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Parliament |
Thepolitics of Hungary take place in a framework of aparliamentaryrepresentative democraticrepublic. Theprime minister is thehead of government of apluriformmulti-party system, while thepresident is thehead of state and holds a largely ceremonial position. As of 2024, The country is considered "no longer a full democracy" by theEU, and is generally said to havedemocratically backslid since 2010 when theFidesz–KDNP Party Alliance led byViktor Orbán won a two-third parliamentarysupermajority and adopted a newconstitution of Hungary that have both remained in place since.[1]
Executive power is exercised by thegovernment.Legislative power is vested in both thegovernment and the parliament. The party system since the last elections has been dominated by the conservativeFidesz. The three larger oppositions areDemocratic Coalition (DK),Momentum andJobbik; there are also opposition parties with a small fraction in parliament (e.g.Politics Can Be Different). Thejudiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
Hungary is an independent state, which has been a member of theEuropean Union since 2004. Since 1989 Hungary has been a parliamentary republic. Legislative power is exercised by the unicameralNational Assembly that consists of 199 members. Members of the National Assembly are elected for four years.
In the April 2022election, Prime MinisterViktor Orbán won a fourth consecutive term in office. His party, Fidesz, secured another two-thirds majority in parliament.[2]
The longest-serving prime minister is incumbent office-holderViktor Orbán, who held the position from 6 July 1998 to 27 May 2002 and from 29 May 2010 until present-day. He surpassed Kálmán Tisza as the longest-serving prime minister on 30 November 2020. if the years are counted cumulatively, with 19 years in total as of 2025.
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| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| President | Tamás Sulyok | Independent | 5 March 2024 |
| Prime Minister | Viktor Orbán | Fidesz | 29 May 2010 |
Thepresident of the republic, elected by theNational Assembly every five years, has a largely ceremonial role, but they are nominally thecommander-in-chief of the armed forces and their powers include the nomination of theprime minister, who is to be elected by a majority of the votes of the members of Parliament, based on the recommendation made by the president of the republic. If the president dies, resigns or is otherwise unable to carry out his duties, thespeaker of the National Assembly becomes acting president.
Due to theHungarian Constitution, based on the post-World War IIBasic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the prime minister has a leading role in the executive branch as he selectsCabinet ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them (similarly to the competences of the German federal chancellor). Each cabinet nominee appears before one or more parliamentarycommittees in consultative open hearings, survive a vote by the Parliament and must be formally approved by the president.
The laws are decided by theDiet of Hungary and later by theNational Assembly.
In Communist Hungary, the executive branch of theHungarian People's Republic was represented by theCouncil of Ministers.
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| Speaker of the National Assembly | László Kövér | Fidesz | 6 August 2010 |
Theunicameral, 199-memberNational Assembly (Országgyűlés) is the highest organ of state authority and initiates and approves legislation sponsored by the prime minister. Its members are elected for a four-year term. Theelection threshold is 5%, but it only applies to the multi-seat constituencies and the compensation seats, not the single-seat constituencies.
| 7:00 | 9:00 | 11:00 | 13:00 | 15:00 | 17:00 | 18:30 | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.82% | 10.31% | 25.77% | 40.01% | 52.75% | 62.92% | 67.80% | 70.21% |
 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Party-list | Constituency | Total seats | +/– | |||||
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | ||||
| Fidesz–KDNP | 3,060,706 | 54.13 | 48 | 2,823,419 | 52.52 | 87 | 135 | +2 | |
| United for Hungary | 1,947,331 | 34.44 | 38 | 1,983,708 | 36.90 | 19 | 57 | –8 | |
| Our Homeland Movement | 332,487 | 5.88 | 6 | 307,064 | 5.71 | 0 | 6 | New | |
| Hungarian Two-Tailed Dog Party | 185,052 | 3.27 | 0 | 126,648 | 2.36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Solution Movement | 58,929 | 1.04 | 0 | 64,341 | 1.20 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Party of Normal Life | 39,720 | 0.70 | 0 | 31,495 | 0.59 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| National Self-Government of Germans | 24,630 | 0.44 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||||
| National Self-Government of Croats | 1,760 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| National Self-Government of Slovaks | 1,208 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| National Self-Government of Rusyns | 645 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| National Self-Government of Romanians | 526 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| National Self-Government of Serbs | 418 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| National Self-Government of Ukrainians | 396 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| National Self-Government of Poles | 281 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| National Self-Government of Greeks | 232 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| National Self-Government of Slovenes | 219 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| National Self-Government of Armenians | 163 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| National Self-Government of Bulgarians | 157 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Leftist Alliance | 8,678 | 0.16 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| True Democratic Party | 989 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Civic Response | 521 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Our Party – IMA | 326 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Party of Greens | 208 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Democratic Organisation of the Poor and Workers | 177 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Hungarian Liberal Party[a] | 152 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Independents | 28,416 | 0.53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Total | 5,654,860 | 100.00 | 93 | 5,376,142 | 100.00 | 106 | 199 | 0 | |
| Valid votes | 5,654,860 | 99.00 | 5,376,142 | 98.80 | |||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 57,065 | 1.00 | 65,239 | 1.20 | |||||
| Total votes | 5,711,925 | 100.00 | 5,441,381 | 100.00 | |||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 8,215,304 | 69.53 | 7,703,191 | 70.64 | |||||
| Source: National Electoral Commission,[3]National Electoral Commission | |||||||||
| County[4] | Fidesz–KDNP | EM | MH | MKKP | MEMO | NÉP | Turnout[5] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bács-Kiskun | 57.25 | 29.66 | 7.58 | 3.08 | 1.01 | 0.81 | 67.5% | ||
| Baranya | 49.67 | 36.08 | 5.93 | 3.54 | 0.93 | 0.86 | 67.5% | ||
| Békés | 52.81 | 34.36 | 7.64 | 2.62 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 66.4% | ||
| Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén | 54.38 | 34.29 | 6.89 | 2.31 | 0.99 | 0.78 | 64.7% | ||
| Budapest | 40.84 | 47.84 | 4.11 | 5.19 | 1.26 | 0.53 | 75.5% | ||
| Csongrád-Csanád | 47.44 | 39.69 | 7.34 | 3.61 | 1.10 | 0.72 | 70.5% | ||
| Fejér | 53.55 | 33.80 | 6.62 | 3.52 | 1.15 | 0.76 | 71.5% | ||
| Győr-Moson-Sopron | 57.07 | 30.83 | 6.21 | 3.28 | 1.33 | 0.72 | 73.7% | ||
| Hajdú-Bihar | 57.88 | 30.87 | 6.60 | 2.69 | 1.02 | 0.83 | 66.1% | ||
| Heves | 54.98 | 33.37 | 7.31 | 2.50 | 0.97 | 0.74 | 69.0% | ||
| Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok | 55.58 | 33.02 | 7.15 | 2.45 | 0.95 | 0.82 | 65.9% | ||
| Komárom-Esztergom | 50.53 | 36.32 | 6.72 | 3.39 | 1.11 | 0.95 | 69.3% | ||
| Nógrád | 59.00 | 29.27 | 7.66 | 2.15 | 0.80 | 0.68 | 66.9% | ||
| Pest | 50.88 | 36.44 | 5.81 | 4.05 | 1.25 | 0.66 | 72.9% | ||
| Somogy | 56.33 | 33.48 | 5.97 | 2.22 | 1.02 | 0.66 | 68.2% | ||
| Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg | 61.66 | 29.04 | 5.59 | 1.64 | 0.91 | 0.80 | 65.4% | ||
| Tolna | 58.95 | 28.49 | 6.67 | 2.46 | 0.90 | 0.81 | 68.8% | ||
| Vas | 59.94 | 29.55 | 5.59 | 2.89 | 0.89 | 0.72 | 74.8% | ||
| Veszprém | 52.57 | 34.44 | 6.88 | 3.39 | 1.00 | 0.76 | 71.8% | ||
| Zala | 56.72 | 31.98 | 6.63 | 2.68 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 71.6% | ||
| Total in Hungary | 52.45 | 36.15 | 6.15 | 3.42 | 1.10 | 0.73 | 70.21% | ||
| Diaspora | 93.89 | 4.12 | 1.06 | 0.61 | 0.10 | 0.22 | – | ||
| Total | 54.13 | 34.44 | 5.88 | 3.27 | 1.04 | 0.70 | 69.59% | ||
In the 2022 Hungarian election there were two main coalitions as well as some minor parties who had the ability to put together a party list. The two largest were theright-wingFIDESZ-KDNP coalition, and thebig tent (mostly fromcenter-right toleft-wing)United for Hungary a coalition which consists of the following parties:DK,MSZP,Jobbik,Dialogue-The Greens' Party,LMP - Hungary's Green Party, andMomentum. There were also associate parties and movements such asÚVNP,Liberals,New Start,MMM,99 movement. There minor parties mentioned above who were not part of these two coalitions are as folllows: thefar-rightOur Homeland Movement which also won seats during the 2022 elections, ajoke party calledHungarian Two Tailed Dog Party,Megoldás Mozgalom, a party which wants todigitalize, and a party called Normális Élet Pártja primarily ananti-vaccine party. Another larger coalition was the so-calledLeftist Alliance, comprising thesocilaistISZOMM (Igen Szolidaitás Mozgalom) and thecommunistMunkáspárt, and although they were unable to create a party list due to lacking enough signatures, however they still ran in 66 constituencies according to the electoral commission of Hungary[6]
A fifteen-memberConstitutional Court has power to challenge legislation on grounds ofunconstitutionality. This body was last filled in July 2010. Members are elected for a term of twelve years. Critics of the ruling coalition contend that since theHungarian government filled the Constitutional Court with loyal judges, the institution mostly serves to legitimize government interests and has lost its original purpose as democratic defender of therule of law and ofhuman rights - as several reports of independent human rights NGOs, such as theHungarian Helsinki Committee emphasize.[7]
The president of theSupreme Court of Hungary (Curia) and the Hungarian civil and penal legal system he leads is fully independent of the Executive Branch.
Theattorney general or chiefprosecutor of Hungary is currently fully independent of the executive branch, but his status is actively debated.
Severalombudsman offices exist in Hungary to protect civil, minority, educational and ecological rights in non-judicial matters. They have held the authority to issue legally binding decisions since late 2003.
The central bank, theHungarian National Bank was fully self-governing between 1990 and 2004, but new legislation gave certain appointment rights to the executive branch in November 2004 which is disputed before theConstitutional Court.
Hungary is divided in 19counties (megyék, singular –megye), 23 urban counties* (megyei jogú városok, singular –megyei jogú város), and 1 capital city** (főváros);Bács-Kiskun,Baranya,Békés,Békéscsaba*,Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén,Budapest**,Csongrád,Debrecen*,Dunaújváros*,Eger*,Érd*,Fejér,Győr*,Győr-Moson-Sopron,Hajdú-Bihar,Heves,Hódmezővásárhely*,Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok,Kaposvár*,Kecskemét*,Komárom-Esztergom,Miskolc*,Nagykanizsa*,Nógrád,Nyíregyháza*,Pécs*,Pest,Salgótarján*,Somogy,Sopron*,Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg,Szeged*,Szekszárd*,Székesfehérvár*,Szolnok*,Szombathely*,Tatabánya*,Tolna,Vas,Veszprém,Veszprém*,Zala,Zalaegerszeg*
Hungary is a member of theABEDA,Australia Group,BIS,CE,CEI,CERN,CEPIEAPC,EBRD,ECE,EU (member, as by 1 May 2004),FAO,IAEA,IBRD,ICAO,ICC,ICRM,IDA,IEA,IFC,IFRCS,ILO,IMF,IMO,Inmarsat,Intelsat,Interpol,IOC,IOM,ISO,ITU,ITUC,NAM (guest),NATO,NEA,NSG,OAS (observer),OECD,OPCW,OSCE,PCA,SECI,UN,UNCTAD,UNESCO,UNFICYP,UNHCR,UNIDO,UNIKOM,UNMIBH,UNMIK,UNOMIG,UNU,UPU,WCO,WFTU,Visegrád Group,WHO,WIPO,WMO,WToO,WTrO, and theZangger Committee.
Note: with restructuring and reorganisation, this information may change even within a governmental period.
| English name | Hungarian name | Minister |
|---|---|---|
| The Prime Minister's Office | Miniszterelnökség | Gergely Gulyás |
| The Prime Minister's Cabinet Office | A Miniszterelnöki Kabinetiroda | Antal Rogán |
| Ministry of Home Affairs | Belügyminisztérium | Sándor Pintér |
| Ministry of Defence | Honvédelmi Minisztérium | Tibor Benkő |
| Ministry of Human Resources | Emberi Erőforrások Minisztériuma | Miklós Kásler |
| Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade | Külgazdasági és Külügyminisztérium | Péter Szijjártó |
| Ministry of Justice | Igazságügyi Minisztérium | Judit Varga |
| Ministry of Finance | Pénzügyminisztérium | Mihály Varga |
| Ministry of Agriculture | Agrárminisztérium | István Nagy |
| Ministry of Innovation and Technology | Innovációs és Technológiai Minisztérium | László Palkovics |
