Female dancers of the Hawaii Islands depicted byLouis Choris.
Polynesians have acquired a reputation as great navigators, with their canoes reaching the most remote corners of the Pacific and allowing the settlement of islands as far apart as Hawaii, Rapanui (Easter Island), and Aotearoa (New Zealand).[11] The people of Polynesia accomplished this voyaging using ancient navigation skills, including reading stars, currents, clouds, and bird movements—skills that have been passed down through successive generations to the present day.[12]
There aremultiple hypotheses regarding the ultimate origin and mode of dispersal of theAustronesian peoples, but the most widely accepted theory is that modern Austronesians originated from migrations out ofTaiwan between 3000 and 1000 BC. Using relatively advanced maritime innovations such as thecatamaran,outrigger boats, andcrab claw sails, they rapidly colonized the islands of both theIndian andPacific oceans. They were the first humans to cross vast distances of water on ocean-going boats.[18] Despite the popularity of rejected hypotheses, such asThor Heyerdahl's belief that Polynesians are descendants of "bearded white men" who sailed on primitive rafts fromSouth America,[19][20] Polynesians are believed to have originated from a branch of the Austronesian migrations inIsland Melanesia.
The direct ancestors of the Polynesians are believed to be theNeolithicLapita culture. This group emerged inIsland Melanesia andMicronesia around 1500 BC from a convergence of Austronesian migration waves, originating from both Island Southeast Asia to the west and an earlier Austronesian migration to Micronesia to the north. The culture was distinguished by dentate-stamped pottery. However, their eastward expansion halted when they reached the western Polynesian islands ofFiji,Samoa, andTonga by around 900 BC. This remained the furthest extent of theAustronesian expansion in the Pacific for approximately 1,500 years, during which the Lapita culture in these islands abruptly lost the technology of pottery-making for unknown reasons. They resumed their eastward migrations around 700 AD, spreading to theCook Islands,French Polynesia, and theMarquesas. From here, they expanded further toHawaii by 900 AD,Easter Island by 1000 AD, and finallyNew Zealand by 1200 AD.[21][22]
Analysis by Kayseret al. (2008) found that only 21% of the Polynesian autosomal gene pool is ofAustralo-Melanesian origin, with the remaining 79% being of Austronesian origin.[23] Another study by Friedlaenderet al. (2008) also confirmed that Polynesians are genetically closer toMicronesians,Taiwanese Aborigines, andIslander Southeast Asians. The study concluded that Polynesians moved through Melanesia fairly rapidly, allowing only limited admixture between Austronesians and Papuans.[24] Polynesians predominantly belong to Haplogroup B (mtDNA), particularly to mtDNA B4a1a1 (the Polynesian motif). The high frequencies of mtDNA B4 in Polynesians are the result of genetic drift and represent the descendants of a few Austronesian females who mixed with Papuan males.[25] The Polynesian population experienced afounder effect and genetic drift due to the small number of ancestors.[26][27] As a result of the founder effect, Polynesians are distinctively different bothgenotypically andphenotypically from the parent population, due to the establishment of a new population by a very small number of individuals from a larger population, which also causes a loss of genetic variation.[28][29]
Soareset al. (2008) argued for an older pre-HoloceneSundaland origin inIsland Southeast Asia (ISEA) based onmitochondrial DNA.[30] The "out of Taiwan" model was challenged by a study from Leeds University published inMolecular Biology and Evolution. Examination of mitochondrial DNA lineages indicates that they have been evolving in ISEA for longer than previously believed. Ancestors of the Polynesians arrived in theBismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea at least 6,000 to 8,000 years ago.[31]
A 2014 study by Lipsonet al., usingwhole genome data, supports the findings of Kayseret al. Modern Polynesians were shown to have lower levels of admixture with Australo-Melanesians than Austronesians inIsland Melanesia. Nonetheless, both groups show admixture, along with other Austronesian populations outside of Taiwan, indicating varying degrees of intermarriage between the incoming Neolithic Austronesian settlers and the preexistingPaleolithic Australo-Melanesian populations ofIsland Southeast Asia andMelanesia.[32][33][34]
Studies from 2016 and 2017 also support the idea that the earliest Lapita settlers mostly bypassed New Guinea, coming directly fromTaiwan or the northernPhilippines. The intermarriage and admixture with Australo-MelanesianPapuans evident in the genetics of modern Polynesians (as well as IslanderMelanesians) occurred after the settlement ofTonga andVanuatu.[35][36][37]
A portrait ofMāori man, byGottfried Lindauer.Kava ('ava) makers (aumaga) of Samoa. A woman seated between two men with the round tanoa (or laulau) wooden bowl in front. Standing is a third man, distributor of the 'ava, holding thecoconut shell cup (tauau) used for distributing the beverage.
There are an estimated 2 million ethnic Polynesians and many of partial Polynesian descent worldwide, the majority of whom live in Polynesia, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.[40] The Polynesian peoples are listed below in their distinctive ethnic and cultural groupings, with estimates of the larger groups provided:
^Pietrusewsky, Michael (2006). "Initial Settlement of remote Oceania: the evidence from physical anthropology". In Simanjuntak, T.; Pojoh, I.H.E.; Hisyam, M. (eds.).Austronesian Disapora and the Ethnogenesis of People in Indonesian Archipelago. Proceedings of the International Symposium. Jakarta: LIPI Press. pp. 320–347.
^Magelssen, Scott (March 2016). "White-Skinned Gods: Thor Heyerdahl, the Kon-Tiki Museum, and the Racial Theory of Polynesian Origins".TDR/The Drama Review.60 (1):25–49.doi:10.1162/DRAM_a_00522.S2CID57559261.
^Carson, Mike T.; Hung, Hsiao-chun; Summerhayes, Glenn; Bellwood, Peter (January 2013). "The Pottery Trail From Southeast Asia to Remote Oceania".The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology.8 (1):17–36.doi:10.1080/15564894.2012.726941.hdl:1885/72437.S2CID128641903.
New Zealand
United States
Australia
French Polynesia
Samoa
Tonga
Cook Islands
Canada
Tuvalu
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Media related toPeople of Polynesia at Wikimedia Commons
