 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Politics of Lebanon" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Lebanese Republic | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Polity type | Unitaryparliamentarydemocratic republic |
| Constitution | Constitution of Lebanon |
| Legislative branch | |
| Name | Parliament of Lebanon |
| Type | Unicameral |
| Meeting place | Parliament Building inBeirut |
| Presiding officer | Nabih Berri,Speaker of the Parliament of Lebanon |
| Executive branch | |
| Head of state | |
| Title | President |
| Currently | Joseph Aoun |
| Appointer | Parliament |
| Head of government | |
| Title | Prime Minister |
| Currently | Nawaf Salam |
| Appointer | President on binding advice ofParliament |
| Cabinet | |
| Name | Council of Ministers |
| Current cabinet | Cabinet of Nawaf Salam |
| Leader | Prime Minister |
| Deputy leader | Deputy Prime Minister |
| Appointer | Prime Minister withPresident |
| Judicial branch | |
| Name | Judicial branch |
 |
|---|
|
Subdivisions |
Lebanon is aparliamentarydemocratic republic within the overall framework ofconfessionalism, a form ofconsociationalism in which the highest offices are proportionately reserved for representatives from certain religious communities. Theconstitution of Lebanon grants the people the right to change their government. However, from the mid-1970s until the parliamentary elections in 1992, theLebanese Civil War (1975–1990) precluded the exercise of political rights.
According to the constitution, direct elections must be held for the parliament every four years. However, after the parliamentary election in2009[1] another election was not held until2018. TheParliament elects apresident every six years to a single term. The president is not eligible for re-election. The last presidential election was in2025. The president and parliament choose theprime minister.
Political parties may be formed. Most are based onsectarian interests. 2008 saw a new twist to Lebanese politics when theDoha Agreement set a new trend where the opposition is allowed a veto power in theCouncil of Ministers and confirmed religious confessionalism in the distribution of political power.
 | This section mayrequirecleanup to meet Wikipedia'squality standards. The specific problem is:needs to be organized and be more focused. Some content belong to other sections, or to a History section. Please helpimprove this section if you can.(August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
TheMaroniteCatholics and theDruze founded modernLebanon in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" inMount Lebanon Mutasarrifate.[2] Since the emergence of the post-1943 state and after the destruction of the OttomanCaliphate, national policy has been determined largely by a relatively restricted group of traditional regional and sectarian leaders.
The 1943National Pact, an unwritten agreement that established the political foundations of modern Lebanon,allocated political power on an essentially confessional system based on the 1932 census. Seats in parliament were divided on a 6-to-5 ratio ofChristians toMuslims. In 1990, the ratio changed to half and half. Positions in the government bureaucracy are allocated on a similar basis.
The pact by custom allocated public offices along religious lines, with the top three positions in the ruling "troika" distributed as follows: thepresident, aMaronite Christian; thespeaker of the Parliament, aShi'a Muslim; and theprime minister, aSunni Muslim.
Efforts to alter or abolish the confessional system of allocating power have been at the centre of Lebanese politics for decades. Those religious groups most favoured by the 1943 formula sought to preserve it, while those who saw themselves at a disadvantage sought either to revise it after updating key demographic data or to abolish it entirely. Many of the provisions of the national pact were codified in the 1989Taif Agreement, perpetuating sectarianism as a key element of Lebanese political life.
Although moderated somewhat under Ta'if, the Constitution gives the president a strong and influential position. The president has the authority to promulgate laws passed by the Parliament, form the government to issue supplementary regulations to ensure the execution of laws, and to negotiate and ratify treaties.
The Parliament is elected by adult suffrage based on a system of majority or "winner-take-all" for the various confessional groups. Themajority age for voting in elections is 21.[3] There has been a recent effort to switch to proportional representation which many argue will provide a more accurate assessment of the size of political groups and allow minorities to be heard. Most deputies do not represent political parties as they are known in the West, and rarely form Western-style groups in the assembly. Political blocs are usually based on confessional and local interests or on personal/family allegiance rather than on political affinities.
The parliament traditionally has played a significant role in financial affairs, since it has the responsibility for levying taxes and passing the budget. It exercises political control over the cabinet through formal questioning of ministers on policy issues and by requesting a confidence debate.
Lebanon's judicial system is based on theNapoleonic Code. Juries are not used in trials. The Lebanese court system has three levels—courts of first instance, courts of appeal, and the court of cassation. There is a system of religious courts having jurisdiction over personal status matters within their own communities, e.g., rules on such matters as marriage, divorce, and inheritance.
Lebanese political institutions often play a secondary role to highly confessionalized personality-based politics. Powerful families play an independent role in mobilizing votes for both local and parliamentary elections. A lively panoplyof domestic political parties, some even predating independence, exists. The largest parties are all religiously aligned.
TheFree Patriotic Movement, TheKataeb Party, also known as the Phalange Party, theNational Bloc,National Liberal Party,Lebanese Forces and theGuardians of the Cedars (now outlawed) each have their own base among Christians.
Amal andHezbollah are the main rivals for the organizedShi'a vote. The PSP (Progressive Socialist Party) is the leadingDruze party. Shi'a and Druze parties command fierce loyalty to their respective leaderships. There is more factional infighting among many of the Christian parties.
Sunni parties have not been the standard vehicle for launching political candidates, and tend to focus across Lebanon's borders on issues that are important to the community at large. Lebanon'sSunni parties includeHizb ut-Tahrir,Future Movement,Independent Nasserist Organization (INO), theAl-Tawhid, andAhbash.
Besides the traditional confessional parties above, new secular parties have emerged, amongst whichSabaa and theParty of Lebanon[4] representing a new trend in Lebanese politics towards secularism and a truly democratic society. In addition to domestic parties, there are branches of pan-Arab secular parties (Ba'ath parties,socialist andcommunist parties) that were active in the 1960s and throughoutthe period of civil war.
There are differences both between and among Muslim and Christian parties regarding the role of religion in state affairs. There is a very high degree of political activism among religious leaders across the sectarian spectrum. The interplay for position and power among the religious, political, and party leaders and groups produces a political tapestry of extraordinary complexity.
In the past, the system worked to produce a viable democracy. Events over the last decade and long-term demographic trends have upset the delicateMuslim–Christian–Druze balance and resulted in greater segregation across the social spectrum. Whether in political parties, places of residence, schools, media outlets, even workplaces, there is a lack of regular interaction across sectarian lines to facilitate the exchange of views and promote understanding. All factions have called for a reform of the political system.
Some Christians favor political and administrative decentralization of the government, with separate Muslim and Christian sectors operating within the framework of a confederation. Muslims, for the most part, prefer a unified, central government with an enhanced share of power commensurate with their larger share of the population. The reforms of the Ta'if agreement moved in this direction but have not been fully realized.
Palestinian refugees, predominantlySunni Muslims, whose numbers are estimated at between 160,000 and 225,000, are not active on the domestic political scene.
In September 2004, the Lebanese Parliament voted 96–29 to amend the constitution to extend PresidentÉmile Lahoud's six-year term, which was about to expire, by another three years. The move was supported by Syria, which maintained a large military presence in Lebanon.
Former prime ministerRafic Hariri was assassinated in February 2005.[5]Following the withdrawal ofSyrian troops in April 2005, Lebanonheld parliamentary elections in four rounds, from 29 May to 19 June. The elections, the first for 33 years without the presence of Syrian military forces, were won by the Quadripartite alliance, which was part theRafik Hariri Martyr List, a coalition of several parties and organizations newly opposed to Syrian domination of Lebanese politics.
In January 2015, theEconomist Intelligence Unit released a report stating that Lebanon ranked second in theMiddle East and 98th out of 167 countries worldwide on the 2014Democracy Index. The index ranks countries according to election processes, pluralism, government functions, political participation, political cultures and fundamental freedoms.
From October 2019, there have been mass protests against the government, with participation ranging from hundreds of thousands to estimates as high as two million citizens, that mobilized to demand political and economic reform.[6] The October 2019 uprising in Lebanon reignited debate over the country’s political-sectarian system, institutionalized during the French Mandate period, such as through the 1943 National Pact.[7] The protests, marked by calls to dismantle this system, reflected decades of growing intersectional activism,[7] in which feminist groups played a key role.[6] Although protesters pursued multiple goals, one of the most unifying demands, that transcended sectarian and ideological divides, was the dismantling of entrenched corruption perpetrated by the political elite and their associates, which profit from cronyism prevalent in the country.[6] Demonstrators called for a more equitable and accountable government,[7] economic reforms to address the country’s deepening financial crisis, and debates on citizenship, census bureaucracy, and personal status laws.[6] However, the protests faced harsh repression from the Lebanese security forces, including mass arrests, the use of tear gas, and the shooting of demonstrators, along with other repressive measures.[6] In August 2020,a large explosion in Beirut killed at least 204 people and caused at least US$3 billion in property damage. Following the explosion and protests against the government, the prime minister and his cabinet resigned.[8]
In May 2022, Lebanonheld its first election since a painful economic crisis dragged it to the brink of becoming afailed state. Lebanon's crisis has been so severe that more than 80 percent of the population is now considered poor by theUnited Nations. In the election, the Iran-backed Shia MuslimHezbollah movement and its allies lost their parliamentary majority. Hezbollah did not lose any of its seats, but its allies lost seats.[9][10][11]
Hezbollah’s ally, PresidentMichel Aoun'sFree Patriotic Movement, was no longer the biggest Christian party after the election. A rival Christian party, led bySamir Geagea, with close ties to Saudi Arabia, theLebanese Forces (LF), made gains. The SunniFuture Movement, led by former prime ministerSaad Hariri, did not participate in the election, leaving a political vacuum for other Sunni politicians to fill.[9][10][11] In October 2024, leader of the Free Patriotic Movement,Gebran Bassil, announced that the party was no longer in alliance withHezbollah.[12]
In November 2024, aceasefire deal was signed between Israel and the Lebanese armed group Hezbollah to end 13 months of conflict. According to the agreement, Hezbollah was given 60 days to end its armed presence in southern Lebanon and Israeli forces were obliged to withdraw from the area over the same period.[13]The fall of Assad’s Baathist regime in Syria was another blow to its Lebanese ally, Hezbollah, which was already weakened because of Israeli military actions.[14] The Syrian regime change in December 2024 was said to start a new chapter in Lebanese politics.[15] In January 2025,Joseph Aoun, the Lebanese army commander, was elected Lebanese 14thpresident after a two-year vacancy.[16] In February 2025, Prime MinisterNawaf Salam, former president of theInternational Court of Justice (ICJ), formed a new government of 24 ministers after two-year caretaker cabinet.[17] On 26 February 2025, Lebanon's government of Nawaf Salam won a confidence vote in parliament.[18]
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| President | Joseph Aoun | Independent | 9 January 2025 |
| Prime Minister | Nawaf Salam | Independent | 8 February 2025 |
| Speaker of the Parliament | Nabih Berri | Amal Movement | 20 October 1992 |
Thepresident is elected by theParliament for a six-year term. They cannot be reelected again until six years have passed from the end of their first term.[19] Theprime minister and deputy prime minister are appointed by the president in consultation with the Parliament. The president is required to bea Maronite, the prime ministera Sunni, andthe speaker of the Parliamenta Shi'a. Seelist of the ministers and their political affiliation for a list of ministers.
This confessional system is based on 1932 census data, which showed the Maronite Christians as having a substantial majority of the population. The Government of Lebanon continues to refuse to undertake a new census.
Lebanon operates under a parliamentary system, where the president has a wide range of reserve powers but is largely symbolic. The president is not accountable to Parliament, unless for treason, and is elected by the Parliament with a two-thirds majority. The president has the sole power to appoint the prime minister, and maydismiss them at any point, without input from the Chamber of Deputies,[citation needed] which can force the president to resign.[20]
Following the end of theLebanese Civil War, the president lost some powers to theCouncil of Ministers through theTaif Agreement. Being the sole person who appoints it, however, theyde facto[citation needed] still retain all, or most, of their pre-Taif powers.
Lebanon'snational legislature is called theAssembly of Representatives (Majlis al-Nuwab inArabic). Since the elections of 1992, the first since the reforms of theTaif Agreement of 1989 removed the built-in majority previously enjoyed by Christians and distributed the seats equally between Christians and Muslims, the Parliament has had 128 seats. The term was four years, but has recently been extended to five.
Seats in the Parliament areconfessionally distributed but elected byuniversal suffrage. Each religious community has an allotted number of seats in the Parliament. They do not represent only their co-religionists. All candidates in a particular constituency, regardless of religious affiliation, must receive a plurality of the total vote, which includes followers of all confessions. The system was designed to minimize inter-sectarian competition and maximize cross-confessional cooperation: candidates are opposed only by co-religionists, but must seek support from outside of their own faith in order to be elected.
The oppositionQornet Shehwan Gathering, a group opposed to the former pro-Syrian government, has claimed that constituency boundaries have been drawn to allow manyShi'a Muslims to be elected from Shi'a-majority constituencies, where theHezbollah Party is strong, while allocating many Christian members to Muslim-majority constituencies, forcing Christian politicians to represent Muslim interests. Similar charges, but in reverse, were made against theChamoun administration in the 1950s.
The following table sets out the confessional allocation of seats in the Parliament before and after theTaif Agreement.
| Confession | Before Taif | After Taif |
|---|---|---|
| Maronite Catholic | 30 | 34 |
| Eastern Orthodox | 11 | 14 |
| Melkite Catholic | 6 | 8 |
| Armenian Orthodox | 4 | 5 |
| Armenian Catholic | 1 | 1 |
| Protestant | 1 | 1 |
| Other Christian minorities | 1 | 1 |
| Total Christians | 54 | 64 |
| Sunni | 20 | 27 |
| Shi'ite | 19 | 27 |
| Alawite | 0 | 2 |
| Druze | 6 | 8 |
| Total Muslims + Druze | 45 | 64 |
| Total | 99 | 128 |
Lebanon is acivil law country.Its judicial branch is composed of:
Lebanonhas numerous political parties, but they play a much less significant role in Lebanese politics than they do in most parliamentary democracies. Many of the "parties" are simply lists of candidates endorsed by a prominent national or local figure. Loose coalitions, usually organized locally, are formed for electoral purposes by negotiation among clan leaders and candidates representing various religious communities. Such coalitions usually exist only for the election, and rarely form a cohesive block in theParliament after the election. No single party has ever won more than 12.5 percent of the seats in the Parliament. No coalition of parties has won more than 35 percent.
Especially outside of the major cities, elections tend to focus more on local than national issues. It is not unusual for a party to join an electoral ticket in one constituency while aligned with a rival party – even an ideologically opposite party – in another constituency.
It is not uncommon for election times to be accompanied by outbreaks of violence, especially in polling areas where there are people of conflicting political and religious backgrounds. Sectarianism is so ingrained into Lebanese politics and society that citizens supporting their political parties will kill or be killed defending them.
Lebanon participates in the international community through both international organizations and enacting international policy practices, such as the Sustainable development goals and theParis Agreement.
ABEDA,ACCT,AFESD,AL,AMF,EBU,ESCWA,FAO,G24,G-77,IAEA,IBRD,ICAO,ICC[clarification needed],ICRM, IDA[clarification needed],IDB,IFAD, IFC[clarification needed],IFRCS,ILO,IMF, IMO[clarification needed],Inmarsat,ITUC,Intelsat,Interpol,IOC,ISO (correspondent),ITU,NAM, OAS[clarification needed] (observer),OIC, PCA[clarification needed],UN,UNCTAD,UNESCO,UNHCR,UNIDO,UNRWA,UPU,WCO,WFTU,WHO,WIPO,WMO,WTO.
Sustainable Development Goals and Lebanon explains major contributions launched in Lebanon towards the advancement of theSustainable Development Goals SDGs and the 2030 agenda.
Lebanon adopted the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. It presented its first Voluntary National Review (VNR) in 2018 at theHigh Level Political Forum in New York. A national committee chaired by the Lebanese Prime Minister is leading the work on the SDGs in the country.[23] In 2019, Lebanon's overall performance in the SDG Index ranked 6th out of 21 countries in the Arab region.[24]
Multi-stakeholder forums were held by different UN agencies including theUN Global Compact Network in Lebanon during the late 2010s for the advancement of Global Goals and their Impact on Businesses in Lebanon. The latest two were held in October 2018 and October 2019 under the title of connecting the global goals to Local Businesses.[25]the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.
| Ministers (24) |
| ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Assembly (128) |
| ||||||||
