| Port of Los Angeles | |
|---|---|
 | |
.jpg) Port of Los Angeles in 2008 | |
 Interactive map of Port of Los Angeles | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Location | San Pedro, Los Angeles, California |
| Coordinates | 33°43′48″N118°15′45″W / 33.73000°N 118.26250°W /33.73000; -118.26250[1] |
| UN/LOCODE | US LAX |
| Details | |
| Opened | December 9, 1907; 117 years ago (1907-12-09) |
| Size of harbour | 3,200 acres (13 km2) |
| Land area | 4,300 acres (17 km2) |
| Size | 7,500 acres (30 km2) |
| Draft depth | 53 ft (16 m) |
| Executive director | Gene Seroka[2] |
| Commissioners |
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| Statistics | |
| Vessel arrivals |  1,807 (2024)[4] |
| Annual cargotonnage | 216 millionmetric revenue tons (2024)[4] |
| Annualcontainer volume | 10.3 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) (2024)[4] |
| Value ofcargo | US$333 billion (2024)[4] |
| Passenger traffic |  1,112,893 (2024)[4] |
| Annualrevenue | US$707 million (2024)[4] |
| Website portoflosangeles | |
ThePort of Los Angeles is aseaport managed by theLos Angeles Harbor Department, a unit of theCity of Los Angeles. It occupies 7,500 acres (3,000 ha) of land and water with 43 miles (69 km) of waterfront and adjoins the separatePort of Long Beach. Promoted as "America's Port", the port is located inSan Pedro Bay in theSan Pedro andWilmington neighborhoods of Los Angeles, approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of downtown.
The port has 25 cargo terminals, 82 container cranes, 8 container terminals, and 113 miles (182 km) of on-dock rail. The port's top imports were furniture, automobile parts, apparel, footwear, and electronics. In 2019, the port's top exports werewastepaper, pet and animal feed, scrap metal and soybeans.[5] In 2020, the port's top three trading partners wereChina (includingHong Kong),Japan, andVietnam.[6] In 2022, the port, together with the adjoining Port of Long Beach, were considered amongst the world's least efficient ports by theWorld Bank andIHS Markit citingunion protectionism and a lack ofautomation.[7][8]
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In 1542,Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo discovered the "Bay of Smokes."[9] The south-facing San Pedro Bay was originally a shallowmudflat, too soft to support awharf. Visiting ships had two choices: stay far out at anchor and have their goods and passengers ferried to shore, or beach themselves. That sticky process is described inTwo Years Before the Mast byRichard Henry Dana Jr., who was a crew member on an 1834 voyage that visited San Pedro Bay.Phineas Banning greatly improved shipping when hedredged the channel to Wilmington in 1871 to a depth of 10 feet (3.0 m). The port handled 50,000 tons of shipping that year. Banning owned a stagecoach line with routes connecting San Pedro toSalt Lake City, Utah, andYuma, Arizona, and in 1868 he built a railroad to connect San Pedro Bay toLos Angeles, the first in the area.[10]
After Banning's death in 1885, his sons pursued their interests in promoting the port, which handled 500,000 tons of shipping in that year. TheSouthern Pacific Railroad andCollis P. Huntington wanted to create Port Los Angeles atSanta Monica and built theLong Wharf there in 1893. However, theLos Angeles Times publisherHarrison Gray Otis andU.S. SenatorStephen White pushed for federal support of the Port of Los Angeles at San Pedro Bay. TheFree Harbor Fight was settled when San Pedro was endorsed in 1897 by a commission headed by Rear AdmiralJohn C. Walker (who later went on to become the chair of theIsthmian Canal Commission in 1904). With U.S. government support,breakwater construction began in 1899, and the area was annexed to Los Angeles in 1909. The Los Angeles Board of Harbor Commissioners was founded in 1907.
In 1912 theSouthern Pacific Railroad completed its first major wharf at the port. During the 1920s, the port surpassedSan Francisco as the West Coast's busiest seaport. In the early 1930s, a massive expansion of the port was undertaken with the construction of a breakwater three miles out and over two miles in length. In addition to the construction of this outer breakwater, an inner breakwater was built offTerminal Island with docks for seagoing ships and smaller docks built at Long Beach.[11] It was this improved harbor that hosted thesailing events for the1932 Summer Olympics.[12]
DuringWorld War II, the port was primarily used for shipbuilding, employing more than 90,000 people. In 1959,Matson Navigation Company's Hawaiian Merchant delivered 20 containers to the port, beginning the port's shift tocontainerization.[13] The opening of theVincent Thomas Bridge in 1963 greatly improved access toTerminal Island and allowed increased traffic and further expansion of the port. In 1985, the port handled one million containers in a year for the first time.[9] During the2002 West Coast port labor lockout, the port had a large backlog of ships waiting to be unloaded at any given time. In 2000, the Pier 400 Dredging and Landfill Program, the largest such project in America, was completed.[9] By 2013, more than half a million containers were moving through the Port every month.[14]
Theport district is an independent, self-supporting department of the government of the City of Los Angeles. The port is under the control of a five-member Board of Harbor Commissioners appointed by themayor and approved by the city council, and is administered by an executive director. The port maintains an AA bond rating,[15] the highest rating attainable for self-funded ports.
As of 2016[update], the port had about a dozenpilots, including two chiefs. Pilots have specialized knowledge of the harbor and San Pedro Bay. They meet the ships waiting to enter the harbor and provide advice as the vessel is steered through the congested waterway to the dock.[16]
For public safety protection inside the port and of its businesses, the Port of Los Angeles utilizes theLos Angeles Port Police for police service, theLos Angeles Fire Department (LAFD) to provide fire and EMS services, theU.S. Coast Guard for waterway security,Homeland Security to protect federal land at the port, theLos Angeles County Lifeguards to provide lifeguard services for open waters outside of the harbor, while Los Angeles City Recreation & Parks Department lifeguards patrol the innerCabrillo Beach.
The port'scontainer volume was 9.3 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) in calendar year 2019, a 5.5% increase over 2016's record-breaking year of 8.8 million TEU. It's the most cargo moved annually by a Western Hemisphere port. The port is the busiest port in the United States by container volume, the 19th-busiestcontainer port in the world, and the 10th-busiest worldwide when combined with the neighboringPort of Long Beach. The port is also the number-one freight gateway in the United States when ranked by the value of shipments passing through it.[17] The port's top trading partners in 2019 were:
The most-imported types of goods in the 2019 calendar year were, in order: furniture (579,405), automobile parts (340,546), apparel (312,655), and electronic products (209,622).
The port is served by thePacific Harbor Line (PHL) railroad. From the PHL, intermodal railroad cars go north to Los Angeles via theAlameda Corridor.
In 2011, no American port could handle ships of thePS-classEmma Mærsk and the futureMaersk Triple E class size,[18][19] the latter of which needs cranes reaching 23 rows.[20] In 2012, the port and theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers deepened the port's main navigational channel to 53 feet (16 m), which is deep enough to accommodate the draft of the world's biggest container ships.[21][22] However, Maersk had no plans in 2014 to bring those ships to America.[23] In 2024 the port received 3 cranes capable of servicing ships up to 18,000 TEU.[24]
Los Angeles and Long Beach ports were some of the least efficient in the world, according to a 2022 ranking by the World Bank and IHS Markit.[7][8]
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TheWorld Cruise Center, located inSan Pedro, Los Angeles, beneath theVincent Thomas Bridge, has three passenger ship berths.[25]
The LA Waterfront is a visitor-serving destination in the city of Los Angeles, funded and maintained by the Port of Los Angeles.[26] In 2009, the Los Angeles Harbor Commission approved the San Pedro Waterfront and Wilmington Waterfront development programs, under the LA Waterfront umbrella. The LA Waterfront consists of a series of waterfront development and community enhancement projects covering more than 400 acres (160 ha) of existing Port of Los Angeles property in both San Pedro and Wilmington. With miles of public promenade and walking paths, acres of open space and scenic views, the LA Waterfront attracts thousands of visitors annually. Remodel and reconstruction was approved by the Los Angeles City Council. Development is set to be completed in 2020. Construction is expected to begin in 2017 at a partial project cost of $90 million, paid by the developer. The San Pedro Public Market is expected to open in 2020, with demolition beginning as early as November 2016.[27]
TheWaterfront Red Car is a currently non-operational heritage trolley line for public transit along the waterfront inSan Pedro.[28] Prior to its closure in 2015, it used vintage and restoredPacific Electric Red Cars to connect the World Cruise Center, Downtown San Pedro,Ports O' Call Village, and the San Pedro Marina.[28][29][30]
Oceangoing ships visiting ports are a large source of nitrogen oxides in Southern California. Heavy-duty diesel trucks, that are also part of the freight-moving port complexes, emit exhaust with nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.[31] TheCalifornia Air Resources Board is working on reducing these sources of pollution that produce the nation's most polluted air smog and kill more than 3,500 Southern Californians each year.[32] In 2021, theSouth Coast Air Quality Management District required warehouses in the port which do not cut emissions of carbon and pollutants to pay fees.[33][34]
The port installed the firstAlternative Maritime Power (AMP) berth in 2004 and can provide up to 40MW ofgrid power to two cruise ships simultaneously at both 6.6kV and 11 kV, as well as three container terminals, reducing pollution from ship engines.[35]
In an effort to buffer the nearby community ofWilmington from the port, in June 2011 the Wilmington Waterfront Park was opened.[36][37]
In 2024, the nonprofit political organizationEnvironment California sued the Port of Los Angeles for alleged violations of the federalClean Water Act, claiming the port had violated the act more that 2,000 in just the previous 5 years.[38] In April 2025, the Port of Los Angeles settled the lawsuit, agreeing to pay $1.3 million to the Rose Foundation For Communities & The Environment for projects to restore the Los Angeles Harbor and San Pedro Bay, plus a $130,000 civil penalty to the U.S. Treasury.[39]
The $2.8 million San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Program (CAAP) initiative was implemented by the Board of Harbor Commissioners in October 2002 for terminal and ship operations programs targeted at reducing polluting emissions from vessels and cargo handling equipment[citation needed]. To accelerate implementation of emission reductions through the use of new and cleaner-burning equipment, the port has allocated more than $52 million in additional funding for the CAAP through 2008.
As of May 2016, the Port of Los Angeles has already surpassed its initial 2023 emission goals 8 years ahead of predicted time frame. The dramatic success to reduce emissions has seen a decrease in diesel particulate matter reduce 72%, sulfur oxides by 93%, and nitrogen oxide by 22% so far. The CAAP program was updated to 3.0 after this environmental successes of the initiatives. With the recent ramification of environment goals the updates will look to reduce the emissions through efficient supply chain optimization. There has also been recent developments to increase port technologies advancement to promote the development of efficient and green port technologies. The CAAP also looks to be the lead role caretaker of fostering and improving the wildlife and ecosystem of the port.[40]
The Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach are consistently rated the least efficient in the world. More modern ports in the Middle East and China, where 24/7 operations are the norm, get ships in and out much faster.
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