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Hungary is alandlocked country inCentral Europe. Spanning much of theCarpathian Basin, it is bordered bySlovakia to the north,Ukraine to the northeast,Romania to the east and southeast,Serbia to the south,Croatia andSlovenia to the southwest, andAustria to the west. Hungary lies within thedrainage basin of theDanube River and is dominated by great lowlandplains. It has a population of 9.6 million, consisting mostly of ethnicHungarians (Magyars) and a significantRomani minority.Hungarian is theofficial language, and amongthe few in Europe outside theIndo-European family.Budapest is the country's capital andlargest city, and the dominant cultural and economic centre.
Prior to the foundation of the Hungarian state, various peoples settled in the territory of present-day Hungary, including theCelts,Romans,Huns,Germanic peoples,Avars andSlavs. Hungarian statehood is traced to thePrincipality of Hungary, which was established in the late ninth century byÁlmos and his sonÁrpád through theconquest of the Carpathian Basin. KingStephen I ascended the throne in 1000 and converted his realm to aChristian kingdom. The medievalKingdom of Hungary was a European power, reachingits height in the Late Middle Ages.
After a long period ofOttoman wars, Hungary's forces were defeated at theBattle of Mohács in 1526 and its capitalBuda wascaptured in 1541, opening a period of more than 150 years where the country was divided into three parts:Royal Hungary (loyal to theHabsburgs),Ottoman Hungary and the semi-independentPrincipality of Transylvania. The Ottomans recognised the loss of Ottoman Hungary by theTreaty of Karlowitz in 1699. Most of Hungary was reunited and came under Habsburg rule by the turn of the 18th century.
Wars of independence against the Habsburgs in1703–1711 and1848–1849 resulted in acompromise that established theAustro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1867, amajor power in the early 20th century. Austria-Hungary collapsed afterWorld War I, and the subsequentTreaty of Trianon in 1920 established Hungary's current borders, resulting in the loss of 71% of its historical territory, majority of itseconomy, 58% of its population, and32% of its ethnic Hungarians.
Reeling from the aftermath of the war, Hungary endured turmoil in the earlyinterwar period, culminating in thenationalist conservative regime ofRegent rulerMiklós Horthy. Hungary joined theAxis powers inWorld War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. It was occupied by theSoviet Union, which established theHungarian People's Republic as asatellite state. Following the failed1956 revolution, Hungary becamecomparatively freer but remained a repressed member of theEastern Bloc. As part of theRevolutions of 1989, Hungary peacefully transitioned into ademocraticparliamentary republic. It joined theEuropean Union in 2004 and theSchengen Area since 2007.
Hungary is ahigh-income economy withuniversal health care and tuition-freesecondary education. Hungary has a long history of significant contributions toarts,music,literature,sports,science and technology. It isa popular tourist destination in Europe, drawing 24.5 million international visitors in 2019. Hungary is a member of numerous international organisations, including theCouncil of Europe,European Union,NATO,United Nations,World Health Organization,World Trade Organization,World Bank,Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and theVisegrád Group. (Full article...)
Featured article -show anotherDuringWorld War II, theKingdom of Hungary engaged in themilitary occupation, thenannexation, of theBačka,Baranja,Međimurje andPrekmurje regions of theKingdom of Yugoslavia. These territories had all been underHungarian rule prior to 1920, and had been transferred to Yugoslavia as part of the post-World War ITreaty of Trianon. They now form part of several states: Yugoslav Bačka is now part ofVojvodina, an autonomous province ofSerbia, Yugoslav Baranja and Međimurje are part of modern-dayCroatia, and Yugoslav Prekmurje is part of modern-daySlovenia. The occupation began on 11 April 1941 when 80,000 Hungarian troops crossed the Yugoslav border in support of theGerman-ledAxisinvasion of Yugoslavia that had commenced five days earlier. There was some resistance to the Hungarian forces fromSerbChetnik irregulars, but the defences of theRoyal Yugoslav Army had collapsed by this time. The Hungarian forces were indirectly aided by the localVolksdeutsche, theGerman minority, which had formed a militia and disarmed around 90,000 Yugoslav troops. Despite only sporadic resistance, Hungarian troops killed many civilians during these initial operations, including someVolksdeutsche. The government of the newly formed Axispuppet state, theIndependent State of Croatia, subsequently consented to the Hungarian annexation of the Međimurje area, which dismayed the Croat population of the region.
The occupation authorities immediately classified the population of Bačka and Baranja into those that had lived in those regions when they had last been under Hungarian rule in 1920 and the mostly Serb settlers who had arrived since the areas had been part of Yugoslavia. They then began herding thousands of local Serbs intoconcentration camps and expelled them to the Independent State of Croatia,Italian-occupied Montenegro, and theGerman-occupied territory of Serbia. Ultimately, tens of thousands of Serbs were deported from the occupied territories. This was followed by the implementation of a policy of "magyarisation" of the political, social and economic life of the occupied territories, which included the re-settlement of Hungarians andSzékelys from other parts of Hungary. "Magyarisation" did not impact theVolksdeutsche, who received special status under Hungarian rule, and in Prekmurje the Hungarian authorities were more permissive towards ethnic Slovenes. (Full article...)
TheHungarian Defence Forces (Hungarian:Magyar Honvédség,lit. 'Hungarian Homeland-Guard',Hungarian pronunciation:[ˈmɒɟɒrˈhonveːt͡ʃːeːg]) is the nationaldefence force ofHungary. Since 2007, the Hungarian Armed Forces has been under a unified command structure. The Ministry of Defence maintains political and civil control over the army. A subordinate Joint Forces Command coordinates and commands the HDF corps. In 2020, the armed forces had 22,700 personnel on active duty. In 2019, military spending was $1.904 billion, about 1.22% of the country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%. In 2016, the government adopted a resolution in which it pledged to increase defence spending to 2.0% of GDP and the number of active personnel to 37,650 by 2026.
Military service is voluntary, thoughconscription may occur in wartime. In a significant move for modernization, Hungary decided in 2001 to buy 14JAS 39 Gripen fighter aircraft for about €800 million. It also bought two used Airbus A319 and two Falcon 7X transport aircraft. Three C-17 III Globemaster transport aircraft are operating from Pápa Air Base under Hungarian nationality mark but are maintained by the NATOHeavy Airlift Wing (HAW). An intensive modernization program started in 2016 under the name "Zrínyi 2026". New helicopters, tanks, IFVs and artillery equipment were purchased beside others. Hungarian National Cyber Security Center was re-organized in 2016. (Full article...)
Béla Bartók –János Bihari –Ernő Dohnányi –Béni Egressy –Ferenc Erkel –Zoltán Kocsis –Zoltán Kodály –Franz Liszt -Eugene Ormandy -George Szell -András Schiff
Gyula Benczúr –Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka –Béla Czóbel –Árpád Feszty –Károly Lotz –Viktor Madarász –Mihály Munkácsy –József Rippl-Rónai –Pál Szinyei Merse –István Szőnyi –Victor Vasarely
Brassaï –Cornell Capa –Robert Capa –Lucien Hervé –André Kertész –László Moholy-Nagy –Martin Munkácsi
Béla H. Bánáthy –Zoltán Bay –Georg von Békésy –Farkas Bolyai –János Bolyai –Károly Bund –József Eötvös –Loránd Eötvös –Dennis Gabor –John Charles Harsanyi –George de Hevesy –Alexander Csoma de Kőrös –László Lovász –John von Neumann –George Andrew Olah –Ernő Rubik –Hans Selye –Ignaz Semmelweis –Charles Simonyi –János Szentágothai –Albert Szent-Györgyi –Leó Szilárd –Edward Teller –Eugene Wigner
Endre Ady –János Arany –József Eötvös –György Faludy –Béla Hamvas –Mór Jókai –Attila József –Ferenc Kazinczy –Imre Kertész –János Kodolányi –Ferenc Kölcsey –Imre Madách –Sándor Márai –Ferenc Molnár –Sándor Petőfi –Miklós Radnóti –Magda Szabó –Antal Szerb –Miklós Vámos –Mihály Vörösmarty
Gyula Andrássy –Lajos Batthyány –Gabriel Bethlen –Stephen Bocskay –Matthias Corvinus –Ferenc Deák –Miklós Horthy –Lajos Kossuth –Ferenc Nagy –Imre Nagy –Bertalan Szemere –István Széchenyi –Miklós Wesselényi –Vilmos Nagy of Nagybaczon
József Bozsik –Krisztina Egerszegi –Zoltán Gera –Dezső Gyarmati –Ágnes Keleti –Péter Lékó –Csaba Mérő –Tibor Nyilasi –László Papp –Judit Polgár –Zsuzsa Polgár –Ferenc Puskás
Nimród Antal –Michael Curtiz –John Garfield –Miklós Jancsó –Sir Alexander Korda –Peter Lorre –Béla Lugosi –Emeric Pressburger –Miklós Rózsa –Andy G. Vajna –Gábor Zsazsa
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Stephen Báthory of Ecsed (Hungarian:Báthory István,pronounced[ˈbaːtoriˈiʃtvaːn];Romanian:Ștefan Báthory; 1430–1493) was aHungarian commander, 'dapiferorum regalium magister' (1458–?),judge royal (1471–1493), andvoivode of Transylvania (1479–1493). He rose to power under KingMatthias Corvinus ofHungary and after the king's death sided withVladislav Jagiellon of Bohemia and later together withPál Kinizsi defeated PrinceJohn Corvin in the Battle of Csonthegy (1493). As a result of his cruelty inTransylvania, especially against theSzékelys, he was deposed by the King in 1493 and died shortly afterwards. (Full article...)
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