Pope Paul VI[a] (bornGiovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini;[b] 26 September 1897 – 6 August 1978) was head of theCatholic Church and sovereign of theVatican City State from 21 June 1963 until his death on 6 August 1978. SucceedingJohn XXIII, he continued theSecond Vatican Council, which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms. He fostered improved ecumenical relations withEastern Orthodox andProtestant churches, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements. In January 1964,he flew to Jordan, the first time a reigning pontiff had left Italy in more than a century.[8]
He reconvened the Second Vatican Council, which had been suspended during the interregnum. After its conclusion, Paul VI took charge of the interpretation and implementation of its mandates, finely balancing the conflicting expectations of various Catholic groups. The resulting reforms were among the widest and deepest in the Church's history.
Paul VI spoke repeatedly to Marian conventions andMariological meetings, visited Marian shrines and issued threeMarian encyclicals. FollowingAmbrose of Milan, he named Mary as theMother of the Church during the Second Vatican Council.[10] He described himself as a humble servant of a suffering humanity and demanded significant changes from the rich in North America and Europe in favour of the poor in theThird World.[11] His opposition tobirth control was published in the 1968 encyclicalHumanae vitae.
Pope Benedict XVI, citing hisheroic virtue, proclaimed himvenerable on 20 December 2012.Pope Francisbeatified Paul VI on 19 October 2014, after the recognition of a miracle attributed to his intercession. His liturgical feast was celebrated on the date of his birth, 26 September, until 2019 when it was changed to the date of his priestly ordination, 29 May.[1] Pope Franciscanonised him on 14 October 2018. Paul VI is the most recent pope to take thepontifical name "Paul".
Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini was born in the village ofConcesio, in theProvince of Brescia,Lombardy, Italy, in 1897. His father,Giorgio Montini (1860–1943), was a lawyer, journalist, director of theCatholic Action, and member of the Italian Parliament. His mother, Giudetta Alghisi (1874–1943), was from a family of rural nobility. He had two brothers, Francesco Montini (1900–1971), who became a physician, andLodovico Montini (1896–1990), who became a lawyer and politician.[12][13] On 30 September 1897, he was baptised with the name Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini.[14] He attended the Cesare Arici school, run by theJesuits, and in 1916 received a diploma from theArnaldo da Brescia public school inBrescia. His education was often interrupted by bouts of illness.
Montini had just one foreign posting in the diplomatic service of the Holy See as Secretary in the office of the papalnuncio toPoland in 1923. Of thenationalism he experienced there he wrote: "This form of nationalism treats foreigners as enemies, especially foreigners with whom one has common frontiers. Then one seeks the expansion of one's own country at the expense of the immediate neighbours. People grow up with a feeling of being hemmed in. Peace becomes a transient compromise between wars."[19] He described his experience in Warsaw as "useful, though not always joyful".[20] When he became pope, theCommunist government of Poland refused him permission to visit Poland on a Marian pilgrimage.
Montini photographed alongsidePope Pius XII during his service at the Secretariat of State
His organisational skills led him to a career in theRoman Curia, the papal civil service. On 19 October 1925, he was appointed apapal chamberlain in the rank of Supernumerary Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness.[21] In 1931, CardinalEugenio Pacelli appointed him to teach history at the Pontifical Academy for Diplomats;[22] he was promoted to Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on 8 July of the same year.[23] On 24 September 1936, he was appointed a Referendary Prelate of the Supreme Tribunal of theApostolic Signatura.[24]
Pacelli becamePope Pius XII in 1939 and confirmed Montini's appointment as Substitute under the newCardinal Secretary of StateLuigi Maglione. In that role, roughly that of a chief of staff, he met the Pope every morning until 1954 and developed a rather close relationship with him. Of his service to two popes he wrote:
It is true, my service to the Pope was not limited to the political or extraordinary affairs according to Vatican language. The goodness of Pope Pius XII opened to me the opportunity to look into the thoughts, even into the soul of this great pontiff. I could quote many details how Pius XII, always using measured and moderate speech, was hiding, nay revealing a noble position of great strength and fearless courage.[28]
When war broke out, Maglione, Tardini, and Montini were the principal figures in theSecretariat of State of the Holy See.[29][page needed] Montini dispatched "ordinary affairs" in the morning, while in the afternoon he moved informally to the third floor Office of the Private Secretary of the Pontiff, serving in place of a personal secretary.[30] During the war years, he replied to thousands of letters from all parts of the world with understanding and prayer, and arranging for help when possible.[30]
At the request of the Pope, Montini created an information office regarding prisoners of war and refugees, which from 1939 to 1947 received almost ten million requests for information about missing persons and produced over eleven million replies.[31] Montini was several times attacked byBenito Mussolini's government for meddling in politics, but the Holy See consistently defended him.[32] When Maglione died in 1944, Pius XII appointed Tardini and Montini as joint heads of the Secretariat, each a Pro-Secretary of State. Montini described Pius XII with a filial admiration:
His richly cultivated mind, his unusual capacity for thought and study led him to avoid all distractions and every unnecessary relaxation. He wished to enter fully into the history of his own afflicted time: with a deep understanding, that he was himself a part of that history. He wished to participate fully in it, to share his sufferings in his own heart and soul.[33]
As Pro-Secretary of State, Montini coordinated the activities of assistance to persecuted fugitives hidden in Catholic convents, parishes, seminaries, and schools.[34]At the Pope's instruction, Montini,Ferdinando Baldelli, andOtto Faller established thePontificia Commissione di Assistenza (Pontifical Commission for Assistance), which supplied a large number of Romans and refugees from everywhere with shelter, food and other necessities. In Rome alone it distributed almost two million portions of free food in 1944.[35] The Papal Residence ofCastel Gandolfo was opened to refugees, as was Vatican City in so far as space allowed. Some 15,000 lived in Castel Gandolfo, supported by the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza.[35] Montini was also involved in the re-establishment of Church Asylum, extending protection to hundreds of Allied soldiers escaped from prison camps, to Jews, anti-Fascists, Socialists, Communists, and after the liberation of Rome, to German soldiers, partisans, displaced persons and others.[36] As pope in 1971, Montini turned the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza intoCaritas Italiana.[37]
On 12 December 1954, Pius XII delivered a radio address from his sick bed about Montini's appointment to the crowd in St. Peter's Basilica.[39] Both Montini and the Pope had tears in their eyes when Montini departed for his diocese with its 1,000 churches, 2,500 priests and 3,500,000 souls.[40] On 5 January 1955, Montini formally took possession of hisCathedral of Milan. Montini settled well into his new tasks among all groups of the faithful in the city, meeting cordially with intellectuals, artists, and writers.[41]
Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini in 1959; photo byTullio Farabola
In his first months, Montini showed his interest in working conditions and labour issues by speaking to many unions and associations. He initiated the building of over 100 new churches, believing them the only non-utilitarian buildings in modern society, places for spiritual rest.[42]
His public speeches were noticed inMilan, Rome, and elsewhere. Some[who?] considered him a liberal when he asked lay people to love not only Catholics but also schismatics,[definition needed] Protestants, Anglicans, the indifferent, Muslims, pagans, and atheists.[43] He gave a friendly welcome to a group of Anglican clergy visiting Milan in 1957 and subsequently exchanged letters with theArchbishop of Canterbury,Geoffrey Fisher.[44]
Pope Pius XII revealed at the 1952 secret consistory that both Montini and Tardini had declined appointments to the cardinalate,[45][46]and, in fact, Montini was never to be made a cardinal by Pius XII, who held no consistory and created no cardinals between the time he appointed Montini to Milan and his own death four years later. After Montini's friend Angelo Roncalli becamePope John XXIII, he made Montini a cardinal in December 1958.
When the new pope announcedan ecumenical council, Cardinal Montini reacted with disbelief and said toGiulio Bevilacqua: "This old boy does not know what a hornets nest he is stirring up."[47] Montini was appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission in 1961. During the council, Pope John XXIII asked him to live in the Vatican, where he was a Commission for Extraordinary Affairs member, though he did not engage much in the floor debates. His main advisor wasGiovanni Colombo, whom he later appointed as his successor in Milan[48] The commission was significantly overshadowed by the insistence of John XXIII that the Council complete all its work before Christmas 1962, to coincide with the 400th anniversary of theCouncil of Trent, an insistence which may have also been influenced by the Pope's having recently been told that he had cancer.[49]
John had a vision but "did not have a clear agenda. His rhetoric seems to have had a note of over-optimism, a confidence in progress, which was characteristic of the 1960s."[50]
During his period in Milan, Montini was widely seen as a progressive member of the Catholic hierarchy. He adopted new approaches to reach the faithful with pastoral care and carried through the liturgical reforms of Pius XII at the local level. For example, huge posters announced throughout the city that 1,000 voices would speak to them from 10 to 24 November 1957: more than 500 priests and many bishops, cardinals, and lay people delivered 7,000 sermons, not only in churches but in factories, meeting halls, houses, courtyards, schools, offices, military barracks, hospitals, hotels and wherever people congregated.[51] His goal was re-introducing faith to a city without much religion. "If only we can sayOur Father and know what this means, then we would understand the Christian faith."[52]
Pius XII asked Archbishop Montini to Rome in October 1957, where he gave the main presentation to the Second World Congress ofLay Apostolate. As Pro-Secretary of State, he had worked hard to form this worldwide organisation of lay people in 58 nations, representing 42 national organisations. He presented them to Pius XII in Rome in 1951. The second meeting in 1957 gave Montini an opportunity to express the lay apostolate in modern terms: "Apostolate means love. We will love all, but especially those, who need help... We will love our time, our technology, our art, our sports, our world."[53]
Cardinal Montini at the opening of the new building of theRAS, Milan, 1962; photo byPaolo Monti
On 20 June 1958,Saul Alinsky recalled meeting with Montini: "I had three wonderful meetings with Montini and I am sure that you have heard from him since." Alinsky also wrote toGeorge Nauman Shuster,[54] two days before the papal conclave that elected John XXIII: "No, I don't know who the next Pope will be, but if it's to be Montini, the drinks will be on me for years to come."[55]
Although some cardinals seem to have viewed Montini as a likelypapabile candidate, possibly receiving some votes in the1958 conclave,[56] he had the handicap of not yet being a cardinal.[c] Angelo Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 and took the name John XXIII. On 17 November 1958,L'Osservatore Romano announced a consistory for the creation of new cardinals, with Montini at the top of the list.[57] When the Pope raised Montini to the cardinalate on 15 December 1958, he becameCardinal-Priest ofSs. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. The Pope appointed him simultaneously to several Vatican congregations, drawing him frequently to Rome in the coming years.[58]
Cardinal Montini journeyed to Africa in 1962, visitingGhana,Sudan,Kenya,Congo,Rhodesia, South Africa, and Nigeria. After this journey, John XXIII called Montini to a private audience to report on his trip, speaking for several hours. In fifteen other trips, he visitedBrazil (1960) and the USA (1960), including New York City, Washington DC, Chicago, theUniversity of Notre Dame in Indiana, Boston,Philadelphia, andBaltimore. He usually vacationed inEngelberg Abbey, a secluded Benedictine monastery in Switzerland.[59]
Pope Paul VI appears on the central loggia after his election on 21 June 1963.Pope Paul VI crowned by CardinalAlfredo Ottaviani
Montini was generally seen as themost likely papal successor, being close to both Popes Pius XII and John XXIII, as well as his pastoral and administrative background, his insight, and his determination.[60] John XXIII had previously known the Vatican as an official until his appointment to Venice as a papal diplomat, but returning to Rome at age 66, he may at times have felt uncertain in dealing with the professionalRoman Curia. Montini, on the other hand, had learned its innermost workings while working in it for a generation.[60]
In the conclave after John XXIII's death, Montini was elected pope on the sixth ballot on 21 June. When theDean of the College of CardinalsEugène Tisserant asked if he accepted the election, Montini said"Accepto, in nomine Domini" ("I accept, in the name of the Lord"). He took the name "Paul VI" in honor ofPaul the Apostle.[61]
At one point during the conclave on 20 June, it was said that CardinalGustavo Testa lost his temper and demanded that opponents of Montini halt their efforts to thwart his election.[62] Montini, fearful of causing strife, started to rise to dissuade the cardinals from voting for him, but CardinalGiovanni Urbani dragged him back, muttering, "Eminence, shut up!"[63]
Of the papacy, Paul VI wrote in his journal: "The position is unique. It brings great solitude. 'I was solitary before, but now my solitude becomes complete and awesome.'"[64]
Less than two years later, on 2 May 1965, Paul informed thedean of the College of Cardinals that his health might make it impossible to function as pope. He wrote, "In case of infirmity, which is believed to be incurable or is of long duration and which impedesus from sufficiently exercising the functions of our apostolic ministry; or in the case of another serious and prolonged impediment", he would renounce his office "both as bishop of Rome as well as head of the same holy Catholic Church".[65]
Paul VI did away with much of the papacy's regal splendor.His coronation on 30 June 1963 was the lastsuch ceremony;[66] his successorPope John Paul I substituted aninauguration (which Paul had substantially modified, but which he left mandatory in his 1975apostolic constitutionRomano Pontifici Eligendo). At his coronation, Paul wore atiara presented by the Archdiocese of Milan. Near the end of the third session of theSecond Vatican Council in 1964, Paul VI descended the steps of the papal throne inSt. Peter's Basilica and ascended the altar, on which he laid the tiara as a sign of the renunciation of human glory and power in keeping with the innovative spirit of the council. It was announced that the tiara would be sold for charity.[67] The purchasers arranged for it to be displayed as a gift to American Catholics in the crypt of theBasilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C.
Pope Paul VI fully supported CardinalAugustin Bea, credited with ecumenical breakthroughs during the Second Vatican Council.
Paul VI decided to reconveneVatican II and completed it in 1965. Faced with conflicting interpretations and controversies, he directed the implementation of its reform goals.
During Vatican II, the council fathers avoided statements that might anger non-Catholic Christians.[68][page needed] CardinalAugustin Bea, the President of theChristian Unity Secretariat, always had the full support of Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language was friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox churches, whom he had invited to all sessions at the request ofPope John XXIII. Bea also was strongly involved in the passage ofNostra aetate, which regulates the Church's relations withJudaism and members of other religions.[d]
After being elected Bishop of Rome, Paul VI first met with the priests in his new diocese. He told them that he started a dialogue with the modern world in Milan and asked them to seek contact with people from all walks of life. Six days after his election, he announced that he would continue Vatican II and convened the opening on 29 September 1963.[38] In a radio address to the world, Paul VI praised his predecessors, the strength ofPius XI, the wisdom and intelligence ofPius XII, and the love ofJohn XXIII. As his pontifical goals, he mentioned the continuation and completion of Vatican II, theCanon Law reform, and improved social peace and justice worldwide. The unity of Christianity would be central to his activities.[38]
Pope Paul VI meets with the first Catholic U.S. president,John F. Kennedy, 2 July 1963.
He reminded the Council Fathers that only a few years earlier, Pope Pius XII had issued the encyclicalMystici corporis about themystical body of Christ. He asked them not to repeat or create new dogmatic definitions but to simply explain how the Church sees itself. He thanked the representatives of other Christian communities for their attendance and asked for their forgiveness if the Catholic Church was at fault for their separation. He also reminded the Council Fathers that many bishops from the East had been forbidden to attend by their national governments.[69]
Paul VI opened the third period on 14 September 1964, telling the Council Fathers that he viewed the text about the Church as the most important document to come out from the council. As the Council discussed the role of bishops in the papacy, Paul VI issued anexplanatory note confirming the primacy of the papacy, a step that was viewed by some as meddling in the council's affairs.[70] American bishops pushed for a speedy resolution on religious freedom, but Paul VI insisted this be approved together with related texts on topics such asecumenism.[71] The Pope concluded the session on 21 November 1964 with the formal pronouncement of Mary asMother of the Church.[71]
Between the third and fourth sessions, the Pope announced reforms in the areas ofRoman Curia, revision ofCanon law, regulations forinterfaith marriages, andbirth control issues. He opened the council's final session, concelebrating with bishops from countries where the Church was persecuted. Several texts proposed for his approval had to be changed, but all were finally agreed upon. The council was concluded on 8 December 1965: theFeast of the Immaculate Conception.[71]
In the council's final session, Paul VI announced that he would open the canonisation processes of his immediate predecessors: Pope Pius XII and Pope John XXIII.
According to Paul VI, "the most characteristic and ultimate purpose of the teachings of the Council" is theuniversal call to holiness:[72] "all the faithful of Christ of whatever rank or status, are called to the fullness of the Christian life and to the perfection of charity; by this holiness as such a more human manner of living is promoted in this earthly society." This teaching is found inLumen Gentium, the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, promulgated by Paul VI on 21 November 1964.
On 14 September 1965, he established theSynod of Bishops as a permanent institution of the Catholic Church and an advisory body to the papacy. Several meetings were held on specific issues during his pontificate, such as the Synod of Bishops on evangelization in the modern world, which started on 9 September 1974.[73]
Pope Paul VI knew theRoman Curia well, having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954. He implemented his reforms in stages. On 1 March 1968, he issued a regulation, a process initiated by Pius XII and continued by John XXIII. On 28 March, withPontificalis Domus, and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years, he revamped the entire Curia, which included reduction of bureaucracy, streamlining of existing congregations, and a broader representation of non-Italians in the Curial positions.[74]
On 6 August 1966, Paul VI asked all bishops to submit their resignations to the pontiff by their 75th birthday. They were not required to do so but "earnestly requested of their own free will to tender their resignation from office".[75] He extended this request to all cardinals inIngravescentem aetatem on 21 November 1970, with the further provision that cardinals would relinquish their offices in theRoman Curia upon reaching their 80th birthday.[76] These retirement rules enabled the Pope to fill several positions with younger prelates and reduce the Italian domination of the Roman Curia.[77] His 1970 measures also revolutionised papal elections by restricting the right to vote inpapal conclaves to cardinals who had not yet reached their 80th birthday,[78] a class known since then as "cardinal electors". This reduced the power of the Italians and the Curia in the next conclave. Some senior cardinals objected to losing their voting privilege without effect.[79][80]Paul VI's measures also limited the number of cardinal electors to a maximum of 120, a rule disregarded on several occasions by each of his successors. Previously, Paul VI himself had been the first pope to increase the number above 120 (from82 in 1963 to 134in April 1969; but he reduced the number of cardinal electors below 120 in 1971 by simultaneously introducing the voting age limit).
Some prelates questioned whether he should not apply these retirement rules to himself.[81] When Pope Paul was asked towards the end of his papacy whether he would retire at age 80, he replied "Kings can abdicate, Popes cannot."[82]
Reform of theliturgy, an aim of the 20th-centuryliturgical movement, mainly in France and Germany, was officially recognised as legitimate by Pius XII in his encyclicalMediator Dei. During his pontificate, he eased regulations on the obligatory use of Latin in Catholic liturgies, permitting some use of vernacular languages during baptisms, funerals, and other events. In 1951 and 1955, he revised the Easter liturgies, most notably that of theEaster Triduum.[83] TheSecond Vatican Council (1962–1965) gave some directives in its documentSacrosanctum Concilium for a general revision of theRoman Missal. Within four years of the close of the council, Paul VI promulgated in 1969 the first postconciliar edition, which included three newEucharistic Prayers in addition to theRoman Canon, until then the onlyanaphora in theRoman Rite. Use ofvernacular languages was expanded by decision ofepiscopal conferences, not by papal command. In addition to his revision of theRoman Missal, Pope Paul VI issued instructions in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969, and 1970, reforming other elements of the liturgy of the Roman Church.[84]
These reforms were not universally welcomed. Questions were raised about the need to replace the1962 Roman Missal, which, though decreed on 23 June 1962,[85] became available only in 1963, a few months before the Second Vatican Council'sSacrosanctum Concilium decree ordered that it be altered.[86] Attachment to it led to open ruptures, of which the most widely known is that ofMarcel Lefebvre.Pope John Paul II granted bishops the right to authorise the use of the 1962 Missal (Quattuor abhinc annos andEcclesia Dei) and in 2007Pope Benedict XVI, while stating that the Mass of Paul VI and John Paul II "obviously is and continues to be the normal Form – theForma ordinaria – of the Eucharistic Liturgy",[87] gave general permission to priests of theLatin Church to use either the 1962 Missal or the post-Vatican II Missal both privately and, under certain conditions, publicly.[88] In 2021, Pope Francis removed many of faculties granted by Pope Benedict XVI with the publishing of hismotu proprio,Traditionis Custodes, thus limiting the use of 1962 Roman Missal.[89]
Pope Paul VI during an October 1973 audiencePope Paul VI atMount Tabor, during his 1964 visit to Israel
To Paul VI, a dialogue with all of humanity was essential not as an aim but as a means to find the truth. According to Paul, dialogue is based on the full equality of all participants. This equality is rooted in the common search for the truth.[90] He said: "Those who have the truth, are in a position as not having it, because they are forced to search for it every day in a deeper and more perfect way. Those who do not have it, but search for it with their whole heart, have already found it."[90]
In 1964, Paul VI created a Secretariat for non-Christians, later renamed thePontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, and a year later, a new Secretariat (later Pontifical Council) for Dialogue with Non-Believers. This latter one was in 1993 incorporated by Pope John Paul II in thePontifical Council for Culture, which he had established in 1982. In 1971, Paul VI created a papal office for economic development and catastrophic assistance. To foster common bonds with all persons of goodwill, he decreed an annual peace day to be celebrated on 1 January every year. Trying to improve the condition of Christians behind theIron Curtain, Paul VI engaged in dialogue with Communist authorities at several levels, receiving Foreign MinisterAndrei Gromyko andChairman of thePresidium of the Supreme SovietNikolai Podgorny in 1966 and 1967 in the Vatican. The situation of the Church inHungary,Poland, andRomania improved during his pontificate.[91]
The countries visited by Pope Paul VIRelief commemorating Pope Paul VI's visit to Nazareth, 5 January 1964Pope Paul VI's diamond ring and cross donated to the United Nations
Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents. He was also the first pontiff to travel on an airplane, visit the Holy Land on pilgrimage, and travel outside Italy in a century. He travelled more widely than any of his predecessors, earning the nickname "the Pilgrim Pope". He visited theHoly Land in 1964 and participated inEucharistic congresses inBombay, India, andBogotá, Colombia. In 1966, he was twice denied permission to visitPoland for the thousandth anniversary of theintroduction of Christianity in Poland. In 1967, he visited the shrine ofOur Lady of Fátima inPortugal on the fiftieth anniversary of theapparitions there. He undertook a pastoral visit to Uganda in 1969,[92] the first by a reigning pope to Africa.[93] Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff to visit the Western hemisphere when he addressed the United Nations in New York City in October 1965.[e] As the U.S. involvement in theVietnam War was escalating, Paul VI pleaded for peace before the U.N.:
Our very brief visit has given us a great honour; that of proclaiming to the whole world, from the Headquarters of the United Nations, Peace! We shall never forget this extraordinary hour. Nor can We bring it to a more fitting conclusion than by expressing the wish that this central seat of human relationships for the civil peace of the world may ever be conscious and worthy of this high privilege.[98]
No more war, never again war. Peace, it is peace that must guide the destinies of people and of all mankind."[99]
Shortly after arriving atManila International Airport, the Philippines on 27 November 1970, the Pope, closely followed by PresidentFerdinand Marcos and personal aidePasquale Macchi, who was private secretary to Pope Paul VI, were encountered suddenly by a crew-cut, cassock-clad man who tried to attack the Pope with a knife. Macchi pushed the man away; police identified the would-be assassin asBenjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores ofLa Paz, Bolivia. Mendoza was an artist living in the Philippines. The Pope continued his trip and thanked Marcos and Macchi, who had moved to protect him during the attack.[100]
Like his predecessorPius XII, Paul VI put much emphasis on the dialogue with all nations of the world through establishing diplomatic relations. The number of foreign embassies accredited to the Vatican doubled during his pontificate.[101] This was a reflection of a new understanding between church and state, which had been formulated first byPius XI and Pius XII but decreed by Vatican II. The pastoral constitutionGaudium et spes stated that the Catholic Church is not bound to any form of government and is willing to cooperate with all forms. The Church maintained its right to select bishops on its own without any interference by the State.[102]
Pope Paul VI sent one of 73Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages toNASA for the historic first lunar landing. The message still rests on the lunar surface. It has the words of the8th Psalm, and the Pope wrote, "To the Glory of the name of God who gives such power to men, we ardently pray for this wonderful beginning."[103]
Pope Paul VI made extensive contributions toMariology (theological teaching and devotions) during his pontificate. Given its new ecumenical orientation, he attempted to present the Marian teachings of the church. In his inaugural encyclicalEcclesiam suam (section below), the Pope called Mary the ideal of Christian perfection. He regards "devotion to the Mother of God as of paramount importance in living the life of the Gospel."[104]
Ecclesiam suam was given at St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, on theFeast of the Transfiguration, 6 August 1964, the second year of his pontificate. Paul VI appealed to "all people of good will" and discussed necessary dialogues within the Church, between the churches, and with atheism.[73]
The encyclicalMense maio (from 29 April 1965) focused on the Virgin Mary, to whom traditionally the month of May is dedicated as the Mother of God. Paul VI writes that Mary is rightly regarded as how people are led to Christ. Therefore, the person who encounters Mary cannot help but encounter Christ.[105]
On 3 September 1965, Paul VI issuedMysterium fidei, on theEucharist. The encyclical critiques certain contemporary Eucharistic theologies and liturgical practices perceived to undermine traditional Catholic doctrine. The Church, according to Paul VI, has no reason to give up the deposit of faith in such a vital matter.[73]
On 15 September 1966, Paul VI issuedChristi Matri, a request for the faithful to pray for peace during October 1966. As reasons for this call to prayer, Paul VI alludes to theVietnam War and lists concern about "the growingnuclear armaments race, the senseless nationalism, the racism, the obsession for revolution, the separations imposed upon citizens, the nefarious plots, the slaughter of innocent people."[106]
Populorum progressio, released on 26 March 1967, dealt with "the development of peoples" and that the world's economy should serve humanity and not just a few. It develops traditional principles of Catholic social teaching, including the right to a just wage, the right to security of employment, the right to fair and reasonable working conditions, the right to join a union, and theuniversal destination of goods.
In addition,Populorum progressio opines that real peace in the world is conditional on justice. He repeated his demands expressed in Bombay in 1964 for a large-scale World Development Organization as a matter of international justice and peace. He rejected notions of instigating revolution and force in changing economic conditions.[107]
Sacerdotalis caelibatus (Latin for "Of the celibate priesthood"), promulgated on 24 June 1967, defends the Catholic Church's tradition ofpriestly celibacy in the West. Written in response to postconciliar questioning of the discipline of clerical celibacy, the encyclical reaffirms the historical ecclesiastical discipline that because celibacy is an ideal state, it continues to be mandatory for priests. To Catholic conceptions of the priesthood, celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society. The priestly celibacy is closely linked to the sacramental priesthood.[73] However, during his pontificate, Paul VI was permissive in allowing bishops to grantlaicisation of priests who wanted to leave thesacerdotal state.John Paul II changed this policy in 1980, and the 1983 Code ofCanon Law made it explicit that only the Pope can, in exceptional circumstances, grant laicization.
Of his seven encyclicals, Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclicalHumanae vitae (Of Human Life, subtitledOn the Regulation of Birth), published on 25 July 1968, responding to the findings of thePontifical Commission on Birth Control, affirming the minority report. The encyclical reaffirmed the Catholic Church's prior condemnation ofartificial birth control.[108] The expressed views of Paul VI reflected the teachings of his predecessors, especiallyPius XI,[109]Pius XII[110] andJohn XXIII.[111]
The encyclical teaches that marriage constitutes a union of the loving couple with a loving God, in which the two persons cooperate with God in the creation of a new person. For this reason, the encyclicals that the transmission of human life is a most serious role in which married people collaborate freely and responsibly with God.[112] This divine partnership, according to Paul VI, does not allow for arbitrary human decisions, which may limit divine providence. The Pope does not paint an overly romantic picture of marriage: marital relations are a source of great joy, but also of difficulties and hardships.[112] The question of human procreation exceeds in the view of Paul VI specific disciplines such asbiology,psychology,demography orsociology.[113] The reason for this, according to Paul VI, is that married love takes its origin from God, who "is love". From this basic dignity, he defines his position:
Love is total—that very special form of personal friendship in which husband and wife generously share everything, allowing no unreasonable exceptions and not thinking solely of their own convenience. Whoever really loves his partner loves not only for what he receives, but loves that partner for the partner's own sake, content to be able to enrich the other with the gift of himself.[114]
The reaction to the continued prohibitions of artificial birth control was mixed. The encyclical was welcomed in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Poland.[115] In Latin America, much support developed for the Pope and his encyclical. AsWorld Bank presidentRobert McNamara declared at the 1968Annual Meeting of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group that countries permitting birth control practices would get preferential access to resources, doctors inLa Paz, Bolivia, called it insulting that money should be exchanged for the conscience of a Catholic nation. In Colombia, Cardinal ArchbishopAníbal Muñoz Duque declared, "If American conditionality undermines Papal teachings, we prefer not to receive one cent."[116] TheSenate of Bolivia passed a resolution stating thatHumanae vitae could be discussed in its implications for individual consciences but was of greatest significance because the papal document defended the rights of developing nations to determine their own population policies.[116] TheJesuit journalSic dedicated one edition to the encyclical with supportive contributions.[117]
Paul VI was concerned but not surprised by the adverse reaction in Western Europe and the United States. He fully anticipated this reaction to be a temporary one: "Don't be afraid," he reportedly toldEdouard Gagnon on the eve of the encyclical, "in twenty years' time, they'll call me a prophet."[118] His biography on the Vatican's website notes his reaffirmations of priestly celibacy and the traditional teaching on contraception that "[t]he controversies over these two pronouncements tended to overshadow the last years of his pontificate".[119]Pope John Paul II later reaffirmed and expanded uponHumanae vitae with the encyclicalEvangelium vitae.
By taking the name of Paul, the newly elected pope showed his intention to takePaul the Apostle as a model for his papal ministry.[120] In 1967, when he reorganised the Roman Curia, Pope Paul renamed the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith as theCongregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. Pope Paul was the first pope in history to make apostolic journeys to other continents.[120] The Pope chose the theme ofevangelism for the synod of bishops in 1974. From materials generated by that synod, he composed the 1975 apostolic exhortation on evangelisation,Evangelii nuntiandi.[120]
After the council, Paul VI contributed in two ways to the continued growth of ecumenical dialogue: Theseparated brothers and sisters, as he called them, could not contribute to the council as invited observers. After the council, many took the initiative to seek out their Catholic counterparts and the Pope in Rome, who welcomed such visits. However, the Catholic Church recognized from the many previous ecumenical encounters that much needed to be done within to be an open partner forecumenism.[121] To those entrusted with the highest and deepest truth, therefore, Paul VI believed that he had the most challenging part to communicate. Ecumenical dialogue, in the view of Paul VI, requires from a Catholic the whole person: one's entire reason, will, and heart.[122] Paul VI, like Pius XII before him, was reluctant to give in on a lowest possible point. And yet, Paul felt compelled to admit his ardent Gospel-based desire to be everything to everybody and to help all people[123] Being the successor of Peter, he felt the words of Christ, "Do you love me more" like a sharp knife penetrating to the marrow of his soul. These words meant to Paul VI love without limits,[124] and they underscore the church's fundamental approach to ecumenism.
Paul VI visited the Eastern Orthodox Apostolic Patriarchs ofJerusalem andConstantinople in 1964 and 1967. He was the first pope since the ninth century to visit the East, labelling the Eastern Churches as sister churches.[125] He was also the first pope in centuries to meet the heads of variousEastern Orthodox communities. Notably, his meeting withEcumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I in 1964 inJerusalem led to rescinding theexcommunications of theGreat Schism, which took place in 1054.[126]
This was a significant step towards restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople. It produced theCatholic-Eastern Orthodox Apostolic Joint Declaration of 1965, read on 7 December 1965, simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul. The declaration did not end the schism but showed a desire for greater reconciliation between the two churches.[125] In May 1973, theCoptic PatriarchShenouda III of Alexandria from theCoptic Orthodox Church visited the Vatican, where he met three times with Pope Paul VI. A common declaration and a jointcreed issued after the visit proclaimed unity in a number of theological issues,[101] but also that other theological differences "since the year 451" "cannot be ignored" while both traditions work to a greater unity.[127]
Paul VI was the first pope to receive anAnglicanArchbishop of Canterbury,Michael Ramsey, in official audience as Head of Church, after the private audience visit of ArchbishopGeoffrey Fisher toPope John XXIII on 2 December 1960.[128] Ramsey met Paul three times during his visit and opened theAnglican Centre in Rome to increase their mutual knowledge.[129] He praised Paul VI[f] and his contributions in the service of unity.[129] Paul replied, "By entering into our house, you are entering your own house; we are happy to open our door and heart to you."[129] The two church leaders signed a joint declaration, ending past disputes and outlining a common future agenda.
CardinalAugustin Bea, the head of theSecretariat for Promoting Christian Unity, added at the end of the visit, "Let us move forward in Christ. God wants it. Humanity is waiting for it."[130] Unmoved by a harsh condemnation by the Congregation of Faith on mixed marriages precisely at this time of the visit, Paul VI and Ramsey appointed a preparatory commission which was to put the common agenda into practice on such issues as mixed marriages. This resulted in a joint Malta declaration, the first joint agreement on theCreed since theReformation.[131] Paul VI was a good friend of the Anglican Church, which he described as "our beloved sister Church." This description was unique to Paul and not used by later popes.
In 1965, Paul VI decided to create a joint working group with theWorld Council of Churches to map all possible avenues of dialogue and cooperation. Eight sessions were held in the following three years, resulting in many joint proposals.[132] It was proposed to work closely together in social justice and development and "Third World" issues such as hunger and poverty. On the religious side, it was agreed to be shared in theWeek of Prayer for Christian Unity, which would be held annually. The joint working group was to prepare texts which were to be used by all Christians.[133] On 19 July 1968, the meeting of the World Council of Churches took place inUppsala, Sweden, which Pope Paul called a sign of the times. He sent his blessing ecumenically: "May the Lord bless everything you do for the case of Christian Unity."[134] The World Council of Churches decided on including Catholic theologians in its committees, provided they have the backing of the Vatican.[citation needed]
TheLutherans were the first Protestant church offering a dialogue to the Catholic Church in September 1964 inReykjavík, Iceland.[135] It resulted in joint study groups of several issues. The dialogue with theMethodist Church began in October 1965, after its representatives officially applauded the past five years' remarkable changes, friendship, and cooperation. TheReformed Churches entered four years later into a dialogue with the Catholic Church.[136] The President of theLutheran World Federation and member of the central committee of the World Council of ChurchesFredrik A. Schiotz stated during the 450th anniversary of theReformation, that earlier commemorations were viewed almost as a triumph. He welcomed the announcement of Pope Paul VI to celebrate the 1900th anniversary of the death of theApostle Peter andApostle Paul, and promised participation and co-operation in the festivities.[137]
Paul VI supported the new-found harmony and cooperation with Protestants on many levels. When CardinalAugustin Bea went to see him for permission for a joint Catholic-Protestant translation of the Bible with Protestant Bible societies, the Pope walked towards him and exclaimed, "As far as the cooperation withBible societies is concerned, I am totally in favour."[138] He issued a formal approval onPentecost 1967, the feast on which theHoly Spirit descended on the Christians, overcoming all linguistic difficulties, according to Christian tradition.[139]
Paul VI makes Karol Wojtyła (the futurePope John Paul II) a cardinal in 1967.Paul VI with Joseph Ratzinger (the futurePope Benedict XVI) who was created cardinal in the 1977 consistory
Pope Paul VI held sixconsistories between 1965 and 1977 that raised 143 men to thecardinalate in his fifteen years as pope:
22 February 1965, 27 cardinals
26 June 1967, 27 cardinals
28 April 1969, 34 cardinals
5 March 1973, 30 cardinals
24 May 1976, 20 cardinals
27 June 1977, 4 cardinals
The successive three popes were createdcardinals by him. His immediate successor, Albino Luciani, who took the namePope John Paul I, was created a cardinal in the consistory of 5 March 1973. Karol Józef Wojtyła (laterPope John Paul II) was created a cardinal in the consistory of 26 June 1967. Joseph Ratzinger (laterPope Benedict XVI) was made a cardinal in the small four-appointment consistory of 27 June 1977 that was the Pope's last.[140] Paul VI namedŠtěpán Trochta andIuliu Hossu as cardinals "in pectore" in 1969 and only revealed Hossu's name in 1973 after Hossu died while formally naming Trochta. Similarly, Paul VI named bothFrantišek Tomášek andJoseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê "in pectore" in 1976, only announcing the former in 1977 and the latter at the 1976 consistory itself, a month after having announced it and his hidden selection.
With the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalisation policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII. In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives.[140] Several prominent Latin Americans likeEduardo Francisco Pironio of Argentina;Luis Aponte Martinez ofPuerto Rico,Eugênio de Araújo Sales andAloisio Lorscheider from Brazil were also elevated by him. There were voices within the church at the time saying that the European period of the church was coming to a close, a view shared by Britain's CardinalBasil Hume.[140] At the same time, the members of the College of Cardinals lost some of their previous influences, after Paul VI decreed, that membership by bishops in committees and other bodies of the Roman Curia would not be limited to cardinals. The age limit of eighty years imposed by the Pope, a numerical increase of Cardinals by almost 100%, and a reform of the formal dress of the "Princes of the Church" further contributed to a service-oriented perception of Cardinals under his pontificate. The increased number of Cardinals from the Third World and the papal emphasis on related issues were nevertheless welcomed by many in Western Europe.[140] The consistory of 1969 was the largest consistory since 1946 and would be surpassed later in 2001.
In 1965, the theologianRomano Guardini declined an invitation by Paul VI to be inducted into the College of Cardinals. In 1967, he also intended to nominatePietro Sigismondi, but he died a month before the consistory was held. Also in 1967, according to the memoirs ofLouis Bouyer, Paul VI intended to name Bouyer to the cardinalate after the Second Vatican Council; however, Paul VI was forced to abandon the idea after realizing that the French episcopacy would not warmly receive the appointment since Bouyer had been very critical of many of the positions taken by the French bishops. Other sources indicate that the Pope intended to name his friendJacques Maritain to the cardinalate in 1969. Not only did Maritain decline, but if he had been elevated, it would have made him the firstlay cardinal since 1858.[141] On 22 February 1969, Paul VI and Monsignor Hieronymus Menges discussed nominating Iuliu Hossu andÁron Márton to the cardinalate (Pius XII dropped an idea to name Márton to the cardinalate in 1946), however, Márton's potential elevation was not considered acceptable, hence, Hossu was namedin pectore since the Romanians would not have accepted Hossu either.[142]
In 1976, Paul VI became the first pontiff in the modern era to deny the accusation ofhomosexuality. On 29 December 1975, the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued a document entitledPersona Humana: Declaration on Certain Questions concerning Sexual Ethics, that reaffirmed church teaching that premarital or extramarital sex, homosexual activity, and masturbation are sinful acts.[143][144] In response,Roger Peyrefitte, who had already written in two of his books that Paul VI had a longtime homosexual relationship, repeated his charges in a magazine interview with a French gay magazine that, when reprinted in Italian, brought the rumours to a wider public and caused an uproar. He said that the Pope was a hypocrite who had a long-term sexual relationship with an actor.[145][146][147] Widespread rumours identified the actor asPaolo Carlini,[148] who had a small part in theAudrey Hepburn filmRoman Holiday (1953). In a brief address to a crowd of approximately 20,000 in St Peter's Square on 18 April 1976, Paul VI called the charges "horrible and slanderous insinuations" and appealed for prayers on his behalf. Special prayers for the Pope were said in all Italian Catholic churches in "a day of consolation".[146][148][g] The charges have resurfaced periodically. In 1994, Franco Bellegrandi, a former Vatican honour chamberlain and correspondent for the Vatican newspaperL'Osservatore Romano, alleged that Paul VI had been blackmailed and had promoted other gay men to positions of power within the Vatican.[150] In 2006, the newspaperL'Espresso reported that the private papers of police commander General Giorgio Manes confirmed the blackmail story as true, and that Italian Prime MinisterAldo Moro had been asked to help.[148][151]
Paul VI had been in good health prior to his pontifical election. His health following his papal election took a turn when he needed to undergo a serious operation to treat an enlargedprostate. The Pope procrastinated in this but relented in November 1967; the operation took place on a simple table in an improvised operating theatre in the papal apartments by a team led by ProfessorPietro Valdoni. The Vatican was delicate in their description of what the Pope underwent and referred to it as "the malaise from which the Holy Father had been suffering for weeks". As a result of the delay in having the operation, the Pope had to wear acatheter for a period following the operation and still was by December.[152]
The Pope discussed business from his bed about 48 hours after the operation with CardinalAmleto Giovanni Cicognani and at that point was offintravenous feeding in favour of orange juice and hot broth. Cardinal Cicognani said the Pope was "in good general condition" and that he spoke in a "clear and firm voice". The Pope's two brothers also visited him at his bedside following a "tranquil night" for the Pope. The doctors also reported the Pope's condition to have been "excellent".[153]
On 16 March 1978, formerItalian prime ministerAldo Moro—a friend of Paul VI's from his FUCI student days—was kidnapped by a far-left Italian terrorist group known as theRed Brigades. The kidnapping kept the country and the Pope in suspense for 55 days.[154] On 20 April, Moro directly appealed to the Pope to intervene asPope Pius XII had intervened in the case of ProfessorGiuliano Vassalli in the same situation.[155] The eighty-year-old Paul VI wrote a letter to theRed Brigades:
I have no mandate to speak to you, and I am not bound by any private interests in his regard. But I love him as a member of the great human family as a friend of student days and by a very special title as a brother in faith and as a son of the Church of Christ. I make an appeal that you will certainly not ignore. On my knees I beg you, free Aldo Moro, simply without conditions, not so much because of my humble and well-meaning intercession, but because he shares with you the common dignity of a brother in humanity. Men of the Red Brigades, leave me, the interpreter of the voices of so many of our fellow citizens, the hope that in your heart feelings of humanity will triumph. In prayer and always loving you I await proof of that.[155]
Some in the Italian government accused the Pope of treating the Red Brigades too kindly. Paul VI continued looking for ways to pay ransom for Moro, but his efforts were fruitless. On 9 May, the bullet-riddled body of Aldo Moro was found in a car in Rome.[156] Pope Paul VI later celebrated his State Funeral Mass.
Pope Paul VI left theVatican to go to the papal summer residence, thePalace of Castel Gandolfo, on 14 July 1978, visiting on the way the tomb of CardinalGiuseppe Pizzardo,[157] who had introduced him to the Vatican half a century earlier. Although he was sick, he agreed to see the newItalian PresidentSandro Pertini for over two hours. In the evening he watched aWestern on television, happy only when he saw "horses, the most beautiful animals that God had created."[157] He had breathing problems and needed oxygen. On Sunday, at theFeast of the Transfiguration, he was tired, but wanted to say theAngelus. He was neither able nor permitted to do so and instead stayed in bed, his temperature rising.
Paul VI's body in the Vatican after his deathTomb of Paul VI following his canonisation in October 2018
From his bed he participated in Sunday Mass at 18:00. After receiving communion, the Pope suffered a massive heart attack, after which he lived on for three more hours. On 6 August 1978 at 21:41, Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo.[157] Before he died, the pontiff had been lucid after the first heart attack. An hour before his death, he said he felt dizzy and asked those present to continue the prayers in his stead. Present at his bedside at the time of his death were CardinalJean-Marie Villot, BishopGiuseppe Caprio, and his personal secretaryPasquale Macchi, as well as two nuns and his personal physician. By the time the Pope died, he was already confined to bed due to a flare up in his chronic joint arthritis and could not get up to personally celebrate the Mass.[158] Upon the initial heart attack, the Pope was immediately given oxygen; however, the Holy See indicated that his heart condition was aggravated by apulmonary edema, or the seeping of fluid into the lungs.
Paul VI left a will and a spiritual testament.[169] Those were released by the Vatican shortly after his death. In it, he asked for his burial to be simple, and that his correspondence, personal memos and other writings be destroyed. He also legated all his belongings to the Vatican.[170]
His position mirrors the statements attributed toPius XI: "a Pope may suffer but he must be able to function" and by Pius XII.[172] Pope Paul, reflecting onHamlet, wrote the following in a private note in 1978:
What is my state of mind? Am I Hamlet? OrDon Quixote? On the left? On the right? I do not think I have been properly understood. I am filled with 'great joy (Superabundo gaudio)' With all our affliction, I am overjoyed (2 Cor 2:4).[173]
His confessor, theJesuitPaolo Dezza, said that "this pope is a man of great joy",[64] and that:
If Paul VI was not a saint, when he was elected Pope, he became one during his pontificate. I was able to witness not only with what energy and dedication he toiled for Christ and the Church but also and above all, how much he suffered for Christ and the Church. I always admired not only his deep inner resignation but also his constant abandonment to divine providence.[174]
Archdiocese of Milan, Paul VI Pontifical Institute, Second Vatican Council, Diocese of Brescia, Concesio, Magenta, Paderno Dugnano
Tapestry of Paul VI on the occasion of his beatification on 19 October 2014Canonization Mass held on 14 October 2018
The diocesan process for beatification for Paul VI—titled then as aServant of God—opened in Rome on 11 May 1993 underPope John Paul II after the "nihil obstat" ("nothing against") was declared the previous 18 March. CardinalCamillo Ruini opened the diocesan process in Rome. The title of Servant of God is the first of four steps toward possiblecanonisation. The diocesan process concluded its business on 18 March 1998.[175]
On 12 December 2013, Vatican officials comprising a medical panel approved a supposed miracle that was attributed to the intercession of the late pontiff, which was the curing of an unborn child inCalifornia, U.S.A in the 1990s. This miracle was investigated in California from 7 July 2003 until 12 July 2004. It was expected thatPope Francis would approve the miracle in the near future, thus, warranting the beatification of the late pontiff.[177] In February 2014, it was reported that the consulting Vatican theologians to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints recognised the miracle attributed to the late pontiff on 18 February.[178]
On 24 April 2014, it was reported in the Italian magazineCredere that the late pope could possibly be beatified on 19 October 2014. This report from the magazine further stated that several cardinals and bishops would meet on 5 May to confirm the miracle that had previously been approved, and then present it to Pope Francis who may sign the decree for beatification shortly after that.[179] The Congregation for the Causes of Saints' cardinal and bishop members held that meeting and positively concluded that the healing was indeed a miracle that could be attributed to the late pope. The matter would then be presented by the Cardinal Prefect to the Pope for approval.[180]
The second miracle required for his canonisation was reported to have occurred in 2014 not long after his beatification. The vice-postulator, Antonio Lanzoni, suggested that the canonisation could be approved in the near future which would allow for the canonisation sometime in spring 2016; this did not materialise because the investigations were still ongoing at that stage.[181][182][183] It was further reported in January 2017 that Pope Francis was considering canonising Paul VI either in that year, or in 2018 (marking 40 years since the late pope's death), without the second miracle required for sainthood.[184] This too was proven false since the miracle from 2014 was being presented to the competent Vatican officials for assessment.
The late pope'sliturgicalfeast day was then established to be celebrated on the date of his birth, 26 September, rather than the day of his death, as is usual since the latter falls on theFeast of the Transfiguration, a major feast in the liturgical year.[185]
The final miracle needed for the late pope's canonisation was investigated inVerona, the investigation being closed on 11 March 2017. The miracle in question involves the healing of an unborn girl, Amanda Maria Paola (born 25 December 2014), after her parents (Vanna and Alberto) went to the Church ofSanta Maria delle Grazie, Brescia, to pray for the late pope's intercession the previous 29 October, just ten days after Paul VI was beatified.[186] The miracle regarding Amanda was the fact that she had survived for months despite the fact that theplacenta was broken. On 23 September, a month before the beatification, Amanda's mother Vanna Pironato (aged 35) was hospitalised due to the premature rupture of the placenta, with doctors declaring her pregnancy to be at great risk.[186] The documents regarding the alleged miracle were by then in Rome awaiting approval, with his canonisation depending on the miracle's confirmation.[187] Theologians advising the Congregation for the Causes of Saints voiced their approval to this miracle on 13 December 2017 (following the confirmation of doctors on 26 October) and had this sent to the cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. who had to vote on the cause also before taking it to Pope Francis for his approval. Brescian media reported the canonisation could take place in October 2018 to coincide withthe synod on the youth.[188][186] The cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. issued their unanimous approval to this miracle in their meeting held on 6 February 2018. Pope Francis confirmed that the canonisation would be approved and celebrated in 2018 in remarks made during a meeting with Roman priests on 14 February 2018.[189] On 6 March 2018, the Cardinal Secretary of StatePietro Parolin, speaking at a plenary meeting of the International Catholic Migration Commission in Rome, confirmed that Paul VI would be canonised in at the close of the synod on 28 October 2018.[190] On 6 March, the Pope confirmed the healing as a miracle, thereby approving Paul VI's canonisation; a consistory of cardinals on 19 May 2018 determined that the official date for Paul VI's canonisation, along with that of the assassinated Archbishop ofSan Salvador,Oscar Romero, would be 14 October 2018.[191]
Paul VI's liturgical feast day, which had previously been celebrated on 26 September, the date of his birth, was moved to 29 May, the day of his priestlyordination, in 2019.[1]
In 2011, newly uncovered documents went up for auction and contained, among other items, proof that beginning in September 1950, while then serving as deputy of foreign affairs for the Vatican, Montini worked with former Nazis and members of the Spanish military in planning for a mercenary style army to operate within the African continent. Another revelation was a letter from the priest of former Nazi Lieutenant ColonelOtto Skorzeny to Montini in which the priest praised Montini's efforts to fund, harbour, and give safe passage toformer Nazis evading Allied capture and punishment.[192]
Pope Paul VI continued the opening and internationalisation of the church that began underPius XII and implemented the reforms ofJohn XXIII and theSecond Vatican Council. Yet, unlike these popes, Paul VI faced criticism throughout his papacy from both traditionalists and liberals for steering a middle course during Vatican II and during the implementation of its reforms thereafter.[193] He expressed a desire for peace during theVietnam War.[194]
On basic Church teachings, the Pope was unwavering. On the tenth anniversary ofHumanae vitae, he reconfirmed this teaching.[195] In his style and methodology, he was a disciple of Pius XII, whom he deeply revered.[195] He suffered for the attacks on Pius XII for his alleged silences during the Holocaust.[195] Pope Paul VI was said to have been less intellectually gifted than his predecessors: he was not credited with an encyclopaedic memory, nor a gift for languages, nor the brilliant writing style of Pius XII,[196] nor did he have the charisma and outpouring love, sense of humor and human warmth of John XXIII. He took on himself the unfinished reform work of these two popes, bringing them diligently with great humility and common sense and without much fanfare to conclusion.[197] In doing so, Paul VI saw himself following in the footsteps of the Apostle Paul, who, being torn to several directions, said, "I am attracted to two sides at once, because the Cross always divides."[198]
Paul VI refused to excommunicate opponents. He admonished but did not punish those with other views. The new theological freedoms which he fostered resulted in a pluralism of opinions and uncertainties among the faithful.[199] New demands were voiced, which were taboo at the council: the reintegration of divorced Catholics, the sacramental character of the confession, and the role of women in the church and its ministries. Conservatives complained "women wanted to be priests, priests wanted to get married, bishops became regional popes and theologians claimed absolute teaching authority. Protestants claimed equality, homosexuals and the divorced called for full acceptance."[200] Changes such as thereorientation of the liturgy,alterations to the ordinary of the Mass, alterations to theliturgical calendar in the motu proprioMysterii Paschalis, and therelocation of the tabernacle were controversial among some Catholics.
While the total number of Catholics increased during the pontificate of Paul VI, the number of priests did not keep up. In the United States, at beginning of Paul's reign there were almost 1,600 priestly ordinations a year, while the number dropped to nearly 900 a year at his death. The number of seminarians at the same time dropped by three quarters. More pronounced declines were evident in religious life where the number of sisters and brothers declined sharply. Infant baptisms began to decline almost at once after Paul's election and did not begin to recover until 1980. In the same period adult conversions to the church declined by a third. While marriages increasedannulments also increased but at a much greater rate. There was a 1,322% increase in declarations of nullity between 1968 and 1970 alone. While 65% of US Catholics went to Sunday Mass in 1965, that percentage had slipped to 40% by the time of Paul's death. Similar collapses occurred in other developed countries.[201]
Paul VI renounced many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were temporarily reversed byPope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from past centuries, he got rid of them, leaving only theSwiss Guard in function. He became the first pope to visit five continents.[202] Paul VI systematically continued and completed the efforts of his predecessors, to turn the Euro-centric church into a church of the world, by integrating the bishops from all continents in its government and in the Synods which he convened. His 6 August 1967motu proprioPro Comperto Sane opened theRoman Curia to the bishops of the world. Until then, only Cardinals could be leading members of the Curia.[202]
Some critiqued Paul VI's decision; the newly created Synod of Bishops had an advisory role only and could not make decisions on their own, although the Council decided exactly that. During the pontificate of Paul VI, five such synods took place, and he is on record of implementing all their decisions.[203] Related questions were raised about the new National Bishop Conferences, which became mandatory after Vatican II. Others questioned his Ostpolitik and contacts with Communism and the deals he engaged in for the faithful.[204]
Paul VI suffered from the responses within the church toHumanae vitae. Most regions and bishops supported the pontiff, including notable support fromPatrick O'Boyle.[205] However, a small part of the church, especially in the Netherlands, Canada, and Germany openly disagreed with the Pope, which deeply wounded him for the rest of his life.[206]
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^Bellegrandi, FrancoNichitaroncalli: Controvita Di Un Papa, Edizioni Internazionale Di Letterature E Scienze (EILES), Rome 2009. English edition:Nikitaroncalli: Counterlife of a Pope
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^"Pope Paul VI, Address to the United Nations General Assembly".Handbook of Catholic Social Teaching: War and Peace. SHC. 1965. Archived fromthe original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved13 July 2013.No more war, war never again! Peace, it is peace which must guide the destinies of people and of all mankind.
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