Extinct Scythian language
Pontic Scythian was aScythian language formerly spoken in western Asia and eastern Europe between the 6th and 1st centuries BC by theScythians .
The Pontic Scythian language possessed the following phonemes:[ 2]
This article uses cursive theta⟨ϑ⟩ to denote the Scythianvoiceless dental fricative (IPA/θ / ), and regular theta⟨θ⟩ to denote the Greekaspirated ,voiceless dental plosive (IPA/tʰ / ).
The western dialects of the Scythian languages had experienced an evolution of the Proto-Iranic sound/d/ into the Proto-Scythian sound/ð/ , which in theCimmerian and Pontic dialects of Scythian became the sound/l/ . Scythian shares the evolution of Proto-Iranic sound/d/ into/ð/ with all Eastern Iranic languages with the exception ofOssetian ,Yaghnobi , andIshkashimi ; and the later evolution of/ð/ into/l/ is also present in several Eastern Iranic languages such asBactrian ,Pashto ,Munjani , andYidgha .[ 3] [ 2]
The primary sources for Scythian words remain the Scythian toponyms, tribal names, and numerous personal names in the ancient Greek texts and in the Greek inscriptions found in the Greek colonies on the NorthernBlack Sea Coast. These names suggest that the Sarmatian language had close similarities to modern Ossetian.[ 4]
Recorded Scythian personal names include:
Name Attested forms Notes *Aryapaiϑah Ancient Greek :Ἀριαπείθης romanized : Ariapeíthēs Composed of:[ 5] [ 6] [ 7] [ 8] [ 9] [ 10] *Aryā Aryan " and "Iranic ."*paiϑah Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 paēsa *Hiϑāmϑrauša Ancient Greek :Ἰδάνθυρσος romanized : Idánthursos Meaning "prospering the ally." Composed of:[ 11] a cognate ofAvestan 𐬵𐬌𐬚𐬄𐬨 hiϑąm a cognate ofAvestan 𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬱 ϑraoš- *Hupāyā Ancient Greek :Ὀποίη romanized : Opoíē Composed of:[ 6] *hu- *pāyā *pā- *Pālaka Ancient Greek :Πάλακος romanized : Pálakos From an earlier form*Pāδaka [ 12] [ 13] *pāla- *pāδa- *-ka *Pr̥tatavah Akkadian :𒁹𒁇𒋫𒌅𒀀 romanized: Bartatua Partatua [ 14] Ancient Greek :Προτοθύες romanized : Protothúes Means "who is mighty in battle." Composed of:[ 15] [ 16] [ 17] *pr̥tah Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬱𐬀𐬥𐬀 pəšana Vedic Sanskrit पृत् pṛt- *-tavah 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 -tauuah *Pr̥ϑutavah Composed of:[ 18] [ 19] *pr̥ϑu- Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬎 pərᵊϑu- *-tavah 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 -tauuah *Skilura Ancient Greek :Σκίλουρος romanized : Skílouros From an earlier form*Skiδura [ 12] *Skula Ancient Greek :Σκύλης romanized : Skúlēs From the Scythianendonym *Skula *Skuδa [ 20] *Spakayah Akkadian :𒁹𒅖𒉺𒅗𒀀𒀀 romanized: Išpakāya [ 21] Hypocoristic derivation from the word*spakah [ 22] [ 23] [ 9] *Spargapaiϑah Ancient Greek :Σπαργαπείθης romanized : Spargapeíthēs Composed of:[ 6] [ 24] [ 9] [ 10] *spargah Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬖𐬀 sparᵊγa *paiϑah Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 paēsa *Tigratavā Ancient Greek :Τιργαταὼ romanized : Tirgataṑ Means "with the strength of an arrow." Composed of:[ 25] [ 6] *tigrah Avestan 𐬙𐬌𐬖𐬭𐬌 tiγri- *-tavah 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 -tauuah *Uxtamazatā Ancient Greek :Ὀκταμασάδης romanized : Oktamasádēs Means "possessing greatness through his words." Composed of:[ 6] *uxta- Avestan 𐬎𐬑𐬙𐬀 uxta 𐬎𐬑𐬜𐬀 uxδa *-mazatā- *Varika Ancient Greek :Ὄρικος romanized : Órikos Hypocorostic derivation from the word*vari- Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 vaⁱri- 𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬌 uuari- [ 6]
Recorded Scythian tribal names include:
Name Attested forms Notes *Haxāϑrauša Ancient Greek :Ἀγάθυρσοι romanized : Agáthursoi Means "prospering the friend/socius." Composed of:[ 11] a cognate ofOld Persian 𐏃𐎧𐎠 haxā- a cognate ofAvestan 𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬱 ϑraoš- *Skuδa [ 26] [ 27] Akkadian :𒅖𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀 romanized: Iškuzaya 𒊍𒄖𒍝𒀀𒀀 Asguzaya 𒊍𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀 Askuzaya 𒀾𒄖𒍝𒀀𒀀 Ašguzaya Ancient Greek :Σκύθαι romanized : Skúthai
*Skuδa [ 26] [ 27] From the Proto-Indo-European root*skewd- , itself meaninglit. ' shooter, archer ' , whence also English "shoot [ 28]
*Skula Ancient Greek :Σκόλοτοι romanized : Skólotoi [ 29] [ 2] Later form of*Skuδa [ 26] *Paralāta Ancient Greek :Παραλάται romanized : Paralátai [ 29] [ 2] Cognate with Young Avestan𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬜𐬁𐬙𐬀 Paraδāta [ 9]
Some scholars believe that many toponyms and hydronyms of the Russian and Ukrainian steppe have Scythian links. For example,Vasmer associates the name of the riverDon with an assumed/reconstructed unattested Scythian word *dānu "water, river", and with Avestandānu- , Pashtodand and Ossetiandon .[ 30] Don ,Donets ,Dnieper ,Danube , andDniester , and lakeDonuzlav (the deepest one inCrimea ) may also belong with the same word-group.[ 31]
Recorded Scythian place names include:
Name Attested forms Notes *Baurustāna Ancient Greek :Βορυσθένης romanized : Borusthénēs Means "place of beavers." Composed of:[ 32] *bauru- Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬡𐬭𐬀 baβra 𐬠𐬀𐬡𐬭𐬌 baβri Sanskrit बभ्रु babhrú बभ्रुक bábhruka *stāna *Pantikapa Ancient Greek :Παντικάπαιον romanized : Pantikápaion Means "fish-path." Composed of:[ 33] *panti- Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬃 paṇtā̊ *kapa- Saka kavā Ossetian Кӕф kæf Pashto کب (Kab). *Rahā Ancient Greek :Ῥᾶ romanized : Rhâ Means "wetness." Compare withAvestan 𐬭𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬁 raŋhā Vedic Sanskrit रसा rasā́ [ 34] *Varu Ancient Greek :Ὄαρος romanized : Óaros Means "broad."[ 35]
[ edit ] The Greek historianHerodotus provides another source of Scythian; he reports that the Scythians called theAmazons Oiorpata , and explains the name as a compound ofoior , meaning "man", andpata , meaning "to kill" (Hist . 4,110).
Most scholars associateoior "man" with Avestanvīra- "man, hero", Sanskritvīra- , Latinvir (gen.virī ) "man, hero, husband",[ 36] *wiHrós . Various explanations account forpata "kill":Persianpat- "(to) kill",patxuste "killed";[ 37] Sogdianpt- "(to) kill",ptgawsty "killed";[ 38] Ossetianfædyn "cleave", Sanskritpātayati "fell", PIE*peth₂- "fall".[ 39] Avestanpaiti- "lord", Sanskritpáti , PIE*pótis , cf. Lat.potestate (i.e. "man-ruler");[ 40] Ossetianmaryn "kill", Pashtomrəl , Sanskritmārayati , PIE*mer- "die" (confusion of GreekΜ andΠ );[ 41] Alternatively, one scholar suggests Iranicaiwa- "one" +warah- "breast",[ 42] folk-etymology :a- mazos , "withoutbreast ". Elsewhere Herodotus explains the name of the mythical one-eyed tribeArimaspoi as a compound of the Scythian wordsarima , meaning "one", andspu , meaning "eye" (Hist . 4,27).
Some scholars connectarima "one" with Ossetianærmæst "only", Avesticairime "quiet", Greekerēmos "empty", PIE*h₁(e)rh₁mo- ?, andspu "eye" with Avesticspas- "foretell", Sanskritspaś- , PIE*speḱ- "see".[ 43] However, Iranic usually expresses "one" and "eye" with words likeaiwa- andčašman- (Ossetianīw andcæst ). Other scholars reject Herodotus' etymology and derive the ethnonymArimaspoi from Iranicaspa- "horse" instead.[ 44] Or the first part of the name may reflect something like Iranicraiwant- "rich", cf. Ossetianriwæ "rich".[ 45] Name Attested forms Notes *Tapatī́ Ancient Greek :Ταβιτί romanized : Tabití Means “the Burning One” or “the Flaming One.”[ 46] [ 47] Related to:[ 48] [ 49] [ 50]
Avestan 𐬙𐬁𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 tāpaiieⁱti Sanskrit तापयति tapayati तपती Tapatī तपस् tápas Latin tepeo *Api Ancient Greek :Ἀπί romanized : Apí andἈπία romanized :Apía Related toAvestan 𐬀𐬞𐬌 api [ 49] *Targī̆tavah Ancient Greek :Ταργιτάος romanized : Targitáos Means "possessing the might of the goddessTarkā ." Composed of:[ 51] *Targiya Tarkā *-tavah 𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 -tauuah Ancient Greek :Ἀρτίμπασα romanized : Artímpasa Composed of:[ 49] Iranic theonym*Arti a term related to*paya *pati *Apatura Ancient Greek :Ἀπάτουρος romanized : Apátouros Means "swift water." Composed of:[ 52] *ap- Avestan 𐬀𐬞 ap- *tura- *Gaiϑāsūra Ancient Greek :Γοιτόσυρος romanized : Goitósuros Composed of:[ 9] *gaiϑā 𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌𐬱 gaoiiaoⁱtiš [ 53] *sūra Ancient Greek :Θαγιμασάδας romanized : Thagimasádas andΘαμιμασάδας romanized :Thamimasádas Composed of:a possible cognate ofAvestan 𐬚𐬡𐬁𐬴𐬀 ϑβāṣ̌a Vedic Sanskrit त्वक्ष् tvakṣ- तक्ष् takṣ- mazatā [ 6] *Lipoxšayah Ancient Greek :Λιπόξαϊς romanized : Lipóxaïs From an earlier form*Δipoxšayah Means "king of radiance" and "king of heaven." Composed of:[ 54]
*lipah *δipah *-xšayah *R̥buxšayah Ancient Greek :Ἀρπόξαϊς romanized : Arpóxaïs Means "king of the airspace." Composed of:[ 55] *r̥bu- Sanskrit ऋभु Ṛbhú *-xšayah *Kolaxšayah Ancient Greek :Κολάξαϊς romanized : Koláxaïs Latin :Colaxes
From an earlier form*Kauδaxšayah [ 56] *kolah *koδa *-xšayah
Pliny the Elder 'sNatural History (AD 77–79) derives the name of theCaucasus from the Scythiankroy-khasis = ice-shining, white with snow (cf. Greekcryos = ice-cold).
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Raevskiy, Dmitriy [in Russian] (1993).Marazov, Ivan (ed.).Scythian Mythology Sofia ,Bulgaria : Secor Publishers.ISBN 978-9-548-25002-3 Schmitt, Rüdiger (2003)."Die skythischen Personennamen bei Herodot" [Scythian Personal Names in Herodotus](PDF) .Annali dell'Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale" [Annals of the University of Naples "L'Orientale" ] (in German).63 .Naples ,Italy :Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale" :1– 31.Schmitt, Rüdiger (2009).Iranisches Personennamenbuch [Book of Iranian Personal Names ] (in German). Vol. 7.1a.Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften .ISBN 978-3-700-16608-5 Schmitt, Rüdiger (2011).Iranisches Personennamenbuch [Book of Iranian Personal Names ] (in German). Vol. 5.5a.Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften . pp. 341– 342.ISBN 978-3-700-17142-3 Schmitt, Rüdiger (2018a)."Scythian Language" .Encyclopaedia Iranica . 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Proceedings of the International Symposium Ethnic contacts and Cultural Exchanges North and West of the Black Sea, Iaşi, June 12–17, 2005.Iași , Romania: Trinitas. pp. 59– 108.ISBN 978-9-737-83450-8 Tokhtasyev, Sergey [in Russian] (2005b)."Sauromatae - Syrmatae - Sarmatae" .Херсонесский сборник Chersonesian Collection ] (in Russian).14 :291– 306. Retrieved4 September 2023 .Tokhtasyev, Sergey [in Russian] (2013)."Из ономастики Северного Причерноморья. XXI. Τράκανα" [On Onomastics of the Northern Black Sea region. XXI. Τράκανα].Вестник древней истории Journal of Ancient History 281 (1):193– 196.Ustinova, Yulia (1999).The Supreme Gods of the Bosporan Kingdom: Celestial Aphrodite and the Most High God Leiden , Netherlands;Boston , United States: Brill.doi :10.1163/9789004295902 .ISBN 978-9-004-11231-5 Witczak, K. T. [in Polish] (1999)."Скифский язык: опыт описания" [The Scythian Language: Attempt at Description].Вопросы языкознания 5 :50– 59. Retrieved27 August 2022 .Zgusta, L. :Die griechischen Personennamen griechischer Städte der nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste. Die ethnischen Verhältnisse, namentlich das Verhältnis der Skythen und Sarmaten, im Lichte der Namenforschung , Prague 1955.
History Eastern
Western
North Adharic Old Adhari Gorani (Gurani Shabaki Tatic (Talysh Alviri-Vidari Ashtiani Eshtehardi Gozarkhani Harzandi Kabatei Kajali Karan Karingani Kilit Kho'ini Koresh-e Rostam Maraghei Razajerdi Shahrudi Takestani Upper Taromi Vafsi Zaza Central Iranian-Kermanic Kavir Nuclear Central-Kermanic (Gazi Judeo-Esfahani Judeo-Hamedani-Borujerdi Judeo-Kashani Judeo-Kermani Natanzi Khunsari Nayini Sivandi Zoroastrian Yazdi Soi Abuzaydabadi South
Others
Peoples Scythian and related populations Culture Regions Related
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