited byBerbers since the lateBronze Age as descendants fromIberomaurusian andCapsian cultures. In classical antiquity, thePhoenicians established city-states and trading posts in western Libya, while severalGreek cities were established in the East. Parts of Libya were variously ruled byCarthaginians,Numidians,Persians, andGreeks before the entire region became a part of theRoman Empire. Libya was anearly centre of Christianity. After thefall of the Western Roman Empire, the area of Libya was mostly occupied by theVandals until the 7th century wheninvasions broughtIslam to the region. From then on, centuries ofArab migration to the Maghreb shifted the demographic scope of Libya in favour ofArabs. In the 16th century, theSpanish Empire and theKnights Hospitaller occupied Tripoli untilOttoman rulebegan in 1551. Libya was involved in theBarbary Wars of the 18th and 19th centuries. Ottoman rule continued until theItalo-Turkish War in 1911, which resulted inItaly occupying Libya and establishing twocolonies:Italian Tripolitania andItalian Cyrenaica, later unified in theItalian Libya colony from 1934 to 1943.

DuringWorld War II, Libya was an area of warfare in theNorth African Campaign. TheItalian population then went into decline and Libya became independent as akingdom in 1951. Abloodless military coup in 1969, initiated by a coalition led by ColonelMuammar Gaddafi, overthrewKing Idris I and created arepublic. Gaddafi was often described by critics as adictator, and was one of the world's longest serving non-royal leaders. Heruled for 42 years until being overthrown andkilled in the2011 civil war, which was part of the widerArab Spring, with authority transferred to theNational Transitional Council then to the electedGeneral National Congress.

Since 2011, Libya has been involved in apolitical and humanitarian crisis, and by 2014, two rival authorities claimed to govern Libya, which led to asecond civil war, with parts of Libya split between separate governments, based inTripoli andTobruk, as well as various tribal andIslamist militias. The two main warring sides signed a permanent ceasefire in 2020, and aunity government took authority to plan for democratic elections, though political rivalries continue to delay this. In March 2022, theHouse of Representatives ceased recognising theGovernment of National Unity and proclaimed an alternative government, theGovernment of National Stability (GNS). Both governments have been functioning simultaneously since then, which has led to dual power in Libya. The international community continues to recognise the unity government as the legitimate government of the country.

Libya is a developing country ranking 115th by HDI, and has the10th-largest proven oil reserves in the world. Libya has the highest level of greenhouse gas emissions per person in Africa, but has made little progress toward developing climate commitments. Libya is a member of theUnited Nations, theNon-Aligned Movement, theAfrican Union, theArab League, theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation, andOPEC. The country's official religion isIslam, with 96.6% of the Libyan population beingSunni Muslims. The official language of Libya isArabic, with vernacularLibyan Arabic being spoken most widely. The majority of Libya's population isArab.

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Libyan Air Force emblem

TheLibyan Air Force (Arabic:القوات الجوية الليبية) is the branch of theLibyan Armed Forces responsible foraerial warfare. In 2010, before theLibyan Civil War, the Libyan Air Force personnel strength was estimated at 18,000, with an inventory of 374 combat-capable aircraft operating from 13 military airbases in Libya. Since the 2011 civil war and theongoing conflict, multiple factions fighting in Libya are in possession of military aircraft. As of 2019 the Libyan Air Force is nominally under the control of the internationally recognisedGovernment of National Accord inTripoli, though the rivalLibyan National Army ofMarshal Khalifa Haftar also has a significant air force. In 2021, the air force is under command of the new President of Libya,Mohamed al-Menfi that replacedFayez al-Sarraj.

The air force was established as theRoyal Libyan Air Force (Al Quwwat al Jawwiya al Malakiya al Libiyya) in September 1962 by a decision of the minister of defense Abd al-Nabi Yunis. Lt. Col. al-Hadi Salem al-Husomi was assigned to lead the new force. It was originally equipped with a small number of transports and trainers:Douglas C-47s andLockheed T-33s. However,F-5 Freedom Fighters were delivered from 1969. In 1970 it changed its name to theLibyan Arab Republic Air Force. After US forces left Libya in 1970,Wheelus Air Base, a former US facility about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) fromTripoli, became a LARAF installation and was renamed Okba Ben Nafi Air Base. The base housed the LARAF's headquarters and a large share of its major training facilities. Starting in 1970, a significant expansion of the air force took place, with a large number of French and later Soviet combat aircraft being purchased. (Full article...)

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The following are images from various Libya-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Leptis Magna (fromLibya)
Image 2Muammar Gaddafi, leader of Libya (r. 1969–2011) (fromLibya)
Image 3King Idris I announced Libya's independence on 24 December 1951, and was King until the 1969 coup that overthrew his government. (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 4An effigy of Muammar Gaddafi hangs from a scaffold inTripoli's Martyrs' Square, 29 August 2011 (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 5Royal Palace of Tripoli; built during theItalian rule for the colonial governors, it later became the headquarters ofKing Idris before becoming a museum (fromLibya)
Image 6U.S. naval officerStephen Decatur boarding a Tripolitan gunboat during theFirst Barbary War, 1804 (fromLibya)
Image 7TheAtiq Mosque inAwjila is the oldest mosque in theSahara. (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 8Al-Fatah Revolution day decorations inTripoli 2008 (fromLibya)
Image 9A view of Tripoli,c. 1766 (fromLibya)
Image 10Omar Mukhtar was the leader of Libyan resistance in Cyrenaica against the Italian colonization. (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 11Prehistoric Libyan rock paintings in Tadrart Acacus reveal a Sahara once lush in vegetation and wildlife. (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 12Libyan soldier of theAchaemenid army,c. 480 BCE.Xerxes I tomb relief. (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 13F-4J of VF-74 with Libyan MiG-23 over Gulf of Sidra in 1981 (fromLibya)
Image 14Ethnic composition of the Libyan population in 1974 (CIA map):
  Arab andArab-Berber
  Berber
  Tuareg
  Toubou
  Uninhabited
(fromLibya)
Image 15Pivot irrigation inKufra, southeast Libya, 2008 (fromLibya)
Image 16A protest against the anti-Gaddafi supporters in Tripoli (fromLibya)
Image 17Anoil platform off the Libyan coast (fromLibya)
Image 18An elevation of the city of Ottoman Tripoli in 1675 (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 19Demonstrations inBayda, on 22 July 2011 (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 20Bazeen, a communal bread dish (fromLibya)
Image 21Libya is a predominantlydesert country. Over 95% of the land area is covered in desert. (fromLibya)
Image 22The Arch ofSeptimius Severus at Leptis Magna. The patronage of Roman emperor Septimus Severus allowed the city to become one of the most prominent in Roman Africa. (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 23The temple ofZeus in the ancient Greek city ofCyrene. Libya has a number of World Heritage Sites from the ancient Greek era. (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 24Mosque inGhadames, close to theTunisian and Algerian border (fromLibya)
Image 25USSEnterprise of theMediterranean Squadron capturing Tripolitan Corsair during the First Barbary War, 1801 (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 26Change in per capita GDP of Libya, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars. (fromLibya)
Image 27Libya has emerged as a major transit point forpeople trying to reach Europe. (fromLibya)
Image 28Gaddafi was the leader of Libya until2011 Civil War. (fromLibya)
Image 29Muammar Gaddafi, former leader of Libya, in 2009. (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 30Areas of control in theCivil War, updated 11 June 2020:
Tobruk-led Government
Government of National Accord
Petroleum Facilities Guard
Tuareg tribes
Local forces (fromLibya)
Image 31Oil is the major natural resource of Libya, withestimated reserves of 43.6 billion barrels. (fromLibya)
Image 32Ancient Roman mosaic inSabratha (fromLibya)
Image 33Thesiege of Tripoli in 1551 allowed theOttomans to capture the city from theKnights of St. John. (fromLibya)
Image 34TheAtiq Mosque inAwjila is the oldest mosque in theSahara. (fromLibya)
Image 35U.S. Ambassador Cretz Stands by Fist Crushing a US Fighter Plane Sculpture which was captured after thefall of Tripoli (fromLibya)
Image 36TheSiege of Tripoli in 1551 allowed the Ottomans to capture the city from the Knights of St. John. (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 37Libya is the fourth-most water-stressed country in the world. (fromLibya)
Image 38Khalifa Haftar, the head of theLibyan National Army, one of the main factions in the2014 civil war (fromLibya)
Image 39Italian propaganda postcard depicting theItalian invasion of Libya in 1911 (fromLibya)
Image 40Al Manar Royal Palace in centralBenghazi – the location of theUniversity of Libya's first campus, founded by royal decree in 1955 (fromLibya)
Image 41Territorial growth of Italian Libya: Territory ceded by Ottoman Empire 1912 (dark-green) but effectively Italy controlled only five ports (black), territories ceded by France and Britain 1919 and 1926 (light-green), territories ceded by France and Britain 1934/35 (red) (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 42Temple of Zeus inCyrene (fromLibya)
Image 43Archaeological site ofSabratha, Libya (fromLibya)
Image 44Australian infantry atTobruk during World War II. Beginning on 10 April 1941, theSiege of Tobruk lasted for 240 days. (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 45King Roger II of Sicily was the first Norman King to rule Tripoli when he captured it in 1146. (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 46Districts of Libya since 2007 (fromLibya)
Image 47Libya map of Köppen climate classification (fromLibya)
Image 48Flag of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (lasting from 1977 to 2011), the national anthem of which was"الله أكبر" (lit. 'God is Great') (fromHistory of Libya)
Image 49Septimius Severus, the first Roman emperor native toRoman Africa, was born in Leptis Magna. (fromLibya)
Image 50Omar Mukhtar was a prominent leader of Libyan resistance in Cyrenaica against Italian colonisation. (fromLibya)
Image 51King Idris of Libya (fromLibya)

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Gaddafi in 1970

Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (c. 1942 – 20 October 2011) was a Libyan military officer,revolutionary, politician, and political theorist who ruledLibya from 1969 untilhis overthrow by Libyanrebel forces in 2011 during theFirst Libyan Civil War. He came to power through amilitary coup, first becomingRevolutionary Chairman of theLibyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977,Secretary General of the General People's Congress from 1977 to 1979, and then theBrotherly Leader of theGreat Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1979 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed toArab nationalism andArab socialism, Gaddafi later ruled according to his ownThird International Theory.

Born nearSirte,Italian Libya, to a poorBedouin Arab family, Gaddafi became an Arab nationalist while at school inSabha, later enrolling in theRoyal Military Academy, Benghazi. He founded a revolutionary group known as theFree Officers movement which deposed theWestern-backedSenussi monarchy ofIdris in a1969 coup. Gaddafi converted Libya into a republic governed by hisRevolutionary Command Council.Ruling by decree, hedeported Libya's Italian population and ejected its Western military bases. He strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments and unsuccessfully advocatedpan-Arab political union. AnIslamic modernist, he introducedsharia law as the basis for the legal system and promotedIslamic socialism. He nationalized the oil industry and used the increasing state revenues to bolster the military,fund foreign revolutionaries, and implement social programs emphasizing housebuilding, healthcare and education projects. In 1973, he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation ofBasic People's Congresses, presented as a system ofdirect democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year inThe Green Book. (Full article...)

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... thatLibyan Jews andArabs traded and bartered with each other at the fence of theGiado concentration camp?
... that cave art, indigenous dance and an ancient flute inspired the work of Libyan artistShefa Salem?
... that after being freed fromBuq Buq labor camp inItalian-occupied Egypt,Libyan Jewish prisoners had to walk home across the desert?
... thatLibya's opposition to abortion has led it to form alliances with the United States and the Catholic Church?
... thatMohamed Asswai Khalifa was the first Libyan to compete at the Olympics?