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Acity is ahuman settlement of a substantial size. The term "city" has different meanings around the world and in some places the settlement can be very small. Even where the term is limited to larger settlements, there is no universally agreed definition of the lower boundary for their size. In a narrower sense, a city can be defined as a permanent anddensely populated place with administratively defined boundaries whose members work primarily on non-agricultural tasks. Cities generally have extensive systems forhousing,transportation,sanitation,utilities,land use,production of goods, andcommunication. Their density facilitates interaction between people,government organizations, andbusinesses, sometimes benefiting different parties in the process, such as improving the efficiency of goods and service distribution.
Historically, city dwellers have been a small proportion of humanity overall, but following two centuries of unprecedented and rapidurbanization, more than half of theworld population now lives in cities, which has had profound consequences forglobal sustainability. Present-day cities usually form the core of largermetropolitan areas andurban areas—creating numerouscommuters traveling towardcity centres for employment, entertainment, and education. However, in a world of intensifyingglobalization, all cities are to varying degrees also connected globally beyond these regions. This increased influence means that cities also have significant influences onglobal issues, such assustainable development,climate change, andglobal health. Because of these major influences on global issues, theinternational community has prioritized investment insustainable cities throughSustainable Development Goal 11. Due to the efficiency of transportation and the smallerland consumption,dense cities hold the potential to have a smallerecological footprint per inhabitant than more sparsely populated areas. Therefore,compact cities are often referred to as a crucial element in fighting climate change. However, this concentration can also have some significant harmful effects, such as formingurban heat islands, concentratingpollution, and stressing water supplies and other resources. (Full article...)
Podgorica ([pɔdɡɔɾit͡sa];Montenegrin Cyrillic:Подгорица;lit. 'Under the Hill') is thecapital andlargest city ofMontenegro. The city is just north ofLake Skadar and close to coastal destinations on theAdriatic Sea. Historically, it was Podgorica's position at the confluence of theRibnica andMorača rivers and at the meeting-point of the fertileZeta Plain andBjelopavlići Valley that encouraged settlement. The surrounding landscape is predominantly mountainous terrain.
AfterWorld War II, Podgorica was first designated as the capital of Montenegro in 1946. At that time, it was renamed Titograd in honor ofJosip Broz Tito, the leader ofYugoslavia. It served as the capital of theSocialist Republic of Montenegro within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until Montenegro's declaration of independence in 2006, after which it was reaffirmed as the capital of an independent Montenegro. The city's original name, Podgorica, had been restored in 1992 following the dissolution of Yugoslavia. (Full article...)
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Mari (Cuneiform:𒈠𒌷𒆠,ma-riki, modernTell Hariri;Arabic:تل حريري) was an ancientSemiticcity-state in modern-daySyria. Its remains form atell 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) north-west ofAbu Kamal on the western bank of theEuphrates River, some 120 kilometres (75 mi) southeast ofDeir ez-Zor. It flourished as a trade center and hegemonic state between 2900 BC and 1759 BC. The city was built in the middle of the Euphrates trade routes betweenSumer in the south and theEblaite kingdom and theLevant in the west.
Mari was first abandoned in the middle of the 26th century BC but was rebuilt and became the capital of a hegemonicEast Semitic state before 2500 BC. This second Mari engaged in a long war with its rivalEbla and is known for its strong affinity with Sumerian culture. It was destroyed in the 23rd century BC by theAkkadians, who allowed the city to be rebuilt and appointed a military governor (Shakkanakku). The governors became independent with the disintegration of the Akkadian Empire, and rebuilt the city as a regional center of the Euphrates valley. The Shakkanakkus ruled Mari until the second half of the 19th century BC, when the dynasty collapsed for unknown reasons. A short time later, Mari became the capital of theAmorite Lim dynasty. The Amorite Mari lasted only a short time before it was destroyed byBabylonia in c. 1761 BC, but it survived as a small settlement under the rule of the Babylonians and theAssyrians before being abandoned and forgotten during theHellenistic period. (Full article...)
Principles of intelligent urbanism (PIU) is a theory ofurban planning composed of a set of ten axioms intended to guide the formulation of city plans and urban designs. They are intended to reconcile and integrate diverse urban planning and management concerns. These axioms includeenvironmentalsustainability,heritage conservation,appropriate technology, infrastructure-efficiency,placemaking,social access,transit-oriented development,regional integration,human scale, and institutional integrity. The term was coined by Prof.Christopher Charles Benninger.
The PIU evolved from the city planning guidelines formulated by theInternational Congress of Modern Architecture (CIAM), the urban design approaches developed at Harvard's pioneering Urban Design Department under the leadership ofJosep Lluis Sert, and the concerns enunciated byTeam Ten. It is most prominently seen in plans prepared byChristopher Charles Benninger and his numerous colleagues in the Asian context. They form the elements of the planning curriculum at the School of Planning,CEPT University,Ahmedabad, which Benninger founded in 1971. They were the basis for the new capital plan forThimphu,Bhutan. (Full article...)
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