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View of Florence showing the dome, which dominates everything around it. It is octagonal in plan and ovoid in section. It has wide ribs rising to the apex with red tiles in between and a marble lantern on top. — In adding the dome to theFlorence Cathedral (Italy) in the early 15th century, the architectFilippo Brunelleschi not only transformed the building and the city, but also the role and status of thearchitect.

Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving,planning,designing, andconstructing buildings or otherstructures. The term comes from Latin architectura; from Ancient Greek ἀρχιτέκτων (arkhitéktōn) 'architect'; from ἀρχι- (arkhi-) 'chief' and τέκτων (téktōn) 'creator'. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and asworks of art. Historicalcivilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

Architecture began as rural, oralvernacular architecture that developed from trial and error to successful replication. Ancient urban architecture was preoccupied with building religious structures and buildings symbolizing the political power of rulers until Greek and Roman architecture shifted focus to civic virtues.Indian andChinese architecture influencedforms all over Asia andBuddhist architecture in particular took diverse local flavors. During theMiddle Ages, pan-European styles ofRomanesque andGothic cathedrals and abbeys emerged while theRenaissance favored Classical forms implemented byarchitects known by name. Later, the roles of architects andengineers became separated.

Modern architecture began afterWorld War I as anavant-garde movement that sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. Emphasis was put on modern techniques, materials, and simplified geometric forms, paving the way for high-rise superstructures. Many architects became disillusioned with modernism which they perceived as ahistorical and anti-aesthetic, andpostmodern andcontemporary architecture developed. Over the years, the field of architectural construction has branched out to include everything from ship design to interior decorating. (Full article...)

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Image 1

The ruins of Santa María de Óvila in Spain, shown more than 75 years after the most striking architectural features were removed by agents ofWilliam Randolph Hearst

Santa María de Óvila is a formerCistercian monastery built in Spain beginning in 1181 on theTagus River nearTrillo, Guadalajara, about 90 miles (140 km) northeast of Madrid. In 1835 it was confiscated by the Spanish government and sold to private owners.

American publisherWilliam Randolph Hearst bought parts of the monastery in 1931 with the intention of using its stones in the construction of a grand and fancifulcastle atWyntoon, California, but after some 10,000 stones were removed and shipped, they were abandoned inSan Francisco for decades. These stones are now in various locations around California: the old churchportal was erected at theUniversity of San Francisco, and thechapter house was reassembled byTrappist monks at theAbbey of New Clairvaux inVina, California. Other stones are serving as simple decorative elements inGolden Gate Park's botanical garden. (Full article...)
Image 2
St. Mary Redcliffe from the northwest

Bristol, the largest city inSouth West England, has aneclectic combination ofarchitectural styles, ranging from themedieval to 20th centurybrutalism and beyond. During the mid-19th century,Bristol Byzantine, an architectural style unique to the city, was developed, and several examples have survived. Buildings from most of thearchitectural periods of the United Kingdom can be seen throughout Bristol. Parts of the fortified city and castle date back to themedieval era, as do some churches dating from the 12th century onwards. Outside the historical city centre there are several largeTudor mansions built for wealthy merchants.Almshouses andpublic houses of the same period survive, intermingled with areas of more recent development. SeveralGeorgian-era squares were laid out for the enjoyment of the middle class. As the city grew, itmerged with its surrounding villages, each with its own character and centre, often clustered around aparish church.

The construction of the city'sFloating Harbour, taking in the wharves on theRiver Avon andFrome, provided a focus for industrial development and the growth of the local transport infrastructure. Key elements of which include theIsambard Kingdom Brunel designedClifton Suspension Bridge andTemple Meads terminus; the latter served from 2002 to 2009 as theBritish Empire and Commonwealth Museum, but is now closed. The 20th century saw further expansion of the city, the growth of theUniversity of Bristol and the arrival of the aircraft industry. During World War II, thecity centre was extensively bombed in theBristol Blitz. The redevelopment of shopping centres, office buildings, and the harbourside continues to this day. (Full article...)
Image 3

View from theManhattan Municipal Building

TheSurrogate's Courthouse (also theHall of Records and31 Chambers Street) is a historic building at the northwest corner ofChambers andCentre Streets in theCivic Center ofManhattan inNew York City, New York, U.S. Completed in 1907, it was designed in theBeaux Arts style.John Rochester Thomas created the original plans while Arthur J. Horgan and Vincent J. Slattery oversaw the building's completion. The building facesCity Hall Park and theTweed Courthouse to the south, as well as theManhattan Municipal Building to the east.

The Surrogate's Courthouse is a seven-storysteel-framed structure with agranite facade and elaboratemarble interiors. The architects used a fireproof frame so the structure could safely accommodate the city's paper records. The exterior is decorated with 54 sculptures byPhilip Martiny andHenry Kirke Bush-Brown, as well as three-storycolonnades withCorinthian columns along Chambers and Reade Streets. The basement houses theNew York City Municipal Archives. The fifth floor contains theNew York Surrogate's Court forNew York County, which handlesprobate and estate proceedings for the New York StateUnified Court System. (Full article...)
Image 4
Holkham Hall. The severely Palladian southfacade with itsIonic portico is devoid of arms or motif; not even a blind window is allowed to break the void between the windows and roof-line, while the lower windows are mere piercings in the stark brickwork. The only hint of ornamentation is from the two terminatingVenetian windows.

Holkham Hall (/ˈhoʊkəm/ or/ˈhɒlkəm/) is an 18th-centurycountry house near the village ofHolkham, Norfolk, England, constructed in theNeo-Palladian style forThomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester (of the fifth creation of the title). The hall was designed by the architectWilliam Kent, with contributions fromRichard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, the Norfolk architect and surveyor,Matthew Brettingham and Coke himself.

Holkham is one of England's finest examples of the Palladian Revival style of architecture, and the severity of its design is closer toAndrea Palladio's ideals than many of the other numerous Palladian houses of the period. The exterior consists of a central block, of two storeys and constructed of brick, and four flanking wings. The interior of the hall is opulent, but by the standards of the day, simply decorated and furnished. Ornament is used with such restraint that it was possible to decorate both private and state rooms in the same style, without oppressing the former. The principal entrance is through the Marble Hall, which is in fact made of pink Derbyshirealabaster; this leads to thepiano nobile, or the first floor, andstate rooms. The most impressive of these rooms is the Saloon, which has walls lined with red velvet. Each of the major state rooms is symmetrical in its layout and design; in some rooms, false doors are necessary to fully achieve this balanced effect. The fourpavilions at each corner of the central block provide space for private, family accommodation, a guest wing, a chapel and the kitchens. (Full article...)
Image 5

The southfaçade of Sanssouci

Sanssouci (German pronunciation:[ˈsãːsusi]) is a historical building inPotsdam, nearBerlin. Built byPrussian KingFrederick the Great as his summer palace, it is often counted among the German rivals ofVersailles. While Sanssouci is in the more intimateRococo style and is far smaller than itsFrench Baroque counterpart, it is similarly notable for the numeroustemples andfollies inthe surrounding park. The palace was designed and built byGeorg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff between 1745 and 1747 to meet Frederick's need for a private residence where he could escape the pomp and ceremony of the royal court. The palace's name is a French phrase (sans souci) meaning "without worries" or "carefree", emphasising that the palace was meant as a place of relaxation rather than a seat of power.

Sanssouci is little more than a large, single-storeyvilla—more like theChâteau de Marly than Versailles. Containing just ten principal rooms, it was built on the brow of aterraced hill at the centre of the park. The influence of King Frederick's personal taste in the design and decoration of the palace was so great that its style is characterised as "Frederician Rococo", and his feelings for the palace were so strong that he conceived it as "a place that would die with him". Because of a disagreement about the site of the palace in the park, Knobelsdorff was fired in 1746.Jan Bouman, a Dutch architect, finished the project. (Full article...)
Image 6

Paintingc. 1664

Sir William Bruce of Kinross, 1st Baronet (c. 1630 – 1710), was a Scottishgentleman-architect, "the effective founder ofclassical architecture in Scotland," asHoward Colvin observes. As a key figure in introducing thePalladian style into Scotland, he has been compared to the pioneering English architectsInigo Jones andChristopher Wren, and to the contemporaneous introducers of French style in English domestic architecture,Hugh May and SirRoger Pratt.

Bruce was a merchant inRotterdam during the 1650s, and played a role in theRestoration ofCharles II in 1659. He carried messages between the exiled king andGeneral Monck, and his loyalty to the king was rewarded with lucrative official appointments, including that ofSurveyor General of the King's Works in Scotland, effectively making Bruce the "king's architect". His patrons includedJohn Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale, the most powerful man in Scotland at that time, and Bruce rose to become a member of Parliament, and briefly sat on thePrivy Council of Scotland. (Full article...)
Image 7
A villa with a superimposed portico, from Book IV of Palladio'sI quattro libri dell'architettura, in an English translation published in London, 1736

Palladian architecture is a Europeanarchitectural style derived from the work of theVenetian architectAndrea Palladio (1508–1580). What is today recognised as Palladian architecture evolved from his concepts ofsymmetry,perspective and the principles of formalclassical architecture fromancient Greek andRoman traditions. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Palladio's interpretation of this classical architecture developed into the style known as Palladianism.

Palladianism emerged in England in the early 17th century, led byInigo Jones, whoseQueen's House atGreenwich has been described as the first English Palladian building. Its development faltered at the onset of theEnglish Civil War. After theStuart Restoration, the architectural landscape was dominated by the more flamboyantEnglish Baroque. Palladianism returned to fashion after a reaction against the Baroque in the early 18th century, fuelled by the publication of a number of architectural books, including Palladio's ownI quattro libri dell'architettura (The Four Books of Architecture) andColen Campbell'sVitruvius Britannicus. Campbell's book included illustrations ofWanstead House, a building he designed on the outskirts of London and one of the largest and most influential of the early neo-Palladian houses. The movement's resurgence was championed byRichard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, whose buildings for himself, such asChiswick House andBurlington House, became celebrated. Burlington sponsored the career of the artist, architect and landscaperWilliam Kent, and their joint creation,Holkham Hall inNorfolk, has been described as "the most splendid Palladian house in England". By the middle of the century Palladianism had become almost the national architectural style, epitomised by Kent'sHorse Guards at the centre of the nation's capital. (Full article...)
Image 8

Queen's Gate House, still commonly known by its previous name ofBaden-Powell House, is a conference centre inSouth Kensington, London. It was built as a tribute toLord Baden-Powell, the founder ofScouting, and has served as the headquarters forThe Scout Association, as a hostel providing modern and affordable lodging for Scouts,Guides, their families and the general public staying in London and as a conference and event venue.

The building committee, chaired bySir Harold Gillett,Lord Mayor of London, purchased the site in 1956, and assignedRalph Tubbs to design the house in themodern architectural style. The foundation stone was laid in 1959 by World Chief GuideOlave, Lady Baden-Powell, and it was opened in 1961 byQueen Elizabeth II. The largest part of the £400,000 cost was provided by the Scout Movement itself and the building previously included a number of tributes to the founder including hosting a small exhibition about Scouting, and agranite statue of Baden-Powell byDon Potter located outside the building. (Full article...)
Image 9

View from south east

St Nicholas is theAnglican parish church ofBlakeney, Norfolk, in thedeanery ofHolt and theDiocese of Norwich. The church was founded in the 13th century, but the greater part of the church dates from the 15th century when Blakeney was a seaport of some importance. Of the original structure only thechancel has survived rebuilding, perhaps owing to its link to a nearbyCarmelite friary. An unusualarchitectural feature is a second tower, used as a beacon, at the east end (the church stands just inland from, and about 30 metres (98 ft) above, the small port). Other significant features are the vaulted chancel with a steppedseven-light lancet window, and thehammerbeam roof of thenave. St Nicholas is a nationally important building, with aGrade I listing for its exceptional architectural interest.

Much of the original church furniture was lost in theReformation, but alate-Victorian restoration recreated something of the original appearance, as well as repairing and refacing the building.
The Victorian woodwork was created to match the few older pieces that remained, or to follow a similar style; thus, the new woodenpulpit follows the themes of themedieval font. Of thestained glass smashed in the Reformation only fragments have been recovered, and these have been incorporated in a window in the northaisle of the church. NineArts and Crafts windows byJames Powell and Sons are featured on the east and south sides of the church, and the north porch has two modern windows of predominantly blue colour. St Nicholas contains some notable memorials, including several plaques for the Blakeneylifeboats and their crews, and much pre-Reformationgraffiti, particularly depictions of ships. The location of the latter suggests that they werevotive in nature, although the saint concerned is now unknown. (Full article...)
Image 10

Aerial view of the Scottish Parliament Building

TheScottish Parliament Building is the home of theScottish Parliament atHolyrood in centralEdinburgh.Construction of the building commenced in June 1999 and theMembers of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs) held their first debate in the new building on 7 September 2004. The formal opening byQueen Elizabeth II took place on 9 October 2004.Enric Miralles, the Spanish architect who designed the building, died before its completion.

From 1999 until the opening of the new building in 2004, committee rooms and thedebating chamber of the Scottish Parliament were housed in theGeneral Assembly Hall of theChurch of Scotland located onThe Mound in Edinburgh. Office and administrative accommodation in support of the Parliament were provided in buildings leased from theCity of Edinburgh Council. The new Scottish Parliament Building brought together these different elements into one purpose-built parliamentary complex, housing 129 MSPs and more than 1,000 staff andcivil servants. (Full article...)
Image 11

The entry portico in 2010

TheTweed Courthouse (also known as theOld New York County Courthouse) is a historiccourthouse building at 52 Chambers Street in theCivic Center ofManhattan inNew York City, New York, U.S. It was built in theItalianate style withRomanesque Revival interiors.William M. "Boss" Tweed – the corrupt leader ofTammany Hall, apolitical machine that controlled theNew York state and city governments when the courthouse was built – oversaw the building's erection. The Tweed Courthouse served as a judicial building forNew York County, acounty of New York state coextensive with theNew York City borough ofManhattan. It is the second-oldest city government building in the borough, afterCity Hall.

The structure comprises pavilions to the east and west of a central section, as well as a rear wing to the south. ArchitectJohn Kellum and political appointee Thomas Little designed the first portion of the building, which was constructed from 1861 to 1872. Construction was interrupted in 1871 when Kellum died and the corruption involved in the building's construction was exposed to the public. The project was completed by architectLeopold Eidlitz, who added the rear wing and finished the interior between 1877 and 1881. (Full article...)
Image 12
Catherine de' Medici, byFrançois Clouet

The French queenCatherine de' Medici was patron for building projects including theValois chapel at theBasilica of Saint-Denis, theTuileries Palace, and theHôtel de la Reine in Paris, and extensions to theChâteau de Chenonceau, nearBlois. Born in 1519 in Florence, Catherine de' Medici was a daughter of both theItalian and theFrench Renaissance. She grew up in Florence and Rome under the wing of theMedici popes,Leo X andClement VII. In 1533, at the age of fourteen, she left Italy and marriedHenry, the second son of KingFrancis I of France. On doing so, she entered the greatest Renaissance court in northern Europe.

King Francis set his daughter-in-law an example of kingship and artistic patronage that she never forgot. She witnessed his huge architectural schemes atChambord andFontainebleau. She saw Italian and French craftsmen at work together, forging the style that became known as the firstSchool of Fontainebleau. Francis died in 1547, and Catherine became queen consort of France. But it wasn't until her husband King Henry's death in 1559, when she found herself at forty the effective ruler of France, that Catherine came into her own as a patron of architecture. Over the next three decades, she launched a series of costly building projects aimed at enhancing the grandeur of the monarchy. During the same period, however,religious civil war gripped the country and brought the prestige of the monarchy to a dangerously low ebb. (Full article...)
Image 13

A postcard dated July 12, 1907, showing the New Orleans Mint during its last few years of operation as a branch mint facility

TheNew Orleans Mint (French:Monnaie de La Nouvelle-Orléans) operated inNew Orleans,Louisiana, as a branchmint of theUnited States Mint from 1838 to 1861 and from 1879 to 1909. During its years of operation, it produced over 427 milliongold andsilver coins of nearly everyAmerican denomination, with a total face value of overUS$ 307 million. It was closed during most of theAmerican Civil War andReconstruction.

After it was decommissioned as a mint, the building has served a variety of purposes, including as anassay office, aUnited States Coast Guard storage facility, and afallout shelter. (Full article...)
Image 14

The main entrance on East 79th Street in 2010

TheHarry F. Sinclair House is a mansion at the southeast corner ofEast 79th Street andFifth Avenue on theUpper East Side ofManhattan inNew York City, New York, U.S. The house was built between 1897 and 1899. Over the first half of the 20th century, the house was successively the residence of businessmenIsaac D. Fletcher andHarry F. Sinclair, and then the descendants ofPeter Stuyvesant, the lastDirector of New Netherland. The Ukrainian Institute of America acquired the home in 1955. After the house gradually fell into disrepair, the institute renovated the building in the 1990s. The house was added to theNational Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and was named aNational Historic Landmark in 1978.

The mansion was designed in an eclecticFrench Renaissance style byC. P. H. Gilbert and built byforeman Harvey Murdock. The building largely retains its original design, except for atankhouse on the roof. Gilbert and Murdock constructed the bulk of the house with brick, which was then faced with limestoneashlar. The northernfacade on 79th Street, containing the main entrance, is characterized by multiple windows in square recesses or semi-elliptical and fullyGothic arches. The western facade on Fifth Avenue is symmetrical and dominated by a curved, projectingpavilion. The interior of the mansion comprises 27 rooms on six floors, for a total floor space of 20,000 square feet (1,900 m²). Critical reviews of the house's architecture over its history have been largely positive. (Full article...)
Image 15

Burges in 1881

William BurgesARA (/ˈbɜːdʒɛs/; 2 December 1827 – 20 April 1881) was an English architect and designer. Among the greatest of theVictorian art-architects, he sought in his work to escape from both nineteenth-centuryindustrialisation and theNeoclassical architectural style and re-establish the architectural and social values of a utopianmedieval England. Burges stands within the tradition of theGothic Revival, his works echoing those of thePre-Raphaelites and heralding those of theArts and Crafts movement.

Burges's career was short but illustrious; he won his first major commission forSaint Fin Barre's Cathedral in Cork in 1863 when he was 35. He died in 1881 at his Kensington home,The Tower House aged only 53. His architectural output was small but varied. Working with a long-standing team of craftsmen, he built churches, a cathedral, a warehouse, a university, a school, houses and castles. (Full article...)

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Georgia Aquarium is apublic aquarium inAtlanta, Georgia, United States. The aquarium exhibits hundreds of species and thousands of animals across its seven major galleries, all of which reside in more than 11 million US gallons (42,000 m³) of water. It was the largest aquarium in the world from its opening in 2005 until 2012 when it was surpassed by theS.E.A. Aquarium inSingapore and theChimelong Ocean Kingdom in China; the Georgia Aquarium remains the largest aquarium in the United States and thesixth largest in the world.

A $250 million donation from the foundation of local businessman andThe Home Depot co-founderBernard Marcus provided the bulk of the funding needed to build and stock the new facility. (Full article...)


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