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Feminism is a range of socio-political movements andideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and socialequality of the sexes. Feminism holds the position that modern societies arepatriarchal—they prioritize the male point of view—and that women are treated unjustly in these societies. Efforts to change this include fighting againstgender stereotypes and improving educational, professional, and interpersonal opportunities and outcomes for women.
Originating in late 18th-century Europe,feminist movements have campaigned and continue to campaign forwomen's rights, including the right tovote,run for public office,work, earnequal pay,own property,receive education, enter intocontracts, have equal rights withinmarriage, andmaternity leave. Feminists have also worked to ensure access tocontraception, legalabortions, andsocial integration; and to protect women and girls fromsexual assault,sexual harassment, anddomestic violence. Changes in female dress standards and acceptable physical activities for women have also been part of feminist movements.
Many scholars consider feminist campaigns to be a main force behind major historicalsocietal changes for women's rights, particularly inthe West, where they are near-universally credited with achievingwomen's suffrage,gender-neutral language,reproductive rights for women (including access to contraceptives andabortion), and the right to enter into contracts and own property. Although feminist advocacy is, and has been, mainly focused on women's rights, some argue for the inclusion ofmen's liberation within its aims, because they believe that men are also harmed by traditionalgender roles.Feminist theory, which emerged from feminist movements, aims to understand the nature of gender inequality by examining women's social roles and lived experiences. Feminist theorists have developed theories in a variety of disciplines in order to respond to issues concerning gender.
Numerous feminist movements and ideologies have developed over the years, representing different viewpoints and political aims. Traditionally, since the 19th century,first-waveliberal feminism, which sought political and legal equality throughreforms within aliberal democratic framework, was contrasted withlabour-basedproletarian women's movements that over time developed intosocialist andMarxist feminism based onclass struggle theory. Since the 1960s, both of these traditions are also contrasted with theradical feminism that arose from theradical wing ofsecond-wave feminism and that calls for a radical reordering of society to eliminate patriarchy. Liberal, socialist, and radical feminism are sometimes referred to as the "Big Three" schools of feminist thought.
Since the late 20th century, many newer forms of feminism have emerged. Some forms, such aswhite feminism andgender-critical feminism, have been criticized as taking into account only white, middle class, college-educated,heterosexual, orcisgender perspectives. These criticisms have led to the creation of ethnically specific ormulticultural forms of feminism, such asblack feminism andintersectional feminism. (Full article...)
The Penelopiad is anovella byMargaret Atwood. It was published in 2005 as part of the first set of books in theCanongate Myth Series where contemporary authors rewrite ancientmyths. InThe Penelopiad,Penelope reminisces on the events during theOdyssey, life inHades, and her relationships with her parents,Odysseus, andHelen. Achorus of the twelve maids, whom Odysseus believed were disloyal and whomTelemachus hanged, interrupt Penelope's narrative to express their view on events. The maids' interludes use a new genre each time, including ajump-rope rhyme, alament, anidyll, aballad, a lecture, a court trial and several types of songs. The novella's central themes include the effects of story-telling perspectives, double standards between the genders and the classes, and the fairness of justice. Atwood had previously used characters and storylines from Greek mythology in fiction such as her novelThe Robber Bride, short storyThe Elysium Lifestyle Mansions and poems "Circe: Mud Poems" and "Helen of Troy Does Counter Dancing" but usedRobert Graves’The Greek Myths andE. V. Rieu andD. C. H. Rieu's version of theOdyssey to prepare for this novella. The book was translated into 28 languages and released simultaneously around the world by 33 publishers.
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Aphotochrom of an elderlyIrish woman using aspinning wheel, a device forspinning thread oryarn from natural or human-madefibers. Manual spinning wheels were likely invented in the 13th century, replacing the earlierspindle anddistaff, and remained in use until automatedmass production techniques were invented in theIndustrial Revolution. Hand-spinning remains a popularhandicraft.
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Vidya BalanBeyoncéLouise BryantJosephine ButlerControl (Janet Jackson album)Marjory Stoneman DouglasFemale genital mutilationAnna FilosofovaMargaret FullerEmma GoldmanInter-Allied Women's ConferenceJanet JacksonKahaaniKitty MarionLise MeitnerOlive MorrisMothers of the DisappearedMud March (suffragists)Jessie MurrayMargaret MurrayFlorence NagleEmmeline PankhurstKaty PerryAdelaide Anne ProcterMargaret SangerSusan B. Anthony dollarTaylor SwiftMaria TrubnikovaHarriet TubmanVeiqiaA Vindication of the Rights of MenA Vindication of the Rights of WomanEmma WatsonWe Can Do It!Wife selling (English custom)Mary WollstonecraftÉcole Polytechnique massacre
Nineteenth Amendment to the United States ConstitutionÁngela Acuña BraunChimamanda Ngozi AdichieSusan B. Anthony IIElena Arizmendi MejíaTrinidad ArroyoAurora (Sleeping Beauty)Ay mamáRachel BarrettGerlin BeanBelle (Disney character)Birth controlJex BlackmoreBoJack Horseman season 5Jeni Bojilova-PatevaVirginia BoltenBoneghaziTawana Brawley rape hoaxBuild a BitchCan't Hold Us DownLuisa CapetilloClaudia CardinaleElvia Carrillo PuertoA Catholic Statement on Pluralism and AbortionRita Cetina GutiérrezCherry Wine (Hozier song)Child prostitutionLara CroftCutting the MustardLucinda Lee DaltonEmily DaviesVoltairine de CleyreMaymie de Mena2012 Delhi gang rape and murderDetails Cannot Body WantsThe Dirty PictureElisabeth DmitrieffDouble burdenRosa DubovskyAnne Dallas DudleyMary Beth EdelsonLilian FaithfullFeminism in RussiaFeminist Improvising GroupMaría Teresa FerrariPrincess FionaFirst Feminist Congress of YucatánJane FondaAlaíde FoppaForced sterilization in PeruMarge FrantzEdith GarrudKirsten GillibrandGlorieta de las mujeres que luchanLaura de Force GordonGovernment HookerJuana Belén Gutiérrez de MendozaGüzel İstanbulH.W. v. FranceMargarethe HardeggerHilda HeineNora HelmerAileen HernandezHitachi Magic WandHole (band)Howl's Moving Castle (film)Clair HuxtableI'll Make a Man Out of YouIncelIndependent Women's ForumJane CollectiveJasmine (Aladdin)Jenny of the PrairieDoris Sands JohnsonIndia JulianaKim PossibleGina KrogLady LikeLady Like (song)Astrid LindgrenLove, Loss, and What I WorePaulina LuisiMadonnaMaloumaMarie of RomaniaBertha Mason (suffragist)Maria MiesKate MillettMoana (character)Mother's Little HelperMr. Lady RecordsMulan (Disney character)Nala (The Lion King)Louise NevelsonNo One Killed JessicaPaper or Plastic (song)Patricia PaputsakisIrene ParlbyRoy Earl ParrishPart of Your WorldPlanned ParenthoodKim Possible (character)Pussy RiotAnn RadcliffeFunmilayo Ransome-KutiA Rape on CampusMegan RapinoeRasan (organization)Marcela RevolloTessie ReynoldsDeolinda RodriguesNina SalamanZainab SalbiLinda SarsourCher ScarlettRosika SchwimmerSeneca Falls ConventionShadowland (song)Chava ShapiroManal al-SharifMary Stuart SmithValerie SolanasSole Front for Women's RightsMiriam SoljakHope SoloElizabeth Cady StantonShelby StarnerGloria SteinemJessie StephenDoris StevensCecilia SuárezTailhook scandalThung Sin NioNino TkeshelashviliA Toast to MenLana TurnerMary Two-Axe EarleyUgly (Fantasia song)WAP (song)Jean WaltonAbby WambachWhen a man argues against two beautiful ladies like this, they are going to have the last wordThe Woman's BibleOptional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against WomenWomen in early modern ScotlandWomen in classical AthensWomen of the Young LordsWomen's International Democratic FederationWomen's March on PortlandWomen's club movement in the United StatesWomen's suffrage in WalesXue SusuYear 24 Group
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