 Pork pies with holes in the crust for jelly oraspic | |
| Type | Meat pie |
|---|---|
| Place of origin | United Kingdom |
| Region or state | England |
| Main ingredients | Pork,pork jelly,hot water crust pastry |
| Variations | Gala pie, Melton Mowbray Pork Pie |
Apork pie is a traditional Englishmeat pie, usually served either at room temperature or cold (although often served hot inYorkshire). It consists of a filling of roughly choppedpork and pork fat, surrounded by a layer of jelliedpork stock in ahot water crust pastry.[1] It is normally eaten as a snack or with a salad.
Modern pork pies are a direct descendant of the raised meat pies of medieval cuisine, which used a dense hot water crust pastry as a simple means of preserving the filling.[2] InFrance the same recipes gave rise to the modernpâté en croute [fr]. Many medieval meat pie recipes were sweetened, often with fruit, and were meant to be eaten cold: the crust was discarded rather than being eaten. A particularly elaborate and spectacular recipe described in medieval recipe collectionThe Forme of Cury was a meat pie featuring a crust formed intobattlements and filled with sweet custards, the entire pie then being servedflambeed: a distant descendant of this dish, with hollow pastry turrets around a central pork pie, was still current in the 18th century under the name "battalia pie".[3]Hannah Glasse's influential 1747 recipe collection included a recipe for a "Cheshire pork pie", having a filling of layers ofpork loin and apple, slightly sweetened with sugar, and filled with half a pint (285ml) ofwhite wine. By the 19th century sweetened fruit and meat combinations had become less common, and the raised crust pork pie took its modern form.
Traditional pies use a mix of fat andcured meat, giving the filling a pink colour. They are often produced in moulds or forms, giving the outside of the pie a very regular shape. This method is simpler and cheaper for volume production, and hence the more common choice for commercial manufacturers.
As the meat shrinks when the pie is cooked, traditional recipes specified that clarified butter or a hot porkstock was poured into the pie after baking. This would set when cool, filling the gap between meat and pastry and preventing air from reaching the filling and causing it to spoil. Commercial makers use a 6% solution ofgelatin at between 80 and 90 °C (176 and 194 °F), added into the pie immediately after baking.[4]
The Melton Mowbray pork pie is named afterMelton Mowbray, a town inLeicestershire.[5] While it is sometimes claimed that Melton pies became popular amongfox hunters in the area in the late eighteenth century,[6] it has also been stated that the association of the pork pie trade with Melton originated around 1831 as a sideline in a small baker and confectioners' shop in the town, owned by Edward Adcock.[7] Within the next decade a number of other bakers then started supplying them, notably Enoch Evans, a former grocer, who seems to have been particularly responsible for establishing the industry on a large scale.[7] Whether true or not the association with hunting provided valuable publicity, although one local hunting columnist writing in 1872 stated that it was extremely unlikely that "our aristocratic visitors carry lumps of pie with them on horseback".[8]
The main distinctive feature of a Melton pie is that it is made with a hand-formed crust.[8] Theuncured meat of a Melton pie is grey in colour when cooked and the meat is chopped, rather than minced. As the pies are baked free-standing, the sides bow outwards, rather than being vertical as with mould-baked pies. Melton Mowbray pork pies are served at room temperature,[9] unlike pork pies in Yorkshire which may be served hot.
In the light of the premium price of the Melton Mowbray pie, theMelton Mowbray Pork Pie Association applied for protection under Europeanprotected designation of origin laws as a result of the increasing production of Melton Mowbray-style pies by large commercial companies in factories far from Melton Mowbray, and recipes that deviated from the original uncured pork form. Protection was granted on 4 April 2008, with the result that only pies made within a designated zone around Melton (made within a 28 square kilometres (10.8 sq mi) zone around the town), and using the traditional recipe including uncured pork, are allowed to carry the Melton Mowbray name on their packaging.[10]
There is a tradition in the East Midlands of eating pork pies for breakfast atChristmas.[11] While its origin is unclear, the association of pork pies with Christmas dates back to at least the mid-19th century and it was by far the busiest time of year for the Melton manufacturers.[12]
InYorkshire, pork pies are often served hot, accompanied with gravy or with mushy peas and mint sauce.[13] It is also a common combination served atBonfire Night celebrations.[14] In Yorkshireslang a pork pie is sometimes called a "growler",[15] a term probably derived from the "NAAFI growler" of earlier naval and army slang.[16]
An annual pork pie competition is held in April at The Old Bridge Inn,Ripponden, Yorkshire.[17]
The "gala pie" is a variety of pork pie where the filling includes a proportion of chicken and a hard-boiled egg (also known as aGrosvenor pie). Gala pies are often baked in long, loaf-type tins, with multiple eggs arranged along the centre.
Smaller, 8 to 13 cm (3 to 5 in), varieties, sometimes branded as a "picnic pie", often have additional ingredients added to the filling such asapples,pickles andbacon.
In some cases the solid pastry top is replaced by apastry lattice, allowing the meat filling to be seen. A recent development is to have a layer ofBranston pickle inserted under the lattice crust. Occasionally the top crust is dispensed with altogether in favour of a layer ofcranberries sealed into place withaspic.
