Freedom of speech is a principle that supports thefreedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation,censorship, or legal sanction. Theright tofreedom of expression has been recognised as ahuman right in theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) andinternational human rights law. Many countries have constitutional laws that protect freedom of speech. Terms such asfree speech,freedom of speech, andfreedom of expression are often used interchangeably in political discourse. However, in legal contexts,freedom of expression more broadly encompasses the right to seek, receive, and impart information or ideas, regardless of the medium used.
Article 19 of the UDHR states that "everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference" and "everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice". The version of Article 19 in theICCPR later amends this by stating that the exercise of these rights carries "special duties and responsibilities" and may "therefore be subject to certain restrictions" when necessary "[f]or respect of the rights or reputation of others" or "[f]or the protection ofnational security or public order (ordre public), or of public health ormorals". (Full article...)
Beyond the First Amendment: The Politics of Free Speech and Pluralism is a book aboutfreedom of speech and theFirst Amendment to the United States Constitution, written by author Samuel Peter Nelson. It was published byJohns Hopkins University Press in 2005. In the book, Nelson discusses how the more general notion of free speech differs from that specifically applied to the First Amendment in American law. He proposes an argument for a "pluralist framework" of free speech, in order to incorporate multiple factors which drive communication. The book was positively received in reviews from academic and legal journals.Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries recommended the book due to its thought-provoking propositions, and a review inThe Journal of Politics described it as, "a nice effort to explore free speech issues not covered by the First Amendment or constitutional law." A review in the journalPolitical Communication concluded of the author's argumentation, "His is indeed a theory fraught with possibilities both favorable and unfavorable to an expanded scope for the contents of free speech."Law and Politics Book Review concluded, "Beyond the First Amendment is an intriguing and important contribution to the literature on free speech."
Image 10George Orwell statue at the headquarters of theBBC. A defence of free speech in an open society, the wall behind the statue is inscribed with the words "If liberty means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear", words fromGeorge Orwell's proposed preface toAnimal Farm (1945). (fromFreedom of speech)
Image 13Restriction of apostasy by country (2020) (fromFreedom of speech)
Image 14A map of countries which have lèse-majesté laws as of January 2023 (fromFreedom of speech)
Image 15Orthodox priestLibor Halík with a group of followers. Halík has been chanting daily for over five years against abortion via megaphone in front of a maternity hospital inBrno,Moravia. (fromFreedom of speech by country)
13 November 1969 – Birth ofAyaan Hirsi Ali, Somali-Dutch feminist andatheist activist, writer and politician who is known for her viewscritical of Islam
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