Pope Clement III (Latin:Clemens III; 1130 – 20 March 1191), was the head of theCatholic Church and ruler of thePapal States from 19 December 1187 to his death in 1191. He ended the conflict between the Papacy and the city of Rome, by allowing the election of magistrates, which reinstalled the Papacy back in the city after a six-year exile. Clement, faced with a deplete college of cardinals, created thirty-one cardinals over three years, the most sinceHadrian IV. He died 20 March 1191 and was quickly replaced byCelestine III.
Paolo Scolari was born in 1130 in Rome, at theRione of thePigna, into a family of high social level but not noble, son of Giovanni and of his consort Maria and according to some scholars related to the mother ofPope Innocent III.[2][3][4]Pope Alexander III appointed him archpriest of the patriarchalLiberian Basilica, cardinal-deacon of Sergio e Bacco, and finallycardinal bishop of Palestrina in December 1180.
Paolo was elected as the new Pope on December 19, 1187, two days after the death ofGregory VIII.[5] He was the cardinals' second choice, but their first choice, cardinalTheobald ofOstia, refused the papal throne.[6] Clement was the second Roman pope sinceInnocent II.[7]
Two months before being elected pope, Paolo Scolari had been rejected as a papal candidate by the cardinals due to being in poor health.[5] Even during his office as pope his health was a cause of concern. An instance of his poor health was six months after he was elected in June 1188 the cardinals thought Clement was going to die and had pope-elect Cardinal Bishop Teobald of Ostia on hand for when Clement died.[4] Though Clement was old and ill, he was still elected as pope and could have something to do with the small number of cardinals, only eight Cardinals and three of them having been known Romans, at the election of Clement.[8] The electors of Clement may have been aiming for the possibility of returning the curia to Rome, which would in fact happen during his time as pope.[9]
Shortly after his accession at the conclusion of thepapal election of December 1187, Clement succeeded in allaying the conflict which had existed for half a century between the popes and the citizens of Rome, with an agreement by which the citizens were allowed to elect theirmagistrates, while the nomination of the governor of the city remained in the hands of the pope. In March 1188 Clement III had agreed that the Roman Church would reimburse numerous Roman citizens[10] who have not received anybeneficia since Pope Lucius III, a probable cause of the conflict between the pope and Romans.[11] On 31 May 1188 he concluded a treaty with the Romans which removed long standing difficulties, thus returning the papacy to Rome.[12] Clement wrote a letter to Archbishop of Toledo, Gonzalo Perez, where he bemoaned the power conflicts and political division among Spain's Christian population.[13] The pope emphasized in this letter that the Christian war in Spain, the Reconquista, against Muslims was comparable to the Crusades in the Holy Land and urged for effective unity and the formation of a powerful army to combat them.[13]
Clement also inherited a depletedcollege of cardinals, consisting of no more than twenty cardinals. He orchestrated three series of promotions (March 1188, May 1189 and October 1190) that resulted in thirty-one cardinals.[9][14] This number of cardinals had not been seen since 1159, underHadrian IV.[15] During Clement's papacy, the majority of cardinals were Romans, possibly due to Clement III being Roman as well and wanting to fill the Church with Romans.[9]
The relationship of Romans and Sicily had been turbulent and the Romans were increasingly becoming mad at the pope before 1188 which had led to two rival factions in the college of cardinals, with one faction becoming closer to forming an alliance with the king of Sicily, and the other side wanting reconciliation with the emperor.[9]
Clement, after Alexander III prohibited supplying military information and material to Muslims, had a series of decretals increased the banned items people would be allowed to trade and called for an embargo with the Islamic world.[18]
Clement died on 10 April 1191, Celestine III who was 85, was elected the day of Clements death unanimously.[9] Celestine was not involved with either of the sides or factions that were the 'imperialists' nor the 'Sicilians'.[9]
^About the date of his death see Katrin Baaken:Zu Wahl, Weihe und Krönung Papst Cölestins III. Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters Volume 41 / 1985, pp. 203-211
Benson, Robert Louis; Figueira, Robert Charles (2006).Plenitude of power: the doctrines and exercise of authority in the Middle Ages. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
Marin-Guzmán, Roberto (1992). "Crusade in Al-Andalus: The Eleventh Century formation of the Reconquista as an Ideology".Islamic Studies.31 (3 (Autumn)):287–318.
McBrien, Richard P. (2000).Lives of the Popes. HarperCollins Publishers.
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