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Portal:Cetaceans

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The Cetaceans Portal

A Sperm Whale fluke
A Sperm Whale fluke

Cetaceans (/sɪˈtʃə/) aremarine mammals belonging to theinfraorderCetacea, asecondarily aquaticclade under the orderArtiodactyla that includewhales,dolphins,porpoises andextinct groups such asBasilosaurus. Most cetaceans live inmarine environments, particularly thepelagic zone, but some reside solely inbrackish orfresh water. Having acosmopolitan distribution, they can be found in somerivers and all of Earth'soceans. Many speciesmigrate seasonally over vast ranges for food advantages.

Key characteristics of cetaceans are their fully aquaticlife cycle,streamlined, fish-like body shape, the need toperiodically surface and breath air, and exclusivelycarnivorous diet. Allextant cetaceans are capable ofecholocation.

Asnektonic animals, cetaceanspropel themselves through the water with powerful up-and-down movements of their tails, which have evolved into in a horizontal paddle-likefluke. Theirhindlimbs have disappeared with only somevestigial skeleton of thepelvis andfemurs, and theirforelimbs haveevolved intoflippers which they use topaddle and steer. Some fast-swimming groups, most notably the smaller dolphins and porpoises, have adorsal fin to facilitatedirectional stability. Cetaceans also havelarge brains and havehigh intelligence, complex social behaviour, andsong-like communication. Some cetaceans have large bodies, such as theblue whale, which reaches a maximum confirmed length of 29.9 meters (98 feet) and a weight of 173tonnes (190 short tons), making it the largest animal known to have existed.

There are approximately 90 living cetaceanspecies split into twoparvorders:Odontoceti or toothed whales, which contains 75 species including porpoises, dolphins, thebeaked whales and otherpredatory whales like thebeluga andsperm whale, who prey uponfish,cephalopods and other marine mammals such aspinnipeds; andMysticeti or baleen whales, which contains 15 species of large whales including the blue whale,humpback whale andbowhead whale among others, who are mostlyfilter-feedingplanktivores (or sometimesbottom-feedingcrustacivores ormolluscivores, as in the case of thegray whale) using oralbristle plates known asbaleen to sieve out and feed on large swarms of smallinvertebrates, usuallycrustaceans such askrill. Despite their highly modified bodies and carnivorous lifestyle, genetic and fossil evidence places cetaceans within theterrestrialeven-toed ungulates, most closely related to thehippopotamids. (Full article...)

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  • Image 1 "Whale Whores" is the eleventh episode of the thirteenth season of the American animated television series South Park. The 192nd overall episode of the series, it aired on Comedy Central in the United States on October 28, 2009. In the episode, Stan joins an anti-whaling crew in order to save dolphins and whales from Japanese whalers. The episode was written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker, and was rated TV-MA LV in the United States. "Whale Whores" addressed the topic of Japanese whaling, condemning the whalers . The episode is particularly critical of the reality television series Whale Wars and its star Paul Watson, an environmental activist who is prominently featured in "Whale Whores". (Full article...)
    Image 1
    "Whale Whores" is the eleventh episode of thethirteenth season of the American animated television seriesSouth Park. The 192nd overall episode of the series, it aired onComedy Central in the United States on October 28, 2009. In the episode,Stan joins an anti-whaling crew in order to save dolphins and whales fromJapanese whalers.

    The episode was written and directed by series co-creatorTrey Parker, and was ratedTV-MA LV in the United States. "Whale Whores" addressed the topic of Japanese whaling, condemning the whalers . The episode is particularly critical of the reality television seriesWhale Wars and its starPaul Watson, an environmental activist who is prominently featured in "Whale Whores". (Full article...)
  • Image 2 Reconstructed skeleton at the Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa Ambulocetus (from Latin ambulō, meaning "to walk", and cetus, meaning "whale", and thus, "walking whale") is a genus of early amphibious cetacean from the Kuldana Formation in Pakistan, roughly 48 or 47 million years ago during the Early Eocene (Lutetian). It contains one species, Ambulocetus natans (Latin natans "swimming"), known solely from one near-complete skeleton. Ambulocetus is among the best-studied of Eocene cetaceans, and serves as an instrumental find in the study of cetacean evolution and their transition from land to sea, as it was the first cetacean discovered to preserve a suite of adaptations consistent with an amphibious lifestyle. Ambulocetus is classified in the group Archaeoceti—the ancient forerunners of modern cetaceans whose members span the transition from land to sea—and in the family Ambulocetidae, which includes Himalayacetus and Gandakasia (also from the Eocene of the Indian subcontinent). Ambulocetus had a narrow, streamlined body, and a long, broad snout, with eyes positioned at the very top of its head. Because of these features, it is hypothesised to have behaved much like a crocodile, waiting near the water's surface to ambush large mammals, using its powerful jaws to clamp onto and drown or thrash prey. Additionally, its ears possessed similar traits to modern cetaceans, which are specialised for hearing and detecting certain frequencies underwater, although it is unclear if Ambulocetus also used these specialised ears for hearing underwater. They may have instead been utilised for bone conduction on land, or perhaps served no function for early cetaceans. (Full article...)
    Image 2

    Ambulocetus (fromLatinambulō, meaning "to walk", andcetus, meaning "whale", and thus, "walking whale") is agenus of earlyamphibiouscetacean from theKuldana Formation inPakistan, roughly 48 or 47 million years ago during theEarly Eocene (Lutetian). It contains onespecies,Ambulocetus natans (Latinnatans "swimming"), known solely from one near-complete skeleton.Ambulocetus is among the best-studied of Eocene cetaceans, and serves as an instrumental find in the study ofcetacean evolution and their transition from land to sea, as it was the first cetacean discovered to preserve a suite of adaptations consistent with an amphibious lifestyle.Ambulocetus is classified in the groupArchaeoceti—the ancient forerunners of modern cetaceans whose members span the transition from land to sea—and in thefamilyAmbulocetidae, which includesHimalayacetus andGandakasia (also from the Eocene of theIndian subcontinent).

    Ambulocetus had a narrow, streamlined body, and a long, broad snout, with eyes positioned at the very top of its head. Because of these features, it is hypothesised to have behaved much like a crocodile, waiting near the water's surface to ambush large mammals, using its powerful jaws to clamp onto and drown or thrash prey. Additionally, its ears possessed similar traits to modern cetaceans, which are specialised for hearing and detecting certain frequencies underwater, although it is unclear ifAmbulocetus also used these specialised ears for hearing underwater. They may have instead been utilised forbone conduction on land, or perhaps served no function for early cetaceans. (Full article...)
  • Image 3 Cryptolepas rhachianecti Whale barnacles are species of acorn barnacle that belong to the family Coronulidae. They typically attach to baleen whales, and sometimes settle on toothed whales. The whale barnacles diverged from the turtle barnacles about three million years ago. Whale barnacles passively filter food, using tentacle-like cirri, as the host swims through the water. The arrangement is generally considered commensal as it is done at no cost or benefit to the host. However, some whales may make use of the barnacles as protective armor or for inflicting more damage while fighting, which would make the relationship mutualistic where both parties benefit; alternatively, some species may just increase the drag that the host experiences while swimming, making the barnacles parasites. (Full article...)
    Image 3

    Whale barnacles arespecies ofacorn barnacle that belong to thefamilyCoronulidae. They typically attach tobaleen whales, and sometimes settle ontoothed whales. The whale barnacles diverged from theturtle barnacles about threemillion years ago.

    Whale barnacles passively filter food, using tentacle-likecirri, as thehost swims through the water. The arrangement is generally consideredcommensal as it is done at no cost or benefit to the host. However, some whales may make use of the barnacles as protective armor or for inflicting more damage while fighting, which would make the relationshipmutualistic where both parties benefit; alternatively, some species may just increase thedrag that the host experiences while swimming, making the barnaclesparasites. (Full article...)
  • Image 4 Skull of Janjucetus hunderi at the Melbourne Museum Janjucetus is an extinct genus of baleen whale that lived during the Late Oligocene (Chattian) in south-east Australia, around 25 million years ago. Remains of the genus have been found in the Jan Juc Marl in the Jan Juc Formation near the township of the same name, and have been assigned to two species: the type species J. hunderi and J. dullardi. This locality has yielded remains of more extinct cetaceans, including Prosqualodon, Waipatia, and the related Mammalodon. Unlike modern mysticetes, it possessed large teeth for gripping and shredding prey instead of baleen, and was therefore likely to have been a predator that captured individual large prey animals rather than filter feeding. However, it has been noted that the teeth of Junjucetus may have interlocked like those of the modern-day filter-feeding crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophaga), which would have given it a limited filter-feeding capacity. At the same time the closest relative to the crabeater seal is the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), known to have had somewhat similar dentition, although its ecology mostly involves hunting larger prey, leading to the idea that Janjucetus may have fed on large fish. The animal possessed unusually large eyes, suggesting that an acute sense of vision may have aided it in hunting. (Full article...)
    Image 4

    Skull ofJanjucetus hunderi at theMelbourne Museum

    Janjucetus is anextinctgenus ofbaleen whale that lived during theLate Oligocene (Chattian) in south-east Australia, around 25 million years ago. Remains of the genus have been found in the Jan Juc Marl in theJan Juc Formation near the township of the same name, and have been assigned to two species: the type speciesJ. hunderi andJ. dullardi. This locality has yielded remains of more extinctcetaceans, includingProsqualodon,Waipatia, and the relatedMammalodon.

    Unlike modern mysticetes, it possessed large teeth for gripping and shredding prey instead ofbaleen, and was therefore likely to have been a predator that captured individual large prey animals rather thanfilter feeding. However, it has been noted that the teeth ofJunjucetus may have interlocked like those of the modern-day filter-feedingcrabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophaga), which would have given it a limited filter-feeding capacity. At the same time the closest relative to the crabeater seal is theleopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), known to have had somewhat similar dentition, although its ecology mostly involves hunting larger prey, leading to the idea thatJanjucetus may have fed on large fish. The animal possessed unusually large eyes, suggesting that an acute sense of vision may have aided it in hunting. (Full article...)
  • Image 5 Clockwise from top left: humpback whale, gray whale, North Atlantic right whale, and common minke whale Baleen whales (/bəˈliːn/), also known as whalebone whales, are marine mammals of the parvorder Mysticeti in the infraorder Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises), which use baleen plates (or "whalebone") in their mouths to sieve plankton from the water. Mysticeti comprises the families Balaenidae (right and bowhead whales), Balaenopteridae (rorquals), Eschrichtiidae (the gray whale) and Cetotheriidae (the pygmy right whale). There are 16 species of baleen whales. While cetaceans were historically thought to have descended from mesonychians, molecular evidence instead supports them as a clade of even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla). Baleen whales split from toothed whales (Odontoceti) around 34 million years ago. Baleen whales range in size from the 6 m (20 ft) and 3,000 kg (6,600 lb) pygmy right whale to the 31 m (102 ft) and 190 t (210 short tons) blue whale, the largest known animal to have ever existed. They are sexually dimorphic. Baleen whales can have streamlined or large bodies, depending on the feeding behavior, and two limbs that are modified into flippers. The fin whale is the fastest baleen whale, recorded swimming at 10 m/s (36 km/h; 22 mph). Baleen whales use their baleen plates to filter out food from the water by either lunge-feeding or skim-feeding. Baleen whales have fused neck vertebrae, and are unable to turn their heads at all. Baleen whales have two blowholes. Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. They have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin to keep warm in the cold water. (Full article...)
    Image 5

    Baleen whales (/bəˈln/), also known aswhalebone whales, aremarine mammals of theparvorderMysticeti in the infraorderCetacea (whales,dolphins andporpoises), which usebaleen plates (or "whalebone") in their mouths to sieveplankton from the water. Mysticeti comprises thefamiliesBalaenidae (right andbowhead whales),Balaenopteridae (rorquals),Eschrichtiidae (thegray whale) andCetotheriidae (thepygmy right whale). There are 16species of baleen whales. While cetaceans were historically thought to have descended frommesonychians,molecular evidence instead supports them as aclade ofeven-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla). Baleen whales split fromtoothed whales (Odontoceti) around 34million years ago.

    Baleen whales range in size from the 6 m (20 ft) and 3,000 kg (6,600 lb)pygmy right whale to the 31 m (102 ft) and 190 t (210 short tons)blue whale, thelargest known animal to have ever existed. They aresexually dimorphic. Baleen whales can have streamlined or large bodies, depending on the feeding behavior, and two limbs that are modified intoflippers. Thefin whale is the fastest baleen whale, recorded swimming at 10 m/s (36 km/h; 22 mph). Baleen whales use theirbaleen plates to filter out food from the water by eitherlunge-feeding or skim-feeding. Baleen whales have fusedneck vertebrae, and are unable to turn their heads at all. Baleen whales have twoblowholes. Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. They have a layer of fat, orblubber, under the skin to keep warm in the cold water. (Full article...)
  • Image 6 The harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) Porpoises (/ˈpɔːrpəsɪz/) are small dolphin-like cetaceans classified under the family Phocoenidae. Although similar in appearance to dolphins, they are more closely related to narwhals and belugas. There are eight extant species of porpoise, all among the smallest of the toothed whales. Porpoises are distinguished from dolphins by their flattened, spade-shaped teeth distinct from the conical teeth of dolphins, and lack of a pronounced beak, although some dolphins (e.g. Hector's dolphin) also lack a pronounced beak. Porpoises, and other cetaceans, belong to the clade Cetartiodactyla with even-toed ungulates. Porpoises range in size from the vaquita, at 1.4 metres (4 feet 7 inches) in length and 54 kilograms (119 pounds) in weight, to the Dall's porpoise, at 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) and 220 kg (490 lb). Several species exhibit sexual dimorphism in that the females are larger than males. They have streamlined bodies and two limbs that are modified into flippers. Porpoises use echolocation as their primary sensory system. Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. As all cetaceans, they have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin to keep them warm in cold water. (Full article...)
    Image 6

    Theharbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)

    Porpoises (/ˈpɔːrpəsɪz/) are smalldolphin-likecetaceans classified under the familyPhocoenidae. Although similar in appearance todolphins, they are more closely related tonarwhals andbelugas. There are eight extant species of porpoise, all among the smallest of thetoothed whales. Porpoises are distinguished from dolphins by their flattened, spade-shaped teeth distinct from the conical teeth of dolphins, and lack of a pronounced beak, although some dolphins (e.g.Hector's dolphin) also lack a pronounced beak. Porpoises, and othercetaceans, belong to thecladeCetartiodactyla witheven-toed ungulates.

    Porpoises range in size from thevaquita, at 1.4 metres (4 feet 7 inches) in length and 54 kilograms (119 pounds) in weight, to theDall's porpoise, at 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) and 220 kg (490 lb). Several species exhibitsexual dimorphism in that the females are larger than males. They have streamlined bodies and two limbs that are modified into flippers. Porpoises useecholocation as their primarysensory system. Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. As all cetaceans, they have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin to keep them warm in cold water. (Full article...)
  • Image 7 The dusky dolphin (Aethalodelphis obscurus) is a small oceanic dolphin found in coastal waters of the Southern Hemisphere. It is most closely related to the Pacific white-sided dolphin. The dolphin's range is patchy, major populations occurring around South America, southwestern Africa, New Zealand, and several oceanic islands, with some sightings around southern Australia. It has a somewhat stocky body with a short beak and a curved dorsal fin and flippers. Like its closest relative, the dusky dolphin has a multi-coloured pigmentation of black, grey, and white. The species prefers cool currents and inshore waters. It lives in a fission–fusion society where groups change size based on social and environmental conditions. The dolphin feeds on several fish and squid species and has flexible hunting tactics, including daytime bait ball herding and nightime feeding in deep scattering layers. Mating is polygynandrous, and several males will chase after a single female, the fittest being able to catch her and reproduce. Females raise their young in nursery groups. The dusky dolphin is known for its acrobatics, displaying leaping behaviours which vary in complexity and may or may not create splashes. (Full article...)
    Image 7

    Thedusky dolphin (Aethalodelphis obscurus) is a smalloceanic dolphin found in coastal waters of theSouthern Hemisphere. It is most closely related to thePacific white-sided dolphin. The dolphin's range is patchy, major populations occurring around South America, southwestern Africa, New Zealand, and several oceanic islands, with some sightings around southern Australia. It has a somewhat stocky body with a shortbeak and a curveddorsal fin and flippers. Like its closest relative, the dusky dolphin has a multi-coloured pigmentation of black, grey, and white.

    The species prefers cool currents and inshore waters. It lives in afission–fusion society where groups change size based on social and environmental conditions. The dolphin feeds on severalfish andsquid species and has flexible hunting tactics, includingdaytimebait ball herding andnightime feeding indeep scattering layers. Mating ispolygynandrous, and several males will chase after a single female, the fittest being able to catch her and reproduce. Females raise their young innursery groups. The dusky dolphin is known for its acrobatics, displayingleaping behaviours which vary in complexity and may or may not create splashes. (Full article...)
  • Image 8 A fin whale surfacing in waters around Greenland The fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), also known as the finback whale or common rorqual, is a species of baleen whale and the second-longest cetacean after the blue whale. The biggest individual reportedly measured 26–27 m (85–89 ft) in length, with a maximum recorded weight of 65.5 to 120 tonnes (72.2 to 132.3 short tons; 64.5 to 118.1 long tons). The fin whale's body is long, slender and brownish-gray in color, with a paler underside to appear less conspicuous from below (countershading). At least two recognized subspecies exist, one in the North Atlantic and one across the Southern Hemisphere. It is found in all the major oceans, from polar to tropical waters, though it is absent only from waters close to the pack ice at the poles and relatively small areas of water away from the open ocean. The highest population density occurs in temperate and cool waters. Its prey mainly consists of smaller schooling fish, small squid, or crustaceans, including copepods and krill. Mating takes place in temperate, low-latitude seas during the winter. Fin whales are often observed in pods of 6–10 animals, with whom they communicate utilizing frequency-modulated sounds, ranging from 16 to 40 hertz. (Full article...)
    Image 8

    A fin whale surfacing in waters around Greenland

    The fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), also known as the finback whale or common rorqual, is a species of baleen whale and the second-longestcetacean after the blue whale. The biggest individual reportedly measured 26–27 m (85–89 ft) in length, with a maximum recorded weight of 65.5 to 120tonnes (72.2 to 132.3short tons; 64.5 to 118.1long tons). The fin whale's body is long, slender and brownish-gray in color, with a paler underside to appear less conspicuous from below (countershading).

    At least two recognized subspecies exist, one in theNorth Atlantic and one across theSouthern Hemisphere. It is found in all the major oceans, from polar to tropical waters, though it is absent only from waters close to the pack ice at the poles and relatively small areas of water away from the open ocean. The highest population density occurs in temperate and cool waters. Its prey mainly consists of smallerschooling fish, small squid, or crustaceans, includingcopepods and krill. Mating takes place in temperate, low-latitude seas during the winter. Fin whales are often observed in pods of 6–10 animals, with whom they communicate utilizing frequency-modulated sounds, ranging from 16 to 40 hertz. (Full article...)
  • Image 9 Rice's whale surfacing in the Gulf of Mexico Rice's whale (Balaenoptera ricei), also known as the Gulf of Mexico whale, is a species of baleen whale endemic to the northern Gulf of Mexico. Initially identified as a subpopulation of the Bryde's whale, genetic and skeletal studies found it to be a distinct species by 2021. In outward appearance, it is virtually identical to the Bryde's whale. Its body is streamlined and sleek, with a uniformly dark charcoal gray dorsal and pale to pinkish underside. A diagnostic feature often used by field scientists to distinguish Rice's whales from whales other than the Bryde's whale is the three prominent ridges that line the top of its head. The species can be distinguished from the Bryde's whale by the shape of the nasal bones, which have wider gaps due to a unique wrapping by the frontal bones, its unique vocal repertoire, and genetic differences. It is a medium-sized baleen whale that grows up to 12.65 meters (41.5 ft) in length and weighs up to 13.87–27.2 metric tons (13.65–26.77 long tons; 15.29–29.98 short tons). The Rice's whale inhabits a restricted stretch along the continental slope in the northeastern part of the Gulf of Mexico between depths of 150–410 meters (490–1,350 ft) off the coast of western Florida, although some whales have been sighted in the northwestern portions and the species may have inhabited a wider distribution throughout the Gulf in historical times. It does not migrate but remains within this area year-round. Little is known about the feeding behavior of Rice's whales, but data from a tagged individual revealed a diel vertical diving pattern, in which the whale spends most of the day feeding at or near the seafloor at depths of up to 271 meters (889 ft) and night at the surface. The whale's diet remains unknown, but lanternfish and hatchetfish are suspected prey. (Full article...)
    Image 9

    Rice's whale surfacing in theGulf of Mexico

    Rice's whale (Balaenoptera ricei), also known as theGulf of Mexico whale, is aspecies ofbaleen whale endemic to the northernGulf of Mexico. Initially identified as asubpopulation of theBryde's whale,genetic and skeletal studies found it to be a distinct species by 2021. In outward appearance, it is virtually identical to the Bryde's whale. Its body is streamlined and sleek, with a uniformlydark charcoal graydorsal and pale to pinkish underside. A diagnostic feature often used byfield scientists to distinguish Rice's whales from whales other than the Bryde's whale is the three prominent ridges that line the top of its head. The species can be distinguished from the Bryde's whale by the shape of thenasal bones, which have wider gaps due to a unique wrapping by thefrontal bones, its unique vocal repertoire, and genetic differences.

    It is a medium-sized baleen whale that grows up to 12.65 meters (41.5 ft) in length and weighs up to 13.87–27.2 metric tons (13.65–26.77 long tons; 15.29–29.98 short tons). The Rice's whale inhabits a restricted stretch along thecontinental slope in the northeastern part of the Gulf of Mexico between depths of 150–410 meters (490–1,350 ft) off the coast of westernFlorida, although some whales have been sighted in the northwestern portions and the species may have inhabited a widerdistribution throughout the Gulf in historical times. It does not migrate but remains within this area year-round. Little is known about the feeding behavior of Rice's whales, but data from a tagged individual revealed adiel vertical diving pattern, in which the whale spends most of the day feeding at or near the seafloor at depths of up to 271 meters (889 ft) and night at the surface. The whale's diet remains unknown, butlanternfish andhatchetfish are suspected prey. (Full article...)
  • Image 10 Sei whale mother and calf The sei whale (/seɪ/ SAY, Norwegian: [sæɪ]; Balaenoptera borealis) is a baleen whale. It is one of ten rorqual species, and the third-largest member after the blue and fin whales. It can grow to 19.5 m (64 ft) in length and weigh as much as 28 t (28 long tons; 31 short tons). Two subspecies are recognized: B. b. borealis and B. b. schlegelii. The whale's ventral surface has sporadic markings ranging from light grey to white, and its body is usually dark steel grey in colour. It is among the fastest of all cetaceans, and can reach speeds of up to 50–55 km/h (31–34 mph) over short distances.  It inhabits most oceans and adjoining seas, and prefers deep offshore waters. It avoids polar and tropical waters and semi-enclosed bodies of water. The sei whale migrates annually from cool, subpolar waters in summer to temperate, subtropical waters in winter with a lifespan of 70 years. It is a filter feeder, with its diet consisting primarily of copepods, krill, and other zooplankton. It is typically solitary or can be found in groups numbering half a dozen. During the breeding period, a mating pair will remain together. Sei whale vocalizations usually last approximately half a second, and occurs at 240–625 hertz. (Full article...)
    Image 10

    Sei whale mother and calf

    Thesei whale (/s/SAY,Norwegian:[sæɪ];Balaenoptera borealis) is abaleen whale. It is one of tenrorqual species, and the third-largest member after theblue andfin whales. It can grow to 19.5 m (64 ft) in length and weigh as much as 28 t (28 long tons; 31 short tons). Two subspecies are recognized:B. b. borealis andB. b. schlegelii. The whale'sventral surface has sporadic markings ranging from light grey to white, and its body is usually dark steel grey in colour. It is among the fastest of all cetaceans, and can reach speeds of up to 50–55 km/h (31–34 mph) over short distances. 

    It inhabits most oceans and adjoining seas, and prefers deep offshore waters. It avoidspolar and tropical waters and semi-enclosed bodies of water. The sei whale migrates annually from cool, subpolar waters in summer totemperate, subtropical waters in winter with a lifespan of 70 years. It is afilter feeder, with its diet consisting primarily of copepodskrill, and otherzooplankton. It is typically solitary or can be found in groups numbering half a dozen. During the breeding period, a mating pair will remain together. Sei whale vocalizations usually last approximately half a second, and occurs at 240–625 hertz. (Full article...)
  • Image 11 Holotype skull of A. deinodon Acrophyseter is a genus of extinct sperm whale that lived in the Late Miocene off the coast of what is now Peru. The genus comprises two species: A. deinodon and A. robustus. It is part of a group of macroraptorial sperm whales that all share several features for hunting large prey, such as deeply rooted and thick teeth. Acrophyseter measured 4–4.5 metres (13–15 ft) in length, making it the smallest macroraptorial sperm whale currently known. Because of its short pointed snout and strongly curved front teeth, it probably fed on the marine vertebrates of its time, such as seals and other whales. (Full article...)
    Image 11

    Holotype skull ofA. deinodon

    Acrophyseter is agenus ofextinctsperm whale that lived in theLate Miocene off the coast of what is now Peru. The genus comprises two species:A. deinodon andA. robustus. It is part of a group ofmacroraptorial sperm whales that all share several features for hunting large prey, such as deeply rooted and thick teeth.Acrophyseter measured 4–4.5 metres (13–15 ft) in length, making it the smallest macroraptorial sperm whale currently known. Because of its short pointed snout and strongly curved front teeth, it probably fed on the marine vertebrates of its time, such as seals and other whales. (Full article...)
  • Image 12 Southern right whale Whales are a widely distributed and diverse group of fully aquatic placental marine mammals. As an informal and colloquial grouping, they correspond to large members of the infraorder Cetacea, i.e. all cetaceans apart from dolphins and porpoises. Dolphins and porpoises may be considered whales from a formal, cladistic perspective. Whales, dolphins and porpoises belong to the order Cetartiodactyla, which consists of even-toed ungulates. Their closest non-cetacean living relatives are the hippopotamuses, from which they and other cetaceans diverged about 54 million years ago. The two parvorders of whales, baleen whales (Mysticeti) and toothed whales (Odontoceti), are thought to have had their last common ancestor around 34 million years ago. Mysticetes include four extant (living) families: Balaenopteridae (the rorquals), Balaenidae (right whales), Cetotheriidae (the pygmy right whale), and Eschrichtiidae (the grey whale). Odontocetes include the Monodontidae (belugas and narwhals), Physeteridae (the sperm whale), Kogiidae (the dwarf and pygmy sperm whale), and Ziphiidae (the beaked whales), as well as the six families of dolphins and porpoises which are not considered whales in the informal sense. Whales are fully aquatic, open-ocean animals: they can feed, mate, give birth, suckle and raise their young at sea. Whales range in size from the 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) and 135 kilograms (298 lb) dwarf sperm whale to the 29.9 metres (98 ft) and 190 tonnes (210 short tons) blue whale, which is the largest known animal that has ever lived. The sperm whale is the largest toothed predator on Earth. Several whale species exhibit sexual dimorphism, in that the females are larger than males. (Full article...)
    Image 12

    Whales are a widely distributed and diverse group of fullyaquaticplacentalmarine mammals. As an informal andcolloquial grouping, they correspond to large members of the infraorderCetacea, i.e. all cetaceans apart fromdolphins andporpoises. Dolphins and porpoises may be considered whales from a formal,cladistic perspective. Whales, dolphins and porpoises belong to the orderCetartiodactyla, which consists of even-toed ungulates. Their closest non-cetacean living relatives are thehippopotamuses, from which they and other cetaceans diverged about 54 million years ago. The twoparvorders of whales,baleen whales (Mysticeti) andtoothed whales (Odontoceti), are thought to have had theirlast common ancestor around 34 million years ago. Mysticetes include fourextant (living)families:Balaenopteridae (the rorquals),Balaenidae (right whales),Cetotheriidae (the pygmy right whale), andEschrichtiidae (the grey whale). Odontocetes include theMonodontidae (belugas and narwhals),Physeteridae (thesperm whale),Kogiidae (the dwarf and pygmy sperm whale), andZiphiidae (the beaked whales), as well as the six families of dolphins and porpoises which are not considered whales in the informal sense.

    Whales are fully aquatic, open-ocean animals: they can feed, mate, give birth, suckle and raise their young at sea. Whales range in size from the 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) and 135 kilograms (298 lb)dwarf sperm whale to the 29.9 metres (98 ft) and 190 tonnes (210 short tons)blue whale, which is the largest known animal that has ever lived. Thesperm whale is the largest toothed predator on Earth. Several whale species exhibitsexual dimorphism, in that the females are larger than males. (Full article...)
  • Image 13 The holotype and only specimen Orcinus meyeri is an extinct species of Orcinus (killer whales) found in Early Miocene deposits of southern Germany, known from two jaw fragments and 18 isolated teeth. It was originally described as Delphinus acutidens in 1859, but it was reclassified in 1873. Its validity is disputed, and it may be synonymous with the ancient sperm whale Physeterula dubusi. It was found in the Alpine town of Stockach in the Molasse basin, which was a coastal area with strong tidal currents. (Full article...)
    Image 13

    Theholotype and only specimen

    Orcinus meyeri is anextinct species ofOrcinus (killer whales) found inEarly Miocene deposits of southernGermany, known from two jaw fragments and 18 isolated teeth. It was originally described asDelphinus acutidens in 1859, but it was reclassified in 1873. Its validity is disputed, and it may besynonymous with the ancient sperm whalePhyseterula dubusi. It was found in the Alpine town ofStockach in theMolasse basin, which was acoastal area with strong tidal currents. (Full article...)
  • Image 14 Southern right whale breaching Right whales are three species of large baleen whales of the genus Eubalaena: the North Atlantic right whale (E. glacialis), the North Pacific right whale (E. japonica) and the southern right whale (E. australis). They are classified in the family Balaenidae with the bowhead whale. Right whales have rotund bodies with arching rostrums, V-shaped blowholes and dark gray or black skin. The most distinguishing feature of a right whale is the rough patches of skin on its head, which appear white due to parasitism by whale lice. Right whales are typically 13–17 m (43–56 ft) long and weigh up to 100 short tons (91 t; 89 long tons) or more. All three species are migratory, moving seasonally to feed or give birth. The warm equatorial waters form a barrier that isolates the northern and southern species from one another although the southern species, at least, has been known to cross the equator. In the Northern Hemisphere, right whales tend to avoid open waters and stay close to peninsulas and bays and on continental shelves, as these areas offer greater shelter and an abundance of their preferred foods. In the Southern Hemisphere, right whales feed far offshore in summer, but a large portion of the population occur in near-shore waters in winter. Right whales feed mainly on copepods but also consume krill and pteropods. They may forage the surface, underwater or even the ocean bottom. During courtship, males gather into large groups to compete for a single female, suggesting that sperm competition is an important factor in mating behavior. Gestation tends to last a year, and calves are weaned at eight months old. (Full article...)
    Image 14

    Southern right whale breaching

    Right whales are threespecies of largebaleen whales of thegenusEubalaena: theNorth Atlantic right whale (E. glacialis), theNorth Pacific right whale (E. japonica) and thesouthern right whale (E. australis). They are classified in the familyBalaenidae with thebowhead whale. Right whales have rotund bodies with archingrostrums, V-shapedblowholes and dark gray or black skin. The most distinguishing feature of a right whale is the rough patches of skin on its head, which appear white due to parasitism bywhale lice. Right whales are typically 13–17 m (43–56 ft) long and weigh up to 100 short tons (91 t; 89 long tons) or more.

    All three species aremigratory, moving seasonally to feed or give birth. The warm equatorial waters form a barrier that isolates the northern and southern species from one another although the southern species, at least, has been known to cross theequator. In the Northern Hemisphere, right whales tend to avoid open waters and stay close topeninsulas and bays and oncontinental shelves, as these areas offer greater shelter and an abundance of their preferred foods. In the Southern Hemisphere, right whales feed far offshore in summer, but a large portion of the population occur in near-shore waters in winter. Right whales feed mainly oncopepods but also consumekrill andpteropods. They may forage the surface, underwater or even the ocean bottom. During courtship, males gather into large groups to compete for a single female, suggesting thatsperm competition is an important factor in mating behavior.Gestation tends to last a year, and calves are weaned at eight months old. (Full article...)
  • Image 15 Orca's Song is a 1987 picturebook written by Anne Cameron and illustrated in black and white by Nelle Olsen. Published by Harbour Publishing, the book is an adaptation of a Pacific Northwest Indigenous story. Orca's Song is a pourquoi story about a black orca who falls in love with an osprey; the two mate to create a baby orca with the black and white patterning found on the whales. While some reviewers appreciated the art and text of the story, it received criticism from Indigenous authors and scholars who disputed Cameron's claim of sole authorship and copyright for the story. Consequently, reprints of the book began to attribute the storyteller Klopinum for the story's inspiration although Cameron retained sole authorship credit and copyright. The story has also been noted as an early example of a lesbian relationship (between Orca and Osprey) in picturebook literature and one of the few such picturebooks published before 2000 to lack a moralising tone. (Full article...)
    Image 15
    Orca's Song is a 1987 picturebook written byAnne Cameron and illustrated in black and white by Nelle Olsen. Published byHarbour Publishing, the book is an adaptation of aPacific Northwest Indigenous story.Orca's Song is apourquoi story about a black orca who falls in love with an osprey; the two mate to create a baby orca with the black and white patterning found on the whales.

    While some reviewers appreciated the art and text of the story, it received criticism from Indigenous authors and scholars who disputed Cameron's claim of sole authorship and copyright for the story. Consequently, reprints of the book began to attribute the storyteller Klopinum for the story's inspiration although Cameron retained sole authorship credit and copyright. The story has also been noted as an early example of alesbian relationship (between Orca and Osprey) in picturebook literature and one of the few such picturebooks published before 2000 to lack a moralising tone. (Full article...)

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Harbour porpoise
Harbour porpoise
Photo credit: Malene

TheHarbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) is one of sixspecies ofporpoise. It is one of the smallest ocean mammals in the sea. As its name implies, it stays close to coastal areas or river estuaries and as such is the most familiar porpoise towhale watchers. This porpoise often ventures up rivers and has been seen hundreds of miles from the sea.

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Pakicetus was a prehistoric cetacean.
Pakicetus was a prehistoric cetacean.

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Cetacean articles

Whale species

Andrews' Beaked WhaleBalaenoptera omuraiBelugaBlainville's Beaked WhaleBlue WhaleBottlenose WhaleBowhead WhaleBryde's WhaleCuvier's Beaked WhaleDwarf Sperm WhaleFin WhaleGervais' Beaked WhaleGiant beaked whaleGinkgo-toothed Beaked WhaleGray WhaleGray's Beaked WhaleHector's Beaked WhaleHubbs' Beaked WhaleHumpback WhaleLayard's Beaked WhaleLongman's Beaked WhaleMelon-headed WhaleMinke WhaleNarwhalPerrin's Beaked WhalePygmy Beaked WhalePygmy Killer WhalePygmy Right WhalePygmy Sperm WhaleRight WhaleSei WhaleShepherd's Beaked WhaleSowerby's Beaked WhaleSpade Toothed WhaleSperm WhaleStejneger's Beaked WhaleTrue's Beaked Whale

Dolphin species

Atlantic Spotted DolphinAtlantic White-sided DolphinAustralian Snubfin DolphinBaijiBotoChilean DolphinClymene DolphinCommerson's DolphinCommon Bottlenose DolphinDusky DolphinFalse Killer WhaleFraser's DolphinGanges and Indus River DolphinHeaviside's DolphinHector's DolphinHourglass DolphinHumpback dolphinIndo-Pacific Bottlenose DolphinIrrawaddy DolphinKiller WhaleLa Plata DolphinLong-beaked Common DolphinLong-finned pilot whalePacific White-sided DolphinPantropical Spotted DolphinPeale's DolphinPygmy Killer WhaleRight whale dolphinRisso's DolphinRough-toothed DolphinShort-beaked Common DolphinShort-finned pilot whaleSpinner DolphinStriped DolphinTucuxiWhite-beaked Dolphin

Porpoise species

Burmeister's PorpoiseDall's PorpoiseFinless PorpoiseHarbour PorpoiseSpectacled PorpoiseVaquita

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Aboriginal whalingAmbergrisAnimal echolocationArchaeocetiBaleenBaleen whaleBeached whaleBeaked WhaleBlowhole (biology)BlubberBottlenose dolphinCallosityCephalorhynchusCetaceaCetacean intelligenceCetologyCetology of Moby-DickCommon dolphinCumberland Sound BelugaDolphinDolphinariumDolphin drive huntingEvolution of cetaceansExploding whaleHarpoonHistory of whalingHuman–animal communicationInstitute of Cetacean ResearchInternational Whaling CommissionLagenorhynchusMelon (whale)Mesoplodont WhaleMilitary dolphinMoby-DickMocha DickMonodontidaeOceanic dolphinOrcaellaPilot WhalePorpoiseRiver dolphinRiver Thames WhaleRorqualsSperm whale familySperm whalingSpermacetiStenellaTay WhaleThe Marine Mammal CenterToothed WhaleU.S. Navy Marine Mammal ProgramWhaleWhalingWhale and Dolphin Conservation SocietyWhale surfacing behaviourWhale oilWhale louseWhale songWhale watchingWolphin

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