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The 1920s Portal

Babe Ruth

The1920s (pronounced "nineteen-twenties" often shortened to the "'20s" or the "Twenties") was adecade that began on January 1, 1920, and ended on December 31, 1929. Primarily known for the economic boom that occurred in theWestern World following the end ofWorld War I (1914–1918), the decade is frequently referred to as the "Roaring Twenties" or the "Jazz Age" in America and Western Europe, and the "Golden Twenties" in Germany, while French speakers refer to the period as the"Années folles" ('crazy years') to emphasize the decade's social, artistic, and cultural dynamism.

The devastatingWall Street crash in October 1929 is generally viewed as a harbinger of the end of 1920s prosperity in North America and Europe. In theSoviet Union, theNew Economic Policy was created by theBolsheviks in 1921, to be replaced by thefirst five-year plan in 1928. The 1920s saw the rise of radical political movements, with theRed Army triumphing againstWhite movement forces in theRussian Civil War, and the emergence offar-right political movements in Europe. In 1922, the fascist leaderBenito Mussolini seized power in Italy. Other dictators that emerged includedJózef Piłsudski inPoland, andPeter andAlexander Karađorđević inYugoslavia.First-wave feminism made advances, with womengaining the right to vote in theUnited States (1920),Albania (1920),Ireland (1921), and withsuffrage being expanded in Britain to all women over 21 years old (1928).

In Turkey, nationalist forces defeated Greece, France, Armenia, and Britain in theTurkish War of Independence, leading to theTreaty of Lausanne (1923), a treaty more favorable to Turkey than the earlier proposedTreaty of Sèvres. The war also led to theabolition of the Ottoman Caliphate. Nationalist revolts also occurred inIreland (1919–1921) andSyria (1925–1927). Under Mussolini, Italy pursued a more aggressive domestic and foreign policy, leading to thenigh-eradication of the Sicilian Mafia and theSecond Italo-Senussi War in Libya respectively. In 1927, Chinaerupted into a civil war between theKuomintang (KMT)-ledgovernment of theRepublic of China (ROC) and forces of theChinese Communist Party (CCP). Civil wars also occurred inParaguay (1922–1923),Ireland (1922–1923),Honduras (1924),Nicaragua (1926–1927), andAfghanistan (1928–1929). Saudi forcesconquered Jabal Shammar andsubsequently, Hejaz.

A severefamine occurred in Russia (1921–1922) due to the combined effects of economic disturbance because of theRussian Revolution and theRussian Civil War, exacerbated by rail systems that could not distribute food efficiently, leading to 5 million deaths. Another severefamine occurred in China (1928–1930), leading to 6 million deaths. TheSpanish flu pandemic (1918–1920) andRussian typhus epidemic (1918–1922), which had begun in the previous decade, caused 25–50 million and 2–3 million deaths respectively. Major natural disasters of this decade include the1920 Haiyuan earthquake (258,707~273,407 deaths),1922 Shantou typhoon (50,000–100,000 deaths),1923 Great Kantō earthquake (105,385–142,800 deaths), and1927 Gulang earthquake (40,912 deaths).

Silent films were popular in this decade, with the highest-grossing film of this decade being either the American silentepic adventure-drama filmBen-Hur: A Tale of the Christ or the American silentwar drama filmThe Big Parade, depending on the metrics used.Sinclair Lewis was a popular author in the United States in the 1920s, with his booksMain Street andElmer Gantry becoming best-sellers. Best-selling books outside the US included the Czech bookThe Good Soldier Švejk, which sold 20 million copies. Songs of this decade included "Mack the Knife" and "Tiptoe Through the Tulips".

During the 1920s, the world population increased from 1.87 to 2.05 billion, with approximately 700 million births and 525 million deaths in total. (Full article...)

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TheLeague of Nations (LN orLoN;French:Société des Nations[sɔsjetedenɑsjɔ̃],SdN) was the first worldwideintergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintainworld peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by theParis Peace Conference that ended theFirst World War. The main organisation ceased operations on 18 April 1946 when many of its components were relocated into the newUnited Nations (UN) which was created in the aftermath ofWorld War II. As the template for modern global governance, the League profoundly shaped the modern world.

The League's primary goals were stated in itseponymous Covenant. They included preventing wars throughcollective security anddisarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation andarbitration. Its other concerns included labour conditions, just treatment of native inhabitants,human anddrug trafficking, the arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and protection of minorities in Europe. The Covenant of the League of Nations was signed on 28 June 1919 as Part I of theTreaty of Versailles, and it became effective with the rest of the Treaty on 10 January 1920.Australia was granted the right to participate as an autonomous member nation, marking the start of Australian independence on the global stage. The first meeting of the Council of the League took place on 16 January 1920, and the first meeting of the Assembly of the League took place on 15 November 1920. In 1919, U.S. presidentWoodrow Wilson won theNobel Peace Prize for his role as the leading architect of the League. (Full article...)

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Credit:American Colony, Jerusalem

Haile Selassie I wasEthiopia'sregent from 1916 to 1930 andEmperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. The heir to a dynasty that traced its origins to the 13th century, and from there by tradition back toKing Solomon and theQueen of Sheba, he is a defining figure in bothEthiopian andAfrican history. Selassie is revered as the religious symbol forGod incarnate among theRastafari movement, whose name comes fromRas (literally "Head," an Ethiopian title equivalent toDuke), andTafari Makonnen, Selassie's pre-coronation name.

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... that the colorfully-painted common room of theJazz AgeNaniboujou Club Lodge(pictured) has been called "a psychedelic marriage ofArt Deco and traditionalCree Indian patterns"?
... thatCharlie Bowman was a major influence on the distinctivefiddle sound that helped shape and develop earlycountry music in the 1920s and 1930s?
... thatMargie (ABC,1961–1962) is one of the few network programs set during theRoaring Twenties, complete withjalopies,raccoon coats, period music, and references toflappers?

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Bruce in 1930

Stanley Melbourne Bruce, 1st Viscount Bruce of Melbourne (15 April 1883 – 25 August 1967) was an Australian politician, statesman and businessman who served as the eighthprime minister of Australia from 1923 to 1929. He held office as the leader of theNationalist Party, having previously served as thetreasurer of Australia from 1921 to 1923.

Born into a briefly wealthyMelbourne family, Bruce studied at theUniversity of Cambridge and played a leading role in his family's softgoods firm following the suicide of his fatherJohn Munro Bruce. He served on the front lines of theGallipoli Campaign in World War I and returned to Australia wounded in 1917, becoming a spokesman for government recruitment efforts. He gained the attention of the Nationalist Party and prime ministerBilly Hughes, who encouraged a political career. He was elected to theHouse of Representatives in 1918, becoming member of parliament (MP) for the seat ofFlinders. He was appointed astreasurer in 1921, before replacing Hughes as prime minister in 1923. He established an anti-socialist coalition government with the agrarianCountry Party, working closely with Country leaderEarle Page in an arrangement that pioneered the modernLiberal–National coalition. (Full article...)

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1928	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1927	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1926	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1925	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1924	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1923	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
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... that in the 1920s, a guard was posted outside the New York City Subway'sClark Street station to prevent sailors from using it at night?
... that the serial arsonist who started the fatalNihon Shōgakkō fire confessed to starting at least 25 other California fires in the early 1920s?
... that in the 1920s,Hickson Inc. had the "most elegant and expensive specialty shop" on New York'sFifth Avenue?
... thatRuth M. Anderson recorded a "timeless" Spain in her photographs of the 1920s?
... thatCleo Damianakes's 1920s book dust jacket designs "made sex respectable", but Hemingway did not like the "large misplaced breasts" onA Farewell to Arms?
... that theHollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District has 102 properties within 12 blocks and contains "excellent examples of the predominant architecture styles of the 1920s and 1930s"?

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The following are images from various 1920s-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1TheBritish andFrench colonial empires in 1920 (from1920s)
Image 2F. Scott Fitzgerald, 1929 (from1920s)
Image 31920s phone (from1920s)
Image 4D. W. Griffith at a rolltop desk,c. 1925 (from1920s)
Image 5The most memorable fashion trend of the Roaring Twenties was undoubtedly "theflapper" look. (from1920s)
Image 6Thompson submachine gun (1921 model) (from1920s)
Image 7Georgia O'Keeffe in 1920, photographed byAlfred Stieglitz (from1920s)
Image 8Michael Collins (Irish leader) (from1920s)
Image 9Babe Ruth in 1920 (from1920s)
Image 10Buster Keaton in the 1922 short filmThe Frozen North (from1920s)
Image 11Albert Einstein, 1921 (from1920s)
Image 12Frank Lloyd Wright, 1926 (from1920s)
Image 13Robert Goddard and his rocket, 1926 (from1920s)
Image 14Irving Berlin (left) andAl Jolson,c. 1927 (from1920s)
Image 152 out of 10 best-selling American books in the 1920s were written bySinclair Lewis (1885–1951). (from1920s)
Image 16Pancho Villa (from1920s)
Image 17Dow Jones Industrial, 1928–1930 (from1920s)
Image 18Adolf Hitler (standing) delivers a speech in February 1925. (from1920s)
Image 19Map of the world from 1920, two years after World War I (from1920s)
Image 20Spanish troops inSan Sebastián, prior to their departure to theRif War (from1920s)
Image 21Benito Mussolini andFascist Blackshirts during theMarch on Rome in 1922 (from1920s)
Image 22Paavo Nurmi in1924 Summer Olympics (from1920s)
Image 23The period from the end of the First World War until the start of the Depression in 1929 is known as the "Jazz Age". (from1920s)
Image 24From left, clockwise:Third Tipperary Brigade Flying Column No. 2 underSeán Hogan during theIrish War of Independence; Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol in accordance to the18th amendment, which madealcoholic beverages illegal in the United States throughout the entire decade; In 1927, Charles Lindbergh embarks on the first solo nonstop flight from New York to Paris on theSpirit of St. Louis; A crowd gathering onWall Street after the1929 stock market crash, which led to theGreat Depression;Benito Mussolini andfascist Blackshirts during theMarch on Rome in 1922; thePeople's Liberation Army attacking government defensive positions inShandong, during theChinese Civil War; Thewomen's suffrage campaign leads tonumerous countries granting women theright to vote and be elected;Babe Ruth becomes the most famous baseball player of the time. (from1920s)
Image 25TheUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) is created in 1922. (from1920s)
Image 26Charlie Chaplin during the 1920s (from1920s)
Image 27Gabriel Narutowicz (from1920s)
Image 28Palacio Barolo, designed byMario Palanti. (from1920s)
Image 29George Grosz in 1921 (from1920s)
Image 30Crowd gathering after theWall Street crash of 1929 (from1920s)
Image 31Prohibition agents emptying barrels of alcohol (from1920s)