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Thegolden funeral mask of thepharaoh Tutankhamun, a symbol for many of ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was acradle of civilization concentrated along the lower reaches of theNile River inNortheast Africa. It emerged fromprehistoric Egypt around 3150 BC (according toconventional Egyptian chronology), whenUpper and Lower Egypt were united byMenes, who is believed by the majority ofEgyptologists to have been the same person asNarmer. Thehistory of ancient Egypt unfolded as a series of stable kingdoms interspersed by the "Intermediate Periods" of relative instability. These stable kingdoms existed in one of three periods: theOld Kingdom of theEarly Bronze Age; theMiddle Kingdom of theMiddle Bronze Age; or theNew Kingdom of theLate Bronze Age.

The pinnacle of ancient Egyptian power was achieved during the New Kingdom, which extended its rule to much ofNubia and a considerable portion of theLevant. After this period, Egypt entered an era of slow decline. Over the course of its history, it was invaded or conquered by a number of foreign civilizations, including theHyksos, theKushites, theAssyrians, thePersians, and theGreeks and then theRomans. The end of ancient Egypt is variously defined as occurring with the end of theLate Period during theWars of Alexander the Great in 332 BC or with the end of the Greek-ruledPtolemaic Kingdom during theRoman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. In AD 642, theArab conquest of Egypt brought an end to the region's millennium-longGreco-Roman period.

The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the Nile's conditions foragriculture. The predictableflooding of the Nile and controlled irrigation of its fertile valley produced surplus crops, which supported a more dense population, and thereby substantial social and cultural development. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored the mineral exploitation of the valley and its surrounding desert regions, the early development ofan independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with other civilizations, anda military to assert Egyptian dominance throughout theNear East. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of the reigningpharaoh, who ensured the cooperation and unity of theEgyptian people in the context ofan elaborate system of religious beliefs.^[1]

Among the many achievements of ancient Egypt are: thequarrying, surveying, and construction techniques that supported the building of monumentalpyramids,temples, andobelisks; asystem of mathematics; a practical and effectivesystem of medicine; irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques; the first known planked boats;Egyptian faience andglass technology; new forms ofliterature; and theearliest known peace treaty, which was ratified with theAnatolia-basedHittite Empire. Itsart andarchitecture were widely copied and itsantiquities were carried off to be studied, admired, or coveted in the far corners of the world. Likewise, its monumental ruinsinspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for millennia. A newfound European and Egyptian respect for antiquities and excavations that began in earnest in theearly modern period has led to much scientific investigation of ancient Egypt and its society, as well as a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy. (Full article...)

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Ruins of the pillared hall ofRamesses II
at Mit Rahina

Memphis (Egyptian Arabic:منف,romanized: Manf,pronounced[mænf]; BohairicCoptic:ⲙⲉⲙϥⲓ;Greek:Μέμφις), orMen-nefer, was the ancient capital ofInebu-hedj, the firstnome ofLower Egypt that was known asmḥw ("North"). Its ruins are located in the vicinity of the present-day village ofMit Rahina (Arabic:ميت رهينة), inBadrashin markaz (county),Giza Governorate, Egypt.

Along with thepyramid fields that stretch across a desert plateau for more than 30 kilometres (19 mi) on its west, including the famousPyramids of Giza, Memphis and its necropolis have been listed as aWorld Heritage Site. The site is open to the public as anopen-air museum. (Full article...)

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Credit: Ricardo Liberato

Thepyramids of Giza are among the most recognizable symbols of the civilization of ancient Egypt.

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Did you know...

... that the tomb of pharaohSekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep(pictured) was discovered in 2013?

... thatSihathor reigned as coregent with his brotherNeferhotep I?

... that rulers of theFourteenth Dynasty of Egypt were of Canaanite descent?

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5th September 2018.Rock-cut Tomb discovered in a 4,000-year-old Elite Cemetery

August 2018: in the tomb of the mayor of MemphisPtahmose who dates around 1300 BC was found well preserved cheese, more than 3000 years old.[1]

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Ring of Ptolemy VI wearing anEgyptian pschent

Ptolemy VI Philometor (Greek:Πτολεμαῖος Φιλομήτωρ,Ptolemaĩos Philomḗtōr; 186–145 BC) was aGreek king ofPtolemaic Egypt who reigned from 180 to 164 BC and from 163 to 145 BC. He is often considered the last ruler ofancient Egypt when that state was still a major power.

Ptolemy VI, the eldest son of KingPtolemy V and QueenCleopatra I, came to the throne aged six when his father died in 180 BC. The kingdom was governed by regents: his mother until her death in 178 or 177 BC and then two of her associates, Eulaeus and Lenaeus, until 169 BC. From 170 BC, his sister-wifeCleopatra II and his younger brotherPtolemy VIII were co-rulers alongside him. Ptolemy VI's reign was characterised by external conflict with theSeleucid Empire over Syria and by internal conflict with his younger brother for control of the Ptolemaic monarchy. In theSixth Syrian War (170–168 BC), the Ptolemaic forces were utterly defeated and Egypt was twice invaded by Seleucid armies. A few years after the Seleucid conflict ended, Ptolemy VIII succeeded in expelling Ptolemy VI from Egypt in 164 BC. (Full article...)

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General images

The following are images from various ancient Egypt-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1AGerzeh culture vase decorated withgazelles, on display at theLouvre. (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)
Image 2Merimde culture clay head, circa 5,000 BC. This is one of the earliest known representations of a human head in Egypt. (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 3Egyptian soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 470 BCE.Xerxes I tomb relief. (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)
Image 4Ancestry model of 3rd millennium Egyptian genome from Nuwayrat. (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 5Clapper discovered in Maadi, Louvre Museum (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 6Mesopotamian king asMaster of Animals on theGebel el-Arak Knife, dated to theNaqada II period circa 3300-3200 BC,Abydos,Egypt.Louvre Museum, reference E 11517. This work of art both shows theinfluence of Mesopotamia on Egypt at an early date, and the state of Mesopotamian royal iconography during theUruk period. (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)
Image 7Chronology of state formation in Ancient Egypt. (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 8Egypt and its world in 1300 BC. (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)
Image 9Megaliths from Nabta Playa displayed in Aswan, Upper Egypt (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)
Image 10Qustul Incense Burner, excavated from a royal Nubian tomb inLake Nasser, considered among the earliest representations of the White Crown Hedjet in Upper Egypt. (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 11Nazlet Khater skeleton, Upper Paleolithic, 35,000 before present; National Museum of Egyptian Civilization, Cairo (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 12Nabta Playa "calendar circle", reconstructed at Aswan Nubia museum. (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 1325th Dynasty (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)
Image 14Naqada figure of a woman interpreted to represent the goddessBat with her inward curving horns. Another hypothesis is that the raised arms symbolize wings and that the figure is an early version of the white vulture goddessNekhbet, c. 3500–3400 B.C.E. terracotta, painted,11+1⁄2 in × 5+1⁄2 in × 2+1⁄4 in (29.2 cm × 14.0 cm × 5.7 cm),Brooklyn Museum (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 15Qustul Incense Burner, excavated from a royal Nubian tomb inLake Nasser, considered among the earliest representations of the White CrownHedjet inUpper Egypt. (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)
Image 16AnOsiris statue of Mentuhotep II, the founder of the Middle Kingdom (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)
Image 17Map ofLower Egypt, and location of theFaiyum Oasis (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 18TheNarmer Palette depicts the unification of the Two Lands. (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)
Image 19Portrait of "Black Pharaoh"Taharqa,Louvre Museum reconstruction (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)
Image 20Tell es-Sakan in modern-day Palestine was an Egyptian colony from 3300 t0 300 BC. (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)
Image 21Colossal depictions ofRamesses II at one of theAbu Simbel temples. (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)
Image 22Aterian point from Zaccar, Djelfa region, Algeria. (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 23Carved catfish bones, and jar discovered in Maadi (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 24Arrowheads from Al Faiyum (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 25Statuette ofMerankhre Mentuhotep, a minor pharaoh of theSixteenth Dynasty, reigning over the Theban region c.1585 BC. (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)
Image 26Ovoid Naqada I (Amratian) black-topped terracotta vase, (c. 3800–3500 BC). (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 27Location of the Qadan culture (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 28Facial reconstruction and depiction created from the Nuwayrat Early Dynastic individual, carbon dated to 2855–2570 BCE, soon after the end of the Neolithic period. (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 29Possible prisoners and wounded men of the Buto-Maadi culture devoured by animals, while one is led by a man in long dress, probably an Egyptian official (fragment, top right corner).Battlefield Palette. (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 30E1b1b is the most common paternal haplogroup across much of Africa, including Egypt, "Haplogroup E is defined by the M96 SNP (and others), for which a cautious reading of all of the evidence would indicate an eastern tropical African origin (Cruciani, 2007; Gomes et al., 2010; Trombetta et al., 2015)". (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 31The prisoners on theBattlefield Palette may be the people of the Buto-Maadi culture subjugated by the Egyptian rulers ofNaqada III. (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 32Greywacke statue of the pharaohMenkaure and hisqueen consort,Khamerernebty II. Originally from his Giza temple, now on display at theMuseum of Fine Arts, Boston. (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)
Image 33Stela of theSecond Dynasty PharaohNebra, displaying the hieroglyph for hisHorus name within aserekh surmounted byHorus. On display at theMetropolitan Museum of Art. (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)
Image 34Ancient Badarian mortuary figurine of a woman, held at theLouvre (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 35Limestone head of an early Egyptian king,The Petrie Museum. Modern Egyptologists have considered the stone bust to depict anEarly Dynastic orOld Kingdom pharaoh. (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)
Image 36Ring with engraved portrait ofPtolemy VI Philometor as Pharao (3rd–2nd century BCE).Louvre Museum. (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)
Image 37Evolution of Egyptian prehistoric pottery styles, from Naqada I to Naqada II and Naqada III (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 38Pottery model of a house used in a burial from the First Intermediate Period, on display at theRoyal Ontario Museum. (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)
Image 39Tasian beaker, found in a Badarian grave at Qau; tomb 569, around 4000 BC; Upper Egypt; British Museum (fromPrehistoric Egypt)
Image 40A guardian statue which reflects the facial features of the reigning king, probably Amenemhat II or Senwosret II, and which functioned as a divine guardian for theimiut. Made of cedar wood and plasterc. 1919–1885 BC (fromHistory of ancient Egypt)

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Giambattista Tiepolo - The Banquet of Cleopatra - Google Art Project
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Grand sphinx de Tanis - Musée du Louvre Antiquités égyptiennes N 23 ; A 23 ; Salt 3837
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Templo funerario de Hatshepsut, Luxor, Egipto, 2022-04-03, DD 13
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