Pope Urban I (Latin:Urbanus I), also known asSaint Urban (175?–230), was thebishop of Rome from 222 to 23 May 230.[1] He was born inRome and succeededCallixtus I, who had been martyred. It was believed for centuries that Urban I was also martyred. However, recent historical discoveries now lead scholars to believe that he died of natural causes.[2]
Much of Urban's life is shrouded in mystery, leading to many myths and misconceptions. Despite the lack of sources, he is the firstpope whose reign can be definitely dated.[3] Two prominent sources exist for Urban's pontificate:Eusebius'shistory of the early Church and an inscription in theCoemeterium Callisti that names the Pope.[1] Urban ascended to the papacy in 222, the year of EmperorElagabalus's assassination, and served during the reign ofAlexander Severus. It is believed that Urban's pontificate took place during a peaceful time for Christians in theEmpire since Severus did not promote thepersecution of Christianity.[1]
It is believed that theschismaticHippolytus was still leading a rival Christian congregation in Rome and that he published thePhilosophumena, an attack on Urban's predecessor,Callixtus I.[4] Urban is said to have maintained the hostile policy of Callixtus when dealing with the schismatic party.[1]
Due to the relative freedoms the Christian community had during Severus's reign, the Church in Rome grew, which led to the belief that Urban was a skilled converter.[4] A papal decree concerning the donations of the faithful atMass is attributed to Pope Urban:
The gifts of the faithful that are offered to the Lord can only be used for ecclesiastical purposes, for the common good of the Christian community, and for the poor; for they are the consecrated gifts of the faithful, the atonement offering of sinners, and the patrimony of the needy.[5]
It was believed that Urban was buried in theCoemetarium Praetextati where a tomb was inscribed with his name. However, when excavating theCatacomb of Callixtus Italian archaeologistGiovanni de Rossi uncovered the lid of a sarcophagus which suggested that Urban was in fact buried there. De Rossi also found a list of martyrs and confessors who were buried at St. Callistus's, which contained Urban's name. De Rossi therefore concluded that the Urban buried in the Coemetarium Praetextati was another bishop and Pope Urban was located in Catacomb of St. Callistus. While many historians accept this opinion, doubt remains sincePope Sixtus III's list of saints buried in St. Callistus's Catacomb does not include Urban in the succession of popes but rather in a list of foreign bishops. Therefore, it is possible that Pope Urban is indeed buried in the Coemetarium Praetextati.[4][6]
As no contemporary accounts of Urban's pontificate exist there have been many legends and acts attributed to him which are fictitious or difficult to ascertain the factual nature of. The legendaryActs of St. Cecilia and theLiber Pontificalis contain information on Urban although their reliability is doubtful. Chaucer made him a character in "The Second Nun's Tale" ofThe Canterbury Tales.
A story that was once included in the Catholic Church'sBreviary states that Urban had many converts among whom were Tiburtius and his brother Valerianus, the husband ofCecilia. Tradition credits Urban with the miracle of toppling an idol through prayer.[8] This event is believed to have led to Urban being beaten and tortured before being sentenced to death by beheading.
A further belief, now known as an invention from the 6th century, was that Urban had ordered the making of silver liturgical vessels and thepatens for twenty-five titular churches of his own time.
An anachronistic depiction of Urban wearing the papal tiara
Urban is found in various pieces of artwork usually in one of two forms. He is often found sitting wearing thepapal tiara, papal robes and holding a sword pointed towards the ground. Otherwise, he may be portrayed wearing papal garb and a bishop's mitre while he holds aBible and abunch of grapes.[9][10]An image of Urban is on a 12th-century fresco atChalivoy-Milon in the Berry Art Gallery.[11]
Other less common depictions of Pope Urban are:
after his beheading, with the papal tiara near him.
as idols fall from a column while he is beheaded;
scourged at the stake;
seated in a landscape as a young man (Saint Valerian) kneels before him and a priest holds a book.
^Roman Breviary:Saint Urban began to make his orison to God; and anon the idol fell down and slew twenty-two priests of the law that held fire for to make sacrifice.
