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Welcome to the Germany Portal!
Willkommen im Deutschland-Portal!

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Germany (German:Deutschland), officially theFederal Republic of Germany (German:Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a country inCentral andWestern Europe, lying between theBaltic andNorth Sea to the north and theAlps to the south. It bordersDenmark to the north,Poland and theCzech Republic to the east,Austria andSwitzerland to the south,France to the southwest, andLuxembourg,Belgium and theNetherlands to the west.

Germany includes 16constituent states, covers an area of 357,596 square kilometres (138,069 sq mi) and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With nearly 83 million inhabitants, it is the second most populous state ofEurope afterRussia, the most populous state lying entirely in Europe, as well as the most populousmember state of theEuropean Union. Germany is a verydecentralized country.Its capital andmost populous city isBerlin, whileFrankfurt serves as its financial capital and has thecountry's busiest airport.

In 1871, Germany became a nation-state whenmost of the German states unified into thePrussian-dominatedGerman Empire. AfterWorld War I and theRevolution of 1918–19, the empire was replaced by the parliamentaryWeimar Republic. TheNazi seizure of power in 1933 led toWorld War II, andthe Holocaust. After theend of World War II in Europe and a period ofAllied occupation, two new German states were founded:West Germany, formed from the American, British, and French occupation zones, andEast Germany, formed from the western part of theSoviet occupation zone, reduced by the newly establishedOder-Neisse line. Following theRevolutions of 1989 that ended communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe, the countrywas reunified on3 October 1990.

Germany is afederal parliamentary republic led bya chancellor. It is agreat power witha strong economy. As a global leader in several industrial,scientific and technological sectors, it is a majortrading nation. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of theEuropean Economic Community in 1957 and theEuropean Union in 1993.Read more...

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Johann George Adam Forster, also known asGeorg Forster (German:[ˈɡeːɔʁkˈfɔʁstɐ]; 27 November 1754 – 10 January 1794), was aGerman geographer,naturalist,ethnologist,travel writer, journalist and revolutionary. At an early age, he accompanied his father,Johann Reinhold Forster, on several scientific expeditions, includingJames Cook'ssecond voyage to thePacific. His report of that journey,A Voyage Round the World, contributed significantly to the ethnology of the people ofPolynesia and remains a respected work. As a result of the report, Forster, who was admitted to theRoyal Society at the early age of twenty-two, came to be considered one of the founders of modern scientific travel literature.

After returning to continental Europe, Forster turned toward academia. He taught natural history at theCollegium Carolinum in theOttoneum,Kassel (1778–84), and later at theAcademy of Vilna (Vilnius University) (1784–87). In 1788, he becamehead librarian at theUniversity of Mainz. Most of his scientific work during this time consisted of essays onbotany and ethnology, but he also prefaced and translated many books about travel and exploration, including a German translation of Cook's diaries.

Forster was a central figure of theEnlightenment in Germany, and corresponded with most of its adherents, including his close friendGeorg Christoph Lichtenberg. His ideas, travelogues and personality influencedAlexander von Humboldt, one of the great scientists of the 19th century who hailed Forster as the founder of both comparative ethnology (Völkerkunde) and regional geography (Länderkunde).When the French took control ofMainz in 1792, Forster played a leading role in theMainz Republic, the earliestrepublican state in Germany. During July 1793 and while he was in Paris as a delegate of the young Mainz Republic,Prussian andAustrian coalition forces regained control of the city and Forster was declared an outlaw. Unable to return to Germany and separated from his friends and family, he died in Paris of illness in early 1794, not yet 40. (Full article...)

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Image 1
The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin
Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
Credit: Metoc
TheMemorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, aHolocaust memorial inBerlin
Image 2
Albert Bierstadt
Painting credit:Albert Bierstadt
Albert Bierstadt (1830–1902) was a German-American painter best known for his lavish, sweeping landscapes of theAmerican West, such as this oil-on-canvas painting, entitledAmong the Sierra Nevada, California, created in 1868. He painted the landscape in his Rome studio, and exhibited it in Berlin and London before shipping it to the United States. His choice of grandiose subjects was matched by his entrepreneurial flair; his exhibitions of individual works were accompanied by promotion, ticket sales, and, in the words of one critic, a "vast machinery of advertisement and puffery". This work is in the collection of theSmithsonian American Art Museum.
Image 3
Bünting cloverleaf map
Map credit:Heinrich Bünting
TheBünting cloverleaf map is a historicmappa mundi drawn by the German theologian and cartographerHeinrich Bünting. The map was published in his bookItinerarium Sacrae Scripturae in 1581. The map depicts the three continents of the Old World, Europe, Africa and Asia, as three leaves forming the shape of aclover, withJerusalem at the centre. The three continents include captions for some of their countries and illustrations of cities. The clover is surrounded by theocean, with its surface including illustrations of sea creatures, monsters, and a ship. England and Denmark are represented as two island-shapes above Europe's leaf, while theAmericas are shown as a mostly unrevealed shape in the lower left corner, captionedDie Neue Welt (theNew World).
Image 4
Hoher Göll
Photograph credit:Jörg Braukmamm
TheHoher Göll is a mountain in theBerchtesgaden Alps. At 2,522 metres (8,274 feet), it is the highest peak of the Göll massif, which straddles the border between the German state ofBavaria and the Austrian state ofSalzburg. This photograph shows the Hoher Göll (left) and theHohes Brett (right) from the west.
Image 5
City hall ofZwickau
City hall ofZwickau
Credit: André Karwath
This image shows the townhall (Rathaus) ofZwickau located on the main market which has been built after a big town blaze in 1403. Above the main entrance you can see the city arms of Zwickau.
Image 6
Charlottenburg Palace
Photograph:Thomas Wolf
Charlottenburg Palace is a large palace inCharlottenburg, a part of theCharlottenburg-Wilmersdorf borough ofBerlin,Germany. The palace was built at the end of the 17th century and expanded during the 18th century. It includes much exotic internal decoration inbaroque andrococo styles. It was badly damaged during theSecond World War, but has since been reconstructed, becoming a major tourist attraction.
Image 7
Göttingen
Photo credit:Daniel Schwen/Antilived
The marketplace ofGöttingen, a city inLower Saxony,Germany, with the old city hall,Gänseliesel fountain andpedestrian zone. Founded before 1200, the city is famous forGeorg-August University, which was founded in 1737 and became the most visited university ofEurope.
Image 8
Deutsche Mark
Banknote:Allied-occupied Germany (image courtesy of theNational Numismatic Collection, National Museum of American History)
A oneDeutsche Mark banknote issued byAllied-occupied Germany and circulated by the United States Army Command in 1948. This was the first of three issues ofWest German currency introduced that year. The Mark remained the official currency of West Germany untilGerman reunification in 1990, then the official currency of Germany until the adoption of theeuro in 2002.
Image 9
Karl Friedrich Schinkel
Painting credit:Karl Friedrich Schinkel
Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781–1841) was aPrussian architect and city planner. He was one of the most prominent architects in Germany and designed bothNeoclassical andNeo-Gothic buildings, the most famous of which are found in and around Berlin. He was also a painter and a designer of furniture and stage sets.

This oil-on-canvas painting, entitledCastle by the River, was created by Schinkel in 1820. As an artist, his architectural talent shone through, and his buildings and landscapes are carefully drafted and meticulously executed. The painting is in the collection of theAlte Nationalgalerie in Berlin.
Image 10
Interior of the St. Paulinus church in Trier
Basilica of St. Paulinus
Credit: Berthold Werner
Interior of theSt. Paulinus church inTrier, a work ofBalthasar Neumann
Image 11
Paul von Hindenburg
Photograph credit:Nicola Perscheid; restored byAdam Cuerden
Paul von Hindenburg (2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934), was a German general and statesman who led theImperial German Army duringWorld War I. In 1925, he returned to public life to become the second elected president of theWeimar Republic. While he was personally opposed toAdolf Hitler and hisNazi Party, he nonetheless played a major role in the political instability that resulted in their rise to power, ultimately agreeing to appoint Hitler asChancellor of Germany in January 1933 after the Nazis had become the largest party in theReichstag. This 1914 photograph of Hindenburg in military uniform was taken by the German photographerNicola Perscheid.
Image 12
German Instrument of Surrender
Photograph credit: Lt. Moore; restored byAdam Cuerden
TheGerman Instrument of Surrender was the legal document that effected the termination of theNazi regime andended World War II in Europe. A July 1944 draft version had also included the surrender of the German government, but this was changed due to concern that there might be no functional German government that could surrender; instead, the document stated that it could be "superseded by any general instrument of surrender imposed by, or on behalf ofthe United Nations", whichwas done the next month.

This photograph shows Field MarshalWilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender in Berlin. The first surrender document was signed on 7 May 1945 inReims by GeneralAlfred Jodl, but this version was not recognized by the Soviet High Command and a revised version was required. Prepared in three languages on 8 May, it was not ready for signing in Berlin until after midnight; consequently, the physical signing was delayed until nearly 1:00 a.m. on 9 May, and backdated to 8 May to be consistent with the Reims agreement and public announcements of the surrender already made by Western leaders.
Image 13
Regensburg, Germany
Photo credit:Karsten Dörre
A twilightpanorama ofRegensburg,Bavaria,Germany with the 12th century bridgeSteinerne Brücke andRegensburg Cathedral on the left and the riverDanube in the foreground. Located at theconfluence of the Danube andRegen rivers, the first settlements in the area date to theStone Age. ARoman fort was constructed in 179. In contrast to almost all other major German cities, Regensburg had little damage fromAllied air raids inWorld War II and thus has an almost intact medieval city center, which is listed as aUNESCO World Heritage Site.
Image 14
Linderhof Palace
Linderhof Palace
Credit: Softeis
Linderhof, a palace built byLudwig II of Bavaria
Image 15
The Johannisbad bath inZwickau
The Johannisbad bath inZwickau
Credit: André Karwath
Image 16
Quadriga
Photo credit:א (Aleph)
Close-up of thequadriga (four-horsechariot) on top of theBrandenburg Gate inBerlin (Germany) at night. The sculpture was produced byJohann Gottfried Schadow in 1793. The word quadriga may refer to the chariot alone, the four horses without it, or the combination. All modern quadrigas are based on theHorses of Saint Mark, a Roman or Greek sculpture which is the only surviving ancient quadriga.
Image 17
Frankfurt
Image credit:Nicolas17
The nightskyline ofFrankfurt, showing theCommerzbank Tower (centre) and theMaintower (right of centre). Frankfurt is the fifth-largest city inGermany, and the surroundingFrankfurt Rhein-Main Region is Germany's second-largestmetropolitan area.
Image 18
Shaft 12 of Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex, Essen
Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex
Credit: Thomas Wolf
Shaft 12 ofZeche Zollverein, a coal mine inEssen
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Image 19
Buldern Castle in Buldern,Dülmen
Buldern Castle in Buldern,Dülmen
Credit: Dietmar Rabich
Image 20
SMSFürst Bismarck (1897)
Illustration: Hugo Graf; restoration:Adam Cuerden
SMSFürst Bismarck was Germany's firstarmored cruiser, built for theKaiserliche Marine before the turn of the 20th century and launched in 1900. Named for the German statesmanOtto von Bismarck, the ship was primarily intended for colonial duties. She served in this capacity as part of theEast Asia Squadron until she was relieved in 1909, at which point she returned to Germany. The ship was rebuilt between 1910 and 1914, and after the start ofWorld War I, she was briefly used as a coastal defense ship. She proved inadequate to this task, and so she was withdrawn from active duty and served as a training ship for engineers until the end of the war.Fürst Bismarck was decommissioned in 1919 and sold for scrap.
Image 21
Dresden
Photochrom:Detroit Publishing Co.
Restoration:Lise Broer
An 1890sphotochrom print ofDresden, the capital city ofSaxony inGermany, withDresden Frauenkirche (left), Augustus Bridge (centre), andKatholische Hofkirche (right) visible. Dresden in the early 20th century was a leading European centre of culture and science, but suffered heavy damage due to anAllied bombing on February 13, 1945.
Image 22
New Synagogue, Berlin
Image credit: Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn
An 1896engraving of the interior of theNew Synagogue,Berlin. Thesynagogue was noted for itsMoorish style and resemblance to theAlhambra. During theKristallnacht pogrom of 1938, the Synagogue was set ablaze. Today the synagogue serves as an exhibit for various aspects of theHolocaust, particularly Kristallnacht.

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Holy Roman Empire (900–1806)
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Anniversaries for July 2

1298 – TheBattle of Göllheim is fought betweenAlbert I of Habsburg andAdolf of Nassau-Weilburg
1648 – Birth oforgan builderArp Schnitger
1714 – Birth of composerChristoph Willibald Gluck
1900 – First flight of azeppelin nearFriedrichshafen

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Did you know...

... that the German explorerGustav Conrau(pictured) shot himself in 1899 to avoid recapture, according to a later report by his local interpreter?
... that German athleteLeander Wiegand received a scholarship to play American football at an American college that had never seen him play?
... that thedeportation of Soviet Germans was one of the largest ethnic-cleansing operations of the 20th century?
... that Bach'sEaster Oratorio has been regarded as a sequel to hisSt John Passion?
... that novelistBarbara Frischmuth argues that humans should not presume to rule over other species?
... that a statue of German-born missionaryJohann Gottlieb Schwarz was commissioned byPrabowo Subianto, later president of Indonesia?
... that the only surviving autograph pages of Bach'sEin feste Burg ist unser Gott, BWV 80, ended up in three libraries on two continents?
... that the birth of Christianity inMinahasa, Indonesia, is celebrated annually on June 12, the day thatJohann Friedrich Riedel set foot inManado?
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Selected cuisines, dishes and foods

Mett (German:[mɛt]^ⓘ), also known asHackepeter (Northern Germany,Eastern Germany andBerlin), is a preparation of minced rawpork seasoned with salt and black pepper that is popular inGermany. It is frequently spread on halves of a bread roll, with raw onion optionally on top. Since the 1950s mett has also been offered as a buffet dish decoratively formed into the shape of a hedgehog, with raw onion "spines". German law forbids mett being sold with a fat content exceeding 35%. (Full article...)

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Germany articles

General
History

Overviews	History of Germany Timeline Historiography Military history
Ancient	Germanic peoples Migration Period List of early Germanic peoples Goths Teutons Visigoths History of the Huns Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples Cimbrian War Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) Marcomannic Wars Gothic Wars Sack of Rome (410)
Middle Ages	Frankish Empire Treaty of Verdun East Francia Carolingian Empire Carolingian dynasty Holy Roman Empire Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
Modern	Early modern period, 1500–1800 18th-century Confederation of the Rhine German revolutions of 1848–1849 German Confederation Frankfurt Constitution North German Confederation Unification of Germany German Empire World War I War guilt question Revolution of 1918 Weimar Republic Nazi Germany World War II Allied occupation Flight and expulsions Denazification Divided Germany East Germany West Germany
Contemporary	Reunification History of Germany since 1990
Regions	History of Prussia History of Brandenburg Cologne War, 1583–1588 Baden Revolution, 1848

Crime Corruption Demographics Drug policy Education Germans Ethnic groups Women Healthcare Homelessness Immigration Irreligion Life expectancy Naturism Pensions Pornography Poverty Prostitution Racism Religion Social issues Trade unions
Culture	Anthem Architecture Art Arts Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Cultural icons Dance Fashion Festivals Folklore Flag Language Libraries Literature Internet Media Music Names Philosophy Prussian virtues Sport Television World Heritage Sites