Scene from the pornographic filmMontre-moi du rose! (2009)
Pornographic films (pornos),erotic films,adult films,blue films,sexually explicit films, or18+ films, are films that representsexuallyexplicit subject matter in order toarouse, fascinate, orsatisfy the viewer.Pornographic films representsexual fantasies and usually includeerotically stimulating material such asnudity or fetishes (softcore) andsexual intercourse (hardcore). A distinction is sometimes made between "erotic" and "pornographic" films on the basis that the latter category contains more explicitsexuality, and focuses more on arousal than storytelling; the distinction is highly subjective.
Pornographic films are produced and distributed on a variety of media, depending on the demand and technology available, including traditional film stock footage in various formats,home video,DVDs, mobile devices, Internet pornography Internet download,cable TV, in addition to other media. Pornography is often sold or rented on DVD; shown through Internet streaming, specialty channels andpay-per-view on cable and satellite; and viewed in rapidly disappearingadult theaters. Often due to broadcast or print censorship commissions; general public opinion;public decency laws; or religious pressure groups; overly sexualized content is generally not permitted to be shown inmainstream media, or onfree-to-air television.
Films withrisqué content have been produced since the invention of motion picture in the 1880s. Production of such films was profitable, and a number of producers began to specialize in their production. Various groups within society considered such depictionsimmoral, labeled them "pornographic", and attempted to have them suppressed under otherobscenity laws, with varying degrees of success. Such films continued to be produced, and could only be distributed byunderground channels. Because the viewing of such films carried asocial stigma, they were viewed atbrothels, adult movie theaters,stag parties, home, private clubs, and night cinemas.
In the 1970s, during theGolden Age of Porn, pornographic films were semi-legitimized, to the point where actors not known for appearances in such productions would be cast members (though rarely participating in the explicit scenes);[1] by the 1980s, pornography on home video achieved wider distribution. The rise of the Internet in the late 1990s and early 2000s changed the way pornographic films were distributed, complicatingcensorship regimes around the world and legal prosecutions of "obscenity".
Pornographic films are typically categorized as eithersoftcore orhardcore pornography. In general, softcore pornography is pornography that does not depict explicitsexual activity,sexual penetration or extremefetishism.[2] It generally containsnudity or partial nudity in sexually suggestive situations. Hardcore pornography is pornography that depicts penetration or extreme fetish acts, or both. It contains graphic sexual activity and visible penetration.[3] A pornographic work is characterized as hardcore if it has any hardcore content.
Pornographic films are generally classified into subgenres which describe the underlying theme orsexual fantasy which the film and actors attempt to create. Subgenres can also be classified into the characteristics of the performers or the type of sexual activity on which it concentrates and not necessarily on themarket to which each subgenre appeals. The subgenres usually conform to certainconventions, and each may appeal to a particular audience.
Images from early Austrian erotic movies (about 1906, first image showingAm Sklavenmarkt) by photographerJohann Schwarzer and his Saturn Film company
Production of erotic films commenced almost immediately after the invention of the motion picture.[citation needed] Two of the earliest pioneers were FrenchmenEugène Pirou andAlbert Kirchner.[4] Kirchner, under the name "Léar", directed the earliest surviving erotic film for Pirou. The 7-minute 1896 filmLe Coucher de la Mariée hadLouise Willy [af;ca;fr;vo] performing a bathroomstriptease.[5] Other French filmmakers also considered that profits could be made from this type of risqué films, showing women disrobing.[6][7]
Also in 1896.Fatima's Coochie-Coochie dance [fr;nl][8] was released as a shortnickelodeonkinetoscope/film featuring a gyratingbelly dancer named Fatima. Her gyrating and moving pelvis was censored, one of the earliest films to be censored. At the time, there were numerous risque films that featured exotic dancers.[9] In the same year,The May Irwin Kiss contained the first kiss on film. It was a 47-second film loop, with a close-up of a nuzzling couple followed by a short peck on the lips ("the mysteries of the kiss revealed"). The kissing scene was denounced as shocking and obscene to early moviegoers and caused the Roman Catholic Church to call for censorship and moral reform, because kissing in public at the time could lead to prosecution.[9] Perhaps in defiance and "to spice up a film", this was followed by many kiss imitators, includingThe Kiss in the Tunnel (1899) andThe Kiss (1900). Atableau vivant style was used in short filmBirth of The Pearl [cy] (1901)[10] featuring an unnamed long-haired young model wearing a flesh-coloredbody stocking in a direct frontal pose[9] that provides a provocative view of the female body.[11] The pose is in the style ofBotticelli'sThe Birth of Venus.
In Austria, cinemas organised men-only nights (calledHerrenabende) at which adult films were shown.Johann Schwarzer formed his Saturn-Film production company which between 1906 and 1911 produced 52 erotic productions, each of which contained young local women fully nude, to be shown at those screenings. Before Schwarzer's productions, erotic films were provided by thePathé brothers from French produced sources. In 1911, Saturn was dissolved by the censorship authorities which destroyed all the films they could find,[12] though some have since resurfaced from private collections. There were a number of American films in the 1910s whichfeatured female nudity.[13]
At the beginning of the 20th century, Argentina may have been the first center of pornographic film production in the world.[14][15] It is considered that the porn film was born in France practically at the same time as the cinematographic medium, but it was inBuenos Aires where the clandestine production of these films, known as stag films or smokers, was capitalized.[16] Around 1905,[14]Pathé andGaumont moved the production of porn to Argentina to avoid censorship by the French government.[15] These films were not intended for local or popular consumption, but were "sophisticated entertainment for the enjoyment of the well-to-do class of [Europe]."[15] Writing about the origins of underground cinema, Arthur Knight and Hollis Alpert explain that hardcore films were shipped by boat from Argentina to private buyers, mostly in France and England, but also in more distant places such as Russia and the Balkans.[14] InBlack and White and Blue (2008), one of the most scholarly attempts to document the origins of the clandestine 'stag film' trade, Dave Thompson recounts ample evidence that such an industry first had sprung up in the brothels ofBuenos Aires and other South American cities by the turn of the 20th century, and then quickly spread through Central Europe over the following few years. In his biography ofEugene O'Neill,Louis Sheaffer recounts that the playwright traveled to Buenos Aires in the 1900s and was a frequent visitor to the pornographic cinemas in theBarracas neighborhood.[14] The Argentine filmEl Sartorio (also known asEl Satario) is perhaps the oldest known pornographic film, a theory held by several authors.[14][17] Filmed between 1907 and 1912 on the riverside ofQuilmes orRosario,[17] the film depicts six nude nymphs who are surprised by a satyr or faun, who captures one of them and then has sex in a variety of positions, including the69.[14][18]El Sartorio is held currently in theKinsey Institute's film archive, the largest collection of stag films in the world.[17][18]
Because Pirou is nearly unknown as a pornographic filmmaker, credit is often given to other films for being the first. According to Patrick Robertson'sFilm Facts, "the earliest pornographic motion picture which can definitely be dated isA L'Ecu d'Or ou la bonne auberge" made in France in 1908. The plot depicts a weary soldier who has a tryst with a servant girl at an inn. He also notes that "the oldest surviving pornographic films are contained in America'sKinsey Collection. One film demonstrates how early pornographic conventions were established. The German filmAm Abend (1910) is a ten-minute film which begins with a woman masturbating alone in her bedroom, and progresses to scenes of her with a man in themissionary position,fellatio, andpenile anal penetration."[19]
Pornographic movies were widespread in thesilent movie era of the 1920s, and were often shown inbrothels. Soon illegal,stag films, orblue films, as they were called, were produced underground by amateurs for many years starting in the 1940s. Processing the film took considerable time and resources, with people using their bathtubs to wash the film when processing facilities (often tied to organized crime) were unavailable. The films were then circulated privately or by traveling salesmen, but anyone caught viewing or possessing them risked a prison sentence.[20][21]
The post-war era saw technological developments that further stimulated the growth of a mass market and amateur film-making, particularly the introduction of the8 mm andsuper-8 film gauges, popular for the home movie market.[22]
Entrepreneurs emerged to meet the demand. In Britain, in the 1950s,Harrison Marks produced films which were considered risqué, and which today would be described as "soft core". In 1958, as an offshoot of his magazines, Marks began making short films for the 8mm market of his models undressing and posing topless, popularly known as "glamour home movies". To Marks, the term "glamour" was a euphemism for nude modeling/photography.[23]
Starting in 1961,Lasse Braun was a pioneer in quality colour productions that were, in the early days, distributed by making use of his father's diplomatic privileges. Braun was able to accumulate funds for his lavish productions from the profit gained with so-called loops, ten-minutehardcore movies which he sold toReuben Sturman, who distributed them to 60,000 Americanpeep show booths.[24] Braun was always on the move, and made his hardcore movies in a number of countries, including Spain, France, Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands.[citation needed]
In the 1960s, social and judicial attitudes towards the explicit depiction of sexuality began to change. For example, Swedish filmI Am Curious (Yellow) (1967) included numerous frank nude scenes and simulated sexual intercourse. In one particularly controversial scene, Lena kisses her lover's flaccid penis. The film was exhibited in mainstream cinemas, but in 1969 it was banned inMassachusetts allegedly for being pornographic. The ban was challenged in the courts, with theSupreme Court of the United States ultimately declaring that the film was not obscene,[25][26] paving the way for other sexually explicit films. Another Swedish filmLanguage of Love (1969) was also sexually explicit, but was framed as a quasi-documentary sexeducational film, which made its legal status uncertain though controversial.
In 1969, Denmark became the first country to abolish all censorship laws, enabling pornography, including hardcore pornography. The example was followed by toleration in the Netherlands, also in 1969. There was an explosion of pornography commercially produced in those countries, including, at the very beginning,child pornography andbestiality porn. Now that being a pornographer was legal, there was no shortage of businessmen who invested in plant and equipment capable of turning out a mass-produced, cheap, but quality product. Vast amounts of this new pornography, both magazines and films, needed to be smuggled into other parts of Europe, where it was sold "under the counter" or (sometimes) shown in "members only" cinema clubs.[20]
In the 1970s, there was a more tolerant judicial attitude to non-mainstream films. Mainstream theatres did not usually screen even softcore films, leading to a rise ofadult theaters in the United States and many other countries. There was also a proliferation of coin-operated "movie booths" insex shops that displayed pornographic "loops" (so called because they projected a movie from film arranged in a continuous loop).[citation needed]
Denmark started producing comparatively big-budget theatrical feature film sex comedies such asBordellet (1972), theBedside-films (1970–1976) and theZodiac-films (1973–1978), starring mainstream actors (a few of whom even performed their own sex scenes) and usually not thought of as "porno films" though all except the earlyBedside-films included hardcore pornographic scenes. Several of these films still rank among the most seen films in Danish film history[28] and all remain favourites on home video.[29]
In 1969,Blue Movie byAndy Warhol was the firstadult erotic film depicting explicit sex to receive wide theatrical release in the United States.[30][31][32] The film was a seminal film in theGolden Age of Porn and, according to Warhol, a major influence in the making ofLast Tango in Paris, an internationally controversial erotic drama film, starringMarlon Brando, and released a few years afterBlue Movie was made.[31]
The first explicitly pornographic film with a plot that received a general theatrical release in the U.S. is generally considered to beMona the Virgin Nymph (also known asMona), a 59-minute 1970 feature byBill Osco, who created the relatively high-budget hardcore/softcore (depending on the release) 1974 cult filmFlesh Gordon[21][33] and later, in 1976, the X-rated musical-comedy filmAlice in Wonderland.
In the U.S.Miller v. California was an important court case in 1973. The case established thatobscenity was not legally protected, but the case also established theMiller test, a three-pronged test to determine obscenity (which is not legal) as opposed toindecency (which may or may not be legal).[citation needed]
With the arrival of the homevideo cassette recorder in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the pornographic movie industry experienced massive growth and spawned adult stars likeTraci Lords,Seka,Christy Canyon,Ginger Lynn,Nina Hartley,[37] and directors such asGregory Dark. By 1982, most pornographic films were being shot on the cheaper and more convenient medium ofvideotape. Many film directors resisted this shift at first because videotape produced a different image quality. Those who did change soon were collecting most of the industry's profits, since consumers overwhelmingly preferred the new format. The technology change happened quickly and completely when directors realized that continuing to shoot on film was no longer a profitable option. This change moved the films out of the theaters and into people's homes. This marked the end of the age of big-budget productions, and the beginning of the mainstreaming of pornography. It soon went back to its earthy roots and expanded to cover nearly every fetish possible, since the production of pornography was now inexpensive. Instead of hundreds of pornographic films being made each year, thousands were being made, including compilations of just the sex scenes from various videos.[20][21] One could now not only watch pornography in the comfort and privacy of one's own home, but also find more choices available to satisfy specific fantasies and fetishes.[citation needed]
Similarly, thecamcorder spurred changes in pornography in the 1980s, when people could make their own amateur sex movies, whether for private use, or for wider distribution.[citation needed]
Thede facto result of the 1987 legal caseCalifornia v. Freeman effectively legalizedhardcore pornography in the U.S.. The prosecution of Harold Freeman was initially planned as the first in a series of legal cases to effectively outlaw the production of such movies.[citation needed]
Production crew ofPierre Woodman shooting pornographic film "The Fugitive", with actors Jeanette Marton and Philippe Soine performing on a location in Australia in 1997
In the late 1990s, pornographic films were distributed on DVD. These offered better quality picture and sound than the previous video format (videotape) and allowed innovations such as "interactive" videos that let users choose such variables as multiple camera angles, multiple endings and computer-only DVD content.[citation needed]
The introduction and widespread availability of theInternet further changed the way pornography was distributed. Previously, videos were ordered from an adult bookstore or through mail-order; with the Internet, people could watch pornographic movies on their computers, and instead of waiting weeks for an order to arrive, a movie could be downloaded within minutes (or, later, within a few seconds).[citation needed]
Pornography can be distributed over the Internet in a number of ways, includingpaysites,video hosting services andpeer-to-peerfile sharing. While pornography had been traded electronically since the 1980s, the invention of theWorld Wide Web in 1991, as well as the opening of the Internet to the general public around the same time, led to an explosion in online pornography.[citation needed]
Viv Thomas,Paul Thomas,Andrew Blake,Antonio Adamo, andRocco Siffredi were prominent directors of pornographic films in the 1990s. In 1998, theDanish,Oscar-nominated film production companyZentropa became the world's first mainstream film company to openly producehardcore pornographic films, starting withConstance (1998). That same year, Zentropa also producedIdioterne (1998), directed byLars von Trier, which won many international awards and was nominated for aGolden Palm in Cannes. The film includes a shower sequence with a male erection and an orgy scene with close-up penetration footage (the camera viewpoint is from the ankles of the participants, and the close-ups leave no doubt as to what is taking place).Idioterne started a wave of international mainstream arthouse films featuring explicit sexual images, such asCatherine Breillat'sRomance, which starred pornstarRocco Siffredi.[38][39]
In 1999, the Danish TV channelKanal København started broadcasting hardcore films at night, uncoded and freely available to any viewer in theCopenhagen area (as of 2009, this is still the case, courtesy ofInnocent Pictures, a company started by Zentropa).[40]
Once people could watch adult movies in the privacy of their own homes, a new adult market developed that far exceeded the scope of its theater-centric predecessor. The Internet served as catalyst for creating a still-larger market for porn, a market that is even less traditionally theatrical.[citation needed]
By the 2000s, there were hundreds of adult film companies, releasing tens of thousands of productions, recorded directly on video, with minimal sets. The market was further expanded by webcams and webcam recordings, in which thousands of pornographic actors work in front of the camera to satisfy pornography consumers' demand.[citation needed]
By the 2000s, the fortunes of the pornography industry had changed. With reliably profitable DVD sales being largely supplanted bystreaming media delivery over theInternet, competition from bootleg, amateur and low-cost professional content on the Internet had made the industry substantially less profitable, leading to it shrinking in size.[41] At the same time this gave rise to video sharing platforms such asPornhub,XVideos andxHamster.[citation needed]
Actress Cali Chase seducing actor Mikey Butders on aNaughty America film set before performing sexual intercourse in December 2007Porn actresses Nikita Bellucci and Alice Leroy being photographed by porn actor Francesco Malcom on the set of the film "EquinoXe" in 2015
Globally, pornography is a large-scale business with revenues of nearly $100 billion,[42] which includes the production of various media and associatedproducts andservices. Theindustry employs thousands ofperformers along with support and production staff. It is also followed by dedicatedindustry publications andtrade groups as well as the mainstream press, private organizations (watchdog groups), government agencies, and political organizations. According to a 2005Reuters article, "The multi-billion-dollar industry releases about 11,000 titles on DVD each year."[43] Pornographic films can be sold or rented out on DVD, shown through Internet and special channels andpay-per-view on cable and satellite, and inadult theaters. However, by 2012, widespread availability of illegally copied content and other low-cost competition on the Internet had made the pornographic film industry smaller and reduced profitability.[41]
The global pornographic film industry is dominated by the United States, with theSan Fernando Valley area ofLos Angeles being the heart of the industry.[44]
In 1975, the total retail value of all thehardcore pornography in the United States was estimated at $5–10 million.[2] The 1979, Revision of the Federal Criminal Code stated that "in Los Angeles alone, the porno business does $100 million a year in gross retain volume." According to the 1986 Attorney General's Commission on Pornography, American adult entertainment industry has grown considerably over the past thirty years by continually changing and expanding to appeal to new markets, though the production is considered to be low-profile and clandestine.[45]
As of 2013[update] the total current income of the country's adult entertainment is often estimated at $10–13 billion, of which $4–6 billion are legal. The figure is often credited to a study byForrester Research and was lowered in 1998.[46] In 2007The Observer newspaper also gave a figure of $13 billion.[47] Other sources, quoted byForbes (Adams Media Research, Veronis Suhler Communications Industry Report, and IVD), even taking into consideration all possible means (video networks and pay-per-view movies on cable and satellite, websites, in-room hotel movies, phone sex, sex toys, and magazines) mention the $2.6–3.9 billion figure (without the cellphone component).USA Today claimed in 2003 that websites such as Danni's Hard Drive and Cybererotica.com generated $2 billion in revenue in that year, which was allegedly about 10% of the overall domestic porn market at the time.[48] The adult movies income (from sale and rent) was once estimated byAVN Publications at $4.3 billion but the figure obtaining is unclear. According to the 2001Forbes data, the annual income distribution is the following:
The Online Journalism Review, published by theAnnenberg School of Communication at theUniversity of Southern California, weighed in with an analysis that favoredForbes' number. The financial extent of adult films, distributed in hotels, is hard to estimate—hotels keep statistics to themselves or do not keep them at all.[50]
The world's largest adult movie studioVivid Entertainment generates an estimated $100 million a year in revenue, distributing 60 films annually,[51] and selling them in video stores, hotel rooms, on cable systems, and on the Internet. The Spanish-based studioPrivate Media Group was listed on theNASDAQ until November 2011. Video rentals soared from just under 80 million in 1985 to a half-billion by 1993.[52] Somesubsidiaries of major corporations are the largest pornography sellers, likeNews Corporation'sDirecTV.Comcast, the nation's largest cable company, once pulled in $50 million from adult programming. Revenues of companies such asPlayboy andHustler were small by comparison.[53]
Pornographic films are produced and directed at a target audience, who buy and view the films. Traditionally, the audience of pornographic films have been straight males, the male actor typically acted as a proxy for the viewer. A typical pornographic film focuses on a female performer, her male partner traditionally had no distinctive features. However, there has been an increase in female viewers over time, and there have recently been efforts to increase thesexualization of male performers also. Efforts such as, men with charming facial features and well-built bodies becoming predominant in pornographic films, as well as the emergence offeminist pornography.[54][55] Overtime a gay audience also developed, and the scenarios of the films adjust accordingly.
Pornographic films attempt to present a sexual fantasy and the actors selected for a particular role are primarily selected on their ability to create that fantasy. The physical features of the actors and their ability to create the sexual mood of the film is the main factor in who is cast in certain roles. Most actors specialize in certain genres.
Within the average film targeted at a heterosexual male audience, the primary focus is on the sexually attractive appearance of female actress or actresses, meanwhile most male performers in heterosexual pornography are selected less for their looks and more so for their sexual prowess. They are presented as being able to fulfill the proxy fantasy of the male watching audience.
In the United States, theSupreme Court held in 1969 that State laws making mere private possession of obscene material a crime are invalid.[56] Further attempts were made in the 1970s in the United States to close down the pornography industry, this time by prosecuting those in the industry onprostitution charges. The prosecution started in the courts in California in the case ofPeople v. Freeman. The California Supreme Court acquitted Freeman and distinguished between someone who takes part in a sexual relationship for money (prostitution) versus someone whose role is merelyportraying a sexual relationship on-screen as part of their acting performance. The State did not appeal to theUnited States Supreme Court making the decision binding in California, where most pornographic films are made today.[44][57]
At present, no other state in the United States has either implemented or accepted this legal distinction between commercial pornography performers versus prostitutes as shown in the Florida case where sex film maker Clinton Raymond McCowen, aka "Ray Guhn", was indicted on charges of "soliciting and engaging in prostitution" for his creation of pornography films which included "McCowen and his associates recruited up to 100 local men and women to participate in group sex scenes, the affidavit says."[58] The distinction that California has in its legal determination in the Freeman decision is usually denied in most states' local prostitution laws, which do not specifically exclude performers from such inclusion.
In some cases, some states have ratified their local state laws for inclusion to prevent California'sFreeman decision to be applied to actors who are paid a fee for sexual actions within their state borders. One example is the state of Texas whose prostitution law specifically states:
An offense is established under Subsection (a)(1) whether the actor is to receive or pay a fee. An offense is established under Subsection (a)(2) whether the actor solicits a person to hire him or offers to hire the person solicited.[59]
In the United States, federal law prohibits the sale, distribution or dissemination of obscene materials through the mail, over the broadcast airwaves, on cable or satellite TV, on the Internet, over the telephone or by any other means that cross state lines.[60] Most states also have specific laws banning the sale or distribution of obscene pornography within state borders. The only protection for obscene material recognized by theSupreme Court of the United States is personal possession in the home (Stanley v. Georgia).
TheSupreme Court of the United States affirmed inMiller v. California that obscenity was not protected speech. Further, the court ruled that each community is responsible for setting its own standards about what is considered to be obscene material. If pornographic material is prosecuted and brought to trial, a jury can deem it obscene based on:
whether "the average person, applying contemporary community standards" would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest
whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by applicable state law and
whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.
In many countries pornography is legal to distribute and to produce, but there are some restrictions. Pornography is also banned in some countries, in particular in theMuslim world andChina, but can be accessed through the Internet in some of these nations.
Sex acts in pornographic films have traditionally been performed without the use ofcondoms, with an accompanying risk ofsexually transmitted disease among performers. In 1986, there was an outbreak ofHIV infection which led to the deaths throughAIDS of several actors and actresses. This led to the creation in 1998 of theAdult Industry Medical Health Care Foundation (AIM), which helped set up a monitoring system in the U.S. pornographic film industry, which required pornographic film actors to be tested for HIV every 30 days.[61] As of 2013[update], HIV infection of performers in the U.S. pornography industry has been rare, with only a few outbreaks being recorded over the subsequent three decades. The AIM closed its doors in May 2011 and filed for bankruptcy as a result of a court case arising from an inadvertent leak by it of confidential information on clients, including names andSTD results.[62][63]
^Bottomore, Stephen (1996). Stephen Herbert; Luke McKernan (eds.)."Léar (Albert Kirchner)".Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. British Film Institute.Archived from the original on 10 October 2006. Retrieved15 October 2006.
^Bottomore, Stephen (1996). Stephen Herbert; Luke McKernan (eds.)."Eugène Pirou".Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. British Film Institute.Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved15 October 2006.
^Produced by James A. White and shot by William Heise for the Edison Manufacturing Co. in 1896.
^Michael Achenbach, Paolo Caneppele, Ernst Kieninger:Projektionen der Sehnsucht: Saturn, die erotischen Anfänge der österreichischen Kinematografie. Filmarchiv Austria, Wien 2000,ISBN3-901932-04-6.
^abcdefMoret, Natalia (5 December 2010)."La primera vez".Radar.Página/12 (in Spanish).Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved8 April 2020.
^Robertson, Patrick (December 2001).Film Facts. Billboard Books. p. 256.ISBN978-0-8230-7943-8.
^abcChris Rodley, Dev Varma, Kate Williams III (Directors) Marilyn Milgrom, Grant Romer, Rolf Borowczak, Bob Guccione, Dean Kuipers (Cast) (7 March 2006).Pornography: The Secret History of Civilization (DVD). Port Washington, NY: Koch Vision.ISBN1-4172-2885-7. Archived fromthe original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved21 October 2006.
^Mehendale, Rachel (9 February 2006)."Is porn a problem?"(PDF).The Daily Texan. pp. 17, 22.Archived(PDF) from the original on 12 September 2008. Retrieved15 October 2006.
^Edmonson, Roger; Cal Culver; Casey Donovan (October 1998).Boy in the Sand: Casey Donovan, All-American Sex Star. Alyson Books. p. 264.ISBN978-1-55583-457-9.
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