Pornification is the absorption by mainstream culture of styles or content of thesex industry and thesexualisation ofWestern culture, sometimes referred to asraunch culture.[1] Pornification, particularly the use of sexualised images of women, is said to demonstrate "howpatriarchal power operates in the field ofgender representation".[2] InWomen in Popular Culture, Marion Meyers argues that the portrayal of women in modern society is primarily influenced by "the mainstreaming ofpornography and its resultant hypersexualization of women and girls, and thecommodification of those images for a global market".[3] Pornification also features in discussions ofpost-feminism byAriel Levy,[4]Natasha Walter,[5][6] Feona Attwood, and Brian McNair.[1][7] Pornography began to move into mainstream culture in the second half of the 20th century, now known as theGolden Age of Porn. Several Golden Age films referred to mainstream film titles, including"Alice in Wonderland" (1976),"Flesh Gordon" (1974),"The Opening of Misty Beethoven" (1976) and"Through the Looking Glass" (1976).
Bernadette Barton, Professor of Sociology and Gender Studies atMorehead State University, cites as examples of "raunch culture" there being little consequence forDonald Trump's own words regarding his treatment of women; or his wife's past behavior as a model.Pole dancing has become a form of exercise for suburban women, and sexually suggestive words find their way into everyday public statements.[8]
Advertising byCarl's Jr. in 2016 featuring scantily clad women and suggestive language were replaced by a "food-centric" approach in 2019, the change attributed to theMeToo movement.[9]
Literature which people read for sexual satisfaction is one of the earliest forms of media portraying sexuality. Now, there are various websites to satisfy most people's varied sexual preferences and tastes. Aserotica was a form of social protest against the values of the culture at the time, as was with the famous bookThe Romance of Lust, written as a few volumes between 1873 and 1876. Described in the book arehomosexuality,incest, and other socially unacceptable concepts. The values of theVictorian era perpetuated purity and innocence. So this book offered a new perspective.[10] In recent years, erotica has become the new norm, and is extremely popular. A recent commercial success isFifty Shades of Grey, describing in detail scenes ofsadomasochism and other forms of kink.[11] It sold over "31 million worldwide", and has been adapted intoa film starringDakota Johnson andJamie Dornan.[12]
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The real-life effects of watching film sex and violence have been heavily disputed. While some groups argue that media violence causes viewers to be more violent,[13][14] there is no academic consensus on this and indeed large studies suggest that there is no causative link between images of violence and violence in spectators,[15] nor between images of sex and sexual behavior. The links between films and spectator behavior are complex and while pornography undoubtedly plays a big role in how people view sex and relationships, we should always be wary of attributing a single source (e.g. pornography) to a single action (e.g. sexual violence) as human behavior is so much more complex than this.
Teens who were exposed to highly sexual content on TV were more likely to "act older" than their age. If what was being shown on TV was educational, it could yield a positive result on teenagers. For example, on one specific episode ofFriends, which had nearly 2 million viewers at the time, one of the characters had gotten pregnant even after usingcontraception. After the episode, teens were actually more likely to engage insafer sexual activity, and as much as 65% remembered what was in that episode.[16]
With sales slipping, a fast-food chain notorious for featuring scantily clad women has decided on a food-centric message.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Paper presentation at the conference 'Nordic Forum', Tallinn, Estonia 8 June 2005. (Sørensen is project manager, The Nordic Institute of Women and Gender Studies, (NIKK),Oslo University.)| Pornography |
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