Gqeberha was founded in 1820 as Port Elizabeth bySir Rufane Donkin, who was the governor of the Cape at the time. He named it after his wife, Elizabeth, who had died in India. TheDonkin Memorial in theCBD of the city bears testament to this. It was established by the government of theCape Colony when 4,000 British colonists settled inAlgoa Bay to strengthen the border region between theCape Colony and theXhosa. It is nicknamed "The Friendly City" or "The Windy City".[6][12][13] In 2019, the Eastern Cape Geographical Names Committee recommended that Port Elizabeth be renamed Gqeberha, after the Xhosa and SouthernKhoe name for theBaakens River that flows through the city. The city's name change was officially gazetted on 23 February 2021.[14]
Located on the western portion ofAlgoa Bay along the southeastern coast of South Africa, the city lies 770km east of Cape Town. It is east of theGarden Route and faces theIndian Ocean. It covers 251 square kilometers of the Nelson Mandela Bay metropolitan area, and is administered by South Africa's sixth-largest metropolitan municipality.[15] The city's warmoceanic climate ranks it among the top cities in the world for pleasant year-round weather.[16][17][18] The city is known for manyblue-flag beaches along the city's urban coastline; its popularity as an international and local holiday destination; and its rich and diverse cultural heritage. It is a gateway city for the Eastern Cape's adventure, outdoor and Africanbig five game safari tourism.[19][20][21][22][23]
Etymology
Gqeberha, the city's official name since 23 February 2021, is aXhosa word for theBaakens river, which flows through the city.[24][25]
In 1820, the rising seaport ofAlgoa Bay was named "Port Elizabeth" in memory of Elizabeth Frances (née Markham), the wife ofSir Rufane Shaw Donkin, acting Governor of theCape Colony.[26] The settlement is also known byXhosa speakers asiBhayi oreBhayi, a Xhosa adaptation of theAfrikaans namedie Baai, meaning "the Bay",[4] which was also translated and adopted by English-speaking colonists.[5]
Cave sites in the area, such as Albany, Wilton andHowieson's Poort, have given their names to various archaeological cultures. The Howieson's Poort site has been of particular interest to interpretations about the origins of fully modern human behaviour. Dating to 65,000 to 62,000years ago, it has yielded extremely old evidence for bow-and-arrow hunting and shell-bead jewellery. Earlier and Middle Stone Age lithic material has been found in the Sundays River Valley, while at the important site ofAmanzi Springs, 40km north of Gqeberha near Addo, Earlier Stone Age artefacts are foundin situ with well-preserved plant and faunal remains within spring sediments (Deacon, 1970). There is Later Stone Age archaeological material preserved in caves and rock shelters, such asMelkhoutboom Cave, in the Cape Fold Mountain Belt surrounding Gqeberha (see Deacon and Deacon, 1963; Deacon, 1976; Binneman, 1997) and large numbers of coastal shell middens have been reported at Humewood,St Georges Strand and the Coega River Mouth (Rudner, 1968). Most recently, Binneman and Webley (1997) reported thirteen shell middens and stone tool scatters about 500m east of the Coega River mouth in the archaeological assessment carried out for the development of maritime infrastructure for thePort of Ngqura. Importantly, some of this archaeological material was recorded in secondary context in the gravels from older river terraces along the banks of the Coega River.
Early history
Hunters and gatherers ancestral to theSan first settled the area around what is now called Algoa Bay at least 10,000 years ago. Around 2,000 years ago, they were gradually assimilated by agriculturalist populations ancestral to theXhosa people.[27]
British settlement
The first Europeans to visit the area sailed with the Portuguese explorersBartholomeu Dias, who landed on St Croix Island in Algoa Bay in 1488,[28] andVasco da Gama, who noted the nearbyBird Island in 1497. For centuries, the area appeared on European navigation charts marked simply as "a landing place with fresh water".[29]
In 1799, at the time of the first Britishoccupation of the Colony during theNapoleonic Wars, British troops built a stone fort namedFort Frederick after theDuke of York. This fort, aiming to deter a possible landing of French troops, was constructed to oversee the site of what later became Port Elizabeth. The fort is now preserved as a monument.[31]
From 1814 to 1821, the Strandfontein farm to the south of the Gqeberha River was owned byPiet Retief.[32] He later became aVoortrekker leader and was killed in 1837 by Zulu kingDingane during negotiations about land. An estimated 500 men, woman and children of his party were killed. Frederik Korsten, after whom the suburb of Korsten is named, owned the Strandfontein farm after Retief. This area was later developed as Summerstrand, a beachfront suburb.[33]
In 1820, a party of 4,000British settlers arrived by sea, encouraged by the government of the Cape Colony to form a settlement to strengthen the border region between the Cape Colony and the Xhosa people. At this time the seaport town was founded by SirRufane Shaw Donkin, the ActingGovernor of the Cape Colony (in office from 1820 to 1821). DiplomatEdmund Roberts visited Gqeberha in the early 1830s. Roberts noted that Gqeberha in the 1820s had "contained four houses, and now it has upward of one hundred houses, and its residents are rated at above twelve hundred persons".[34]
The British garrison of Gqeberha saw the arrival of a further 500 settlers in 1825, one of whom was Rev Francis McClelland, who in the same year was appointed Colonial Chaplain. The Roman Catholic Church established theApostolic Vicariate of the Cape of Good Hope, Eastern District in the city in 1847.
Gqeberha, then named Port Elizabeth, was granted the status of an autonomous municipality in 1861.
Cape Colony Prime MinisterJohn Molteno had formed theCape Government Railways in 1872. Completion of the railway toKimberley in 1873 was a major stimulus to trade and a rapid increase in population in the town. With the massive expansion of the Cape Colony's railway network to the interior over the following years, the harbour of Gqeberha became the focus for serving import and export needs of a large area of the Cape's hinterland. The rapid economic development around the port, which followed the railway construction, caused Gqeberha to be nicknamed "theLiverpool of South Africa", after the major British port. The town expanded as a diverse community, comprising Xhosa as well as European,Cape Malay, and other immigrants.[35][36][37]
During theSecond Boer War of 1899–1902, the port served as an important transit-point for British soldiers, horses, and materials headed by railway to the front. No armed conflict took place within the city, but it felt the effects of the war with the arrival of manyrefugees who moved into the city. These included Boer women and children, whom the Britishinterned in aconcentration camp.
After the war, the British erected a monument to military horses that died during the war. "The unveiling of the monument commemorating the services of thehorses which perished during the Anglo Boer War, 1899–1902, took place on Saturday afternoon, 11 February 1905, with the Mayor, Mr A Fettes, performing the ceremony."[38]
Apartheid era
Underapartheid, the South African government established legalracial segregation and started programs to separate communities physically as well as by classification and custom. The forced relocation under the auspices of theGroup Areas Act of the non-white population from mixed areas began in 1962, causing varioustownships to be built for their use. Classification was sometimes arbitrary, and as in many other localities throughout the country, many citizens appearing to have mixed ancestry were at times subject to re-classification, which often had intrusive sociopolitical results. The non-white tenants of South End, and land owners in Fairview were forcibly relocated from 1965 through to 1975, as these areas were valued as prime real estate.[39] The city-planning was viewed as the prototypical apartheid city.[citation needed]
Asblack South Africans organized to try to achieve civil rights and social justice, government repression increased. In 1977Steve Biko, the black anti-apartheid activist, was interrogated and tortured by the security police in Gqeberha before being taken toPretoria, where he died.[40] Other notable deaths in the city during this time included those of theCradock Four,[41] and of George Botha,[42] a high-school teacher.
On 25 July 1952, a day before the official start of theDefiance Campaign, 30 volunteers led by Raymond Mhlaba gathered at the New Brighton Civic Centre and prayed throughout the night. At 5am on 26 July, they left the Civic Centre and walked towards theNew Brighton Railway Station. InRaymond Mhlaba's Personal Memoirs: Reminiscing from Rwanda and Uganda, Mhlaba recalled:
"I led the very first group and we entered the 'Europeans Only' section of theNew Brighton station. By half past six we were already in police vans on our way to jail. It turned out that my party (group) was the very first to defy unjust laws in the whole ofSouth Africa. Little did we know that we were making history."[43]
After the formation of theANC-affiliatedUnited Democratic Front in 1983, political consciousness in black townships grew.[citation needed] With numerous protests across the country and the massacre inLanga township nearUitenhage, police presence had increased in South African townships. In the townships, blackSouth Africans demanded the integration of public institutions, the removal of troops from black townships, and the end ofworkplace discrimination. To launch an effective campaign to cripple the white-owned institutions of Gqeberha and to undermine the legitimacy of apartheid, several women suggested the idea of a consumer boycott to thePort Elizabeth Black Civic Organisation (PEBCO) in May 1985. The economic boycott began on 15 July 1985, and received massive support in townships around Gqeberha. By September 1985, white business-owners became desperate and called on the government to meet the demands of blackSouth Africans. In November the boycott was still hurting white businesses in Gqeberha greatly. The whiteSouth African government reached an agreement with PEBCO which stated that the boycott would halt until March 1986 if business owners arranged for the release of blackleaders.[45]
In 1986, as the deal was approaching its end, the boycotters imposed a deadline of 31 March, stating that the boycott would resume if the initial demands were not met. On 11 March the government unexpectedly banned two leaders, one of whom wasMkuseli Jack. However, on 22 March the ban was lifted by the decision of a Supreme Court Justice on the grounds that the government had given insufficient reasons. Jack ripped up the ban papers, and used the celebration as a way to represent the solidarity that the campaign required. As the demands of the boycotters were not met by 31 March, the boycott was renewed on 1 April. The boycott continued for nine weeks, but on 12 June 1986 another state of emergency was imposed by theNational Party government. Security forces searched through the townships, arresting thousands and raiding the offices of black civics, trade unions, theUDF, the South African Council, and churches and also confiscating documents.[46]
Modern history
With the establishment of the Coega Industrial Development Zone (CIDZ), foreign direct and also national-level investment has improved in the greater region of Nelson Mandela Bay. The IDZ, under the stewardship of the Coega Development Corporation (CDC), since inception has managed to attract to investment account in excess of R140-billion into the economy of the Eastern Cape and has enabled thecreation of over 45,000 jobs.[citation needed] This is significant for the area and the economy of the Eastern Cape.[clarification needed]
The city was also one of the five that hosted the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations. The same stadium that was used in the 2010 World Cup hosted eight games: five matches in Group B—Ghana vsDR Congo,Mali vsNiger, Ghana vs Mali; DR Congo vs Niger, and Ghana vs Niger; one match in Group A—Cape Verde vsAngola, the quarterfinal—Ghana vs Cape Verde, and the third place playoff—Ghana vs Mali. The Africa Cup of Nations took place between 19 January and 10 February 2013.Nigeria were eventual champions.[48][49]
Geography
Topography
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Under theKöppen climate classification, the city has anoceanic climate (Cfb), and under theTrewartha climate classification, the city has asubtropical climate (Cfbl). The area lies between the winter rainfall, Mediterranean climate zones of the Western Cape and the summer rainfall regions of eastern South Africa. Winters are cool but mild and summers are warm but considerably less humid and hot than more northerly parts of South Africa's east coast.[51] The climate is very even throughout the year withextreme heat or moderate cold rare.
Climate data for Gqeberha (1991–2020, extremes 1936–1990)
The city represents a large percentage of South Africa's biological diversity is a confluence point five of the seven South African biomes, namely the Thicket, Grassland, Nama-Karoo, Fynbos and Forest Biomes.[55] A number of municipal nature reserves have been included in, and can be visited along the "Outward Bound Route" of the city. A mosaic of these 5 Biomes could be experienced in these reserves. The outward bound route is an eco-outdoor adventure and sports route incorporating walking and wildlife experiences. The aim of this route is to spread tourism to similar attractions along the route, leading to increased foot traffic and related benefits to these sites.
Architecture
The cathedral of St Mary the VirginThe Main Library building was constructed in 1835 and used as a courthouse from 1854. The library was opened in 1902 and is an example of Victorian Gothic architecture.[56]
As a British colonial town, it had a strongly British character, and the central area retains that to this day.[57] The colonial City Hall is a national monument, as well as the Mandela Bay Theatre Complex Opera House, the oldest theatre in Africa. Themain public library is an excellent example ofVictorian Gothic architecture. Various memorials are situated throughout the city environs, and there are many tours available, like theDonkin Heritage Trail, to familiarise visitors with the local culture and history, including the apartheid era history. The city could be considered to be the country's leading centre ofArt Deco style architecture due to its European heritage. Many buildings display the intricate stonework, wrought iron and stained glass of that era which are prominently visible in the Central Historical areas of the city. Combinations of Art Nouveau and Colonial styles are seen in residences along Cape Road. The area also boasts a collection ofCape Dutch style architecture as well as the Victorian andEdwardian styles, resulting from the arrival of the 1820 British settlers. Although influenced by Dutch architecture, the Cape Dutch style is unique to South Africa and examples can be seen all over the Eastern and Western Cape.
Hydrology
The city has a long marine coastline on its outskirts, particularly southwards. Beaches like Kings Beach, Hobie Beach,Bluewater Bay, Sardinia Bay (just outside the city nearSchoenmakerskop), and the beaches along Marine Drive are abundant. Kings Beach is adjacent to the harbour, and thelongshore drift from Cape Recife provides a plentiful supply of sea sand. On the north westerly coastline, the contours tends to be rockier than the area between Cape Recife, and thePort of Ngqura. There are a few rivers, of which the Baakens River is the most prominent. This river usually floods when a reasonable amount precipitation is observed, especially at low level crossings. North End Lake inNorth End is the largest naturalfreshwater[58] body in the city, but has experienced a form ofcontamination[59] from industry. (It is not recommended toingest anything from this lake) Also, numerous smaller "lakes" are in the surrounding area, namely Lake Farm.
The Eastern Cape has been experiencinga devastating drought since 2015,[60] and a disaster was declared in the region in October 2019.[60] On 14 June 2022, a virtual special council meeting ofNelson Mandela Bay Municipality Council approved an emergency intervention plan by theNational Department of Water and Sanitation.[61][62] The plan includes: drilling more boreholes, pumping water from the east of the metropolitan area to the west of the area, and using floatation pumps to extract more water from some reservoirs.[62] The meeting approved the appointment of Tlhologelo Mogoatlhe (a water and sanitation production engineer) as the interim infrastructure and engineering executive director.[62] City officials asked residents to consume no more than 50 litres (11 imp gal) of water per person per day.[61][63] In mid-June 2022, Luvuyo Bangazi (spokesperson for the municipality's joint operations crisis committee) said that the city was losing about a third of its water because of leaks in pipes, and had a backlog of 3,000 leaks to fix.[61] Joseph Tsatsire (Bay Water Distribution Director) said that Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality repaired 9,719 leaks over a three week period ending in mid-July 2022, leaving a backlog of 712 leaks reported.[64] Though some residents claimed that the taps only work a few hours a day, Bangazi said that water was only shut off when maintenance was being done.[61] Water consumption for the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality was as follows:
Target: 230 megalitres per day
Measured on 17 June 2022: 292 megalitres per day
Measured on 19 July 2022: 261 megalitres per day.[64]
The economy is primarily oriented towards automotive assembly, manufacturing and export industries, and the city is also a major South African and sub-Saharan African destination for investment. Foreign direct investments of $19,8 billion has been secured over the past decade.[70][71] SeveralFortune 500 companies are present or have their African operations headquartered in the city.[72][73][74][75]
Historically, the majority of trade in the region came through Gqeberha. In the 1830s, at least five ships regularly transported goods to Europe.[34] It became afree port in 1832.[76] In 1833, about 50 vessels had moved through the port. In 1828, 55,201 pounds, (25038 kg), of goods were imported through the port, increasing by 1832 to 112,845 pounds, (51185 kg), imported in that year. Gqeberha exported 41,290 lbs, (18738 kg), in 1828, with a large increase to 86,931 lbs, (39431 kg), goods exported in 1829. Exports includedwine,brandy,vinegar,ivory,hides andskins,leather,tallow,butter,soap,wool,ostrichfeathers,salted beef,wheat,candles,aloe,barley, and more.[34]
Home of South Africa'smotor vehicle industry, the city boasts most vehicle assembly plants,General Motors,Ford,Volkswagen,Continental Tyres and many other automotive companies. As of 2018, after GM's exit from South Africa,Isuzu took over their production plant in Struandale. In 2016, Chinese state-owned automotive manufacturerBAIC and South Africa's Industrial Development Corporation announced a R11 billion joint venture for the establishment of a semi knock down vehicle assembly plant inCoega.[77] It is anticipated that the plant will go online in 2020.[78] TheFAW also have built a multi-billion rand plant in the region. Most other industries are geared towards the motor vehicle industry, providing parts such aswiring harnesses,catalytic converters,batteries andtyres to thevehicle manufacturers.
The largest economic sectors in Nelson Mandela Bay Metro are manufacturing, finance, community services and transport. Community services, trade and manufacturing sectors are the sectors that create the most employment in the Metro. The city offers a wealth of tourism and recreation opportunity due to its biodiversity, beaches and open spaces.[79] Further still, Nelson Mandela Bay is a preferred region for the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, flour, meat, frozen vegetables, soft drinks, chocolates, cheese, yoghurt, ice cream, paper and leather products.[80]
The city is alsoa major seaport, with the most significant car loading facilities in the southern hemisphere. As part of the ongoing development, a new Industrial Development Zone with expanded port facilities has been built atCoega.
Tourism
The Donkin Reserve, taken in September 2014. It portrays both the older and parts of the newer sections of the monument.
Located at the end of the picturesqueGarden Route along the Cape coast, the city has beaches in and near it. The most popular swimming beaches include King's Beach and Hobie Beach.
Many local historic attractions are linked by theDonkin Heritage Trail. These include the Campanile (bell tower), built in 1923 to commemorate the arrival of the1820 Settlers and offering a viewpoint over the city; the city hall (1862); theDonkin Reserve park and monument; and the old stoneFort Frederick itself (1799). The CBD also boasts the towering Eastern Cape post office headquarters.
Route 67 is a walking trail consisting of 67 public artworks, symbolising 67 years which Nelson Mandela dedicated to the freedom of South Africa. The artwork is a celebration of South African culture and history and is scattered along the route as it starts from the Campanile, up the stairs to the Vuysile Mini Market Square and to the large South African flag at the Donkin Reserve. The artworks were created by local Eastern Cape artists.[81]
Other attractions include the gardens atSt George's Park, theNelson Mandela Metropolitan Art Museum (formerly known as theKing George VI Art Gallery), the museum and oceanography room at Humewood, and the newBoardwalk waterfront complex.
The wider area surrounding PE also features game viewing opportunities, including theAddo Elephant National Park, 72 kilometres (45 mi) to the north near the Zuurberg mountain range.
Nelson Mandela Bay has experienced a construction boom led by the Baywest Mall and Coega Development Corporation (CDC).
Baywest Mall which opened in May 2015 is the largest shopping centre in theEastern Cape located on the western outskirts of the city and forms part of the Baywest City. Baywest City is a plannedmixed-use development area and is striving to become a major development hub in the city's western suburbs.[82][83][84][85]
Coega located just outside of the city once an industrial development zone (IDZ) has now deemed the status of aspecial economic zone (SEZ). It also houses the second and the newest port ofNelson Mandela Bay andSouth Africa,Port of Ngqura. This multi-billion rand project aims to drive local and foreign direct investments in export-oriented industries and position South Africa as the hub forSouthern African trade.[86]
It is the location of theSt George's Park cricket ground, which holdstest cricket matches. St George's Park is the oldest cricket ground in South Africa, and was the venue for the first Test match played outside ofAustralia orEngland, betweenSouth Africa andEngland on 12 and 13 March 1889. TheWarriors, a franchise cricket team inSouth Africa, is based in Gqeberha, as is theSA20 franchiseSunrisers Eastern Cape. The stadium is also known for its band that entertains fans at the Proteas games.
In December 2011, Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium became the new home of theSouth Africa Sevens, the country's leg of the annualIRB Sevens World Series inrugby sevens. The event had previously been held in three other cities, most recently inGeorge in theWestern Cape from 2002 to 2010. As of 2015, is hosted annually inCape Town, in the Western Cape.
The headquarters of theSouthern Spears rugby franchise was in Gqeberha. The long-standingEastern Province Rugby Union, now commonly known as theEastern Province Elephants, formed the basis of the Spears franchise together withEast London'sBorder Bulldogs. The remnants of the Spears were later reconstituted into theSouthern Kings, also based in Gqeberha, which joinedSuper Rugby in 2013. The Southern Kings did not participate in Super Rugby in 2014 or 2015, and returned to Super Rugby in 2016, 2017, but were dropped for economical reasons bySARU. The team now competes in the GuinnessPro14. The Eastern Province Rugby Union play their home matches atNelson Mandela Bay Stadium, built for the2010 FIFA World Cup.
The biggest sporting events in the city, is the annualIronman triathlon and the Herald Cycle tour. The Tuna classic deep-sea fishing competition attracts anglers from all over the world.
Gqeberha had its own municipality from 1843 to 2000. Since then, it has formed part of theNelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality, and also serves as the seat for the surroundingCacadu District Municipality. It has aMagistrate's Court, a local seat of theEastern Cape Division of theHigh Court, and a branch of theLabour Court. As a result of the presence of a High Court, several other related organs of state such as a Masters Office and a Director of Public Prosecutions are present in the city.All Government (mostly provincial) departments maintain branches or other offices in the city.
Coat of arms
The Gqeberha municipality assumed a coat of arms on 9 January 1878.[88][89] The design, prepared byBradbury Wilkinson and Company (of London), was a simplified version of the arms of Sir Rufane Donkin:Gules, on a chevron Argent between two cinquefoils in chief and a bugle horn stringed in base Or, three buckles Sable; a chief embattled Argent thereon an elephant statant proper. The crest was a sailing ship, and the mottoIn meliora spera.
(In layman's terms: a red shield displaying, from top to bottom, an elephant on a silver horizontal strip whose lower edge is embattled, two gold cinquefoils, a silver chevron bearing three black buckles, and a gold bugle horn.)
Eighty years later, in 1958, the council made slight changes to the arms, and had them granted by theCollege of Arms. The changes consisted of adding two anchors to the chief of the shield, placing a red mural crown bearing three golden rings below the ship in the crest, and changing the motto toTu meliora spera. The arms were registered with the Cape Provincial Administration in 1959,[90] and at the Bureau of Heraldry in 1986.[91]
Education
Tertiary education
TheNelson Mandela University was formed by the amalgamation of theUniversity of Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth Technikon, and the Port Elizabeth campus ofVista University. It is the largest university in the Eastern and Southern Cape, with around 29,000 students in seven faculties spread over seven campuses.
The city's main bus station is in Market Square. The public bus service is run by theAlgoa Bus Company. Between 1881 and 1948, there was aPort Elizabeth tramway network, powered initially by horses, and later by electricity.
The city is in the process of building abus rapid transit system which was intended for the2010 FIFA World Cup. This has been a massive failure as local taxi associations have prevented the implementation.[99] The city lacks a proper public transport system which has had a negative impact on the poorer residents of the city who are dependent on public transport.[100] Construction of the bus rapid transit network has been suspended due to mismanagement which led to the project missing its May 2010 deadline. Calls for the project, which has left many parts of the city in a permanent state of construction, have been made recently, and it is expected that the government will make a decision on the matter soon.[when?]
International visitors to the city must currently fly to eitherJohannesburg,Cape Town orDurban, and then take a domestic flight to Gqeberha. An upgrade to the terminal building, completed in 2004, created the necessary facilities to handle international flights[102] although none are scheduled as yet.
The city has a harbour in Algoa Bay, and the construction of an additional international harbour atCoega has supported an increase in the size of the city's industries and the addition of new industries.[citation needed]
Gariep Dam water is also used for electricity generation byEskomhydro-electric power station, remotely controlled fromGauteng. Therefore, it must be managed carefully by balancing the supply-and-demand of this water resource usage for its derivatives of electricity generation, irrigation, and municipal drinking water. Other nearby dams includeKouga Dam,Kromme Dam,Groendal Dam,Impofu Dam, and Lourie Dam.
Health care
The city has numerous government-funded and private hospitals.
TheSABC has a regional office in Gqeberha.[108] Bay TV is a free-to-air station established by the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality that broadcasts 24-hours a day, seven-days a week.[109] The station focusses on African story-telling and creating platforms for local content creators, and receives funding from local government and corporate donors.[110]
^Whitmore, Thomas. (1996).Pleasant weather ratings : enjoy travel more and save money by planning for the weather. Lexington, Mass.: Consumer Travel Publications.ISBN0-9645785-7-3.OCLC36269434.
^Selwyn, William (1891). "The Port Elizabeth Pyramid".Cape carols and miscellaneous verses. Capetown Argus Print. and Pub. Co. p. 21. Retrieved11 October 2025.
^"The San".SA History.Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved19 March 2018.
^Mhlaba, Raymond; Mufamadi, Thembeka (2001). "Vulindlela (opening the way)".Raymond Mhlaba's Personal Memoirs: Reminiscing from Rwanda and Uganda. Robben Island memory series. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council and Robben Island Museum. p. 84.ISBN9780796919748. Retrieved21 February 2018.I led the very first group and we entered the 'Europeans Only' section of the New Brighton station. By half past six we were already in police vans on our way to jail. It turned out that my party was the very first to defy unjust laws in the whole of South Africa. Little did we know that we were making history.
^abBangazi, Luvuyo (19 July 2022)."Millions of Litres Saved with 9719 Water Leaks Closed Since the End of June".Mandela Bay Development Agency.We repaired 5499 leaks in the last week of June, with 1853 successfully repaired in the first week July across the Metro. A further 2367 were completed last week, bringing the total to 9719 since the renewed campaign
^[2]Archived 23 September 2015 at theWayback Machine, Nelson Mandela Bay: Metropolitan Municipality & Main Places – Statistics & Maps on City Population
^Christopher, A. J. (2024).Formal segregation and population distribution in Port Elizabeth.New Contree, 24(8). Retrieved fromResearchGate.
^Christopher, A. J. (2024).Formal segregation and population distribution in Port Elizabeth.New Contree, 24(8). Retrieved fromResearchGate.
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