| Polycotylus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| The specimen containing a fetus | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Superorder: | †Sauropterygia |
| Order: | †Plesiosauria |
| Family: | †Polycotylidae |
| Subfamily: | †Polycotylinae |
| Genus: | †Polycotylus Cope,1869 |
| Type species | |
| †Polycotylus latipinnis Cope, 1869 | |
| Species | |
Polycotylus is agenus ofplesiosaur within thefamilyPolycotylidae.[3] Thetype species isP. latippinis and was named by American paleontologistEdward Drinker Cope in 1869. Eleven other species have been identified. The name means 'much-cupped vertebrae', referring to the shape of the vertebrae. It lived in theWestern Interior Seaway of North America toward the end of theCretaceous. One fossil preserves an adult with a single large fetus inside of it, indicating thatPolycotylus gave live birth, an unusual adaptation among reptiles.
Edward Drinker Cope namedPolycotylus from theNiobrara Formation inKansas in 1869. Theholotype bones from which he based his description were fragmentary, representing only a small portion of the skeleton. A more complete skeleton was later found in Kansas and was described in 1906. A nearly complete skeleton was found in 1949 from theMooreville Chalk Formation inAlabama, but was not described until 2002. A new species,P. sopozkoi, from Russia was described in 2016.[2]
Like all plesiosaurs,Polycotylus was a large marine reptile with a short tail, large flippers, and a broad body. It has a short neck and a long head, and was a medium-sized plesiosaur, with the type species (P. latipinnis) measuring 4.7–5.4 metres (15–18 ft) long.[4][5] It has more neck vertebrae than other polycotylids, however.Polycotylus is thought to be abasal polycotylid because it has more vertebrae in its neck (a feature that links it with long-necked ancestors) and itshumerus has a more primitive shape. The longischia of the pelvis are a distinguishing feature ofPolycotylus, as are thick teeth with striations on their surfaces, a narrow pterygoid bone on thepalate and a lowsagittal crest on top of the skull.[6]
Unlike some better-known long-necked plesiosaurs likePlesiosaurus andElasmosaurus,Polycotylus had a short neck. This led to it being classified as apliosaur, a marine reptile within the superfamily Pliosauroidea, closely related to true plesiosaurs (which belong to the superfamily Plesiosauroidea).Polycotylus and other polycotylids superficially resemble pliosaurs likeLiopleurodon andPeloneustes because they have short necks, large heads, and other proportions that differ from true plesiosaurs.[6]
Asphylogenetic analyses became common in the last few decades, the classification ofPolycotylus and other plesiosaurs have been revised. In 1997, it and other polycotylids were reassigned as close relatives of long-necked elasmosaurids. In a 2001 study,Polycotylus was classified as aderivedcryptocleidoid plesiosaur closely related toJurassic plesiosaurs likeCryptocleidus. Below is a cladogram from a 2004 study which supported a similar classification:[6]
In 2007,Polycotylus was placed in a new subfamily of polycotylids calledPolycotylinae. Another newly described polycotylid calledEopolycotylus fromGlen Canyon,Utah, was found to be the closest relative ofPolycotylus. Below is a cladogram from the 2007 study:[7]
A fossil ofP. latippinis catalogued LACM 129639 includes an adult individual with a singlefetus inside it. LACM 129639 was found in Kansas during the 1980s and was in storage at theNatural History Museum of Los Angeles County until it was described in 2011. The length of the fetus is around 1.5 m (4.9 ft), which is about 32 percent of the length of the mother. Gestation was probably two thirds complete based on what is known of the fetal development of relatednothosaurs. This fossil suggests thatPolycotylus was viviparous, giving live birth (as opposed to laying eggs).[4]
Viviparity, or live birth, may have been the most common form of reproduction in plesiosaurs, as they would have had difficulty laying eggs on land. Their bodies are not adapted to movement on land, and paleontologists have long hypothesized that they must have given birth in water. Other marine reptiles such asichthyosaurs also gave live birth, but LACM 129639 was the first direct evidence of vivipary in plesiosaurs. The lives ofPolycotylus and other plesiosaurs wereK-selected, meaning that few offspring were born to each individual but those that were born were cared for as they mature. Because it gave birth to a single large offspring, the motherPolycotylus probably gave it some form of parental care for it to survive. F. Robin O'Keefe, one of the describers of LACM 129639, suggested that the social lives of plesiosaurs were "more similar to those of modern dolphins than other reptiles."[8] K-selected life-history strategies are also seen in mammals and some lizards, but are unusual among reptiles.[4]
Examination of the fetus ofPolycotylus indicates that while in the womb, plesiosaurs sacrificed fetal bone strength for accelerated growth rates. Histological analysis and comparisons with another plesiosaur,Dolichorhynchops, showed that some plesiosaur infants were up to forty percent the length of the mother when born, and that infant plesiosaurs may have had some compromised swimming abilities.[9][10]
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