 |
|---|
|
Related topics |
 Cuba portal |
Cuba is communist and has had a socialist political system since 1961 based on the "one state, one party" principle. Cuba is constitutionally defined as a single-partyMarxist–Leninist socialist republic withsemi-presidential powers.[1][2][3] The presentConstitution of Cuba, approved in a referendum on 24 February 2019,[4] also describes the role of theCommunist Party of Cuba to be the "leading force of society and of the state"[5] and as having the capability of setting national policy,[citation needed] and thefirst secretary of the Communist Party is the most powerful position in Cuba.[6] The 2019 Constitution of Cuba states it is guided by the examples of Cuban independence heroJosé Martí and revolutionary leaderFidel Castro and the ideals ofMarx,Engels, andLenin.[7]
Thepresident of Cuba isMiguel Díaz-Canel, who succeededRaúl Castro as first secretary of the Communist Party in 2021.[8]Executive power is exercised by the government, which is represented by theCouncil of Ministers, headed by theprime minister of Cuba.Legislative power is exercised through theunicameralNational Assembly of People's Power, which is constituted as the maximum authority of the state. With effect from 10 October 2019,Miguel Díaz-Canel is the president andManuel Marrero is the prime minister of Cuba. The previous president of theState Council was Raúl Castro, brother of former leader Fidel Castro; Raúl Castro remainedFirst Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, and commander-in-chief of theRevolutionary Armed Forces until 19 April 2021. Fidel Castro ruled from 1959 to 2006, before illness forced him to hand power to his brother.Esteban Lazo Hernández is the president of the National Assembly.
Political scientists characterize the political system of Cuba as a single-partyauthoritarian regime where political opposition is not permitted.[9][10][11] There areelections, but they are not considered democratic.[12][13] According to theV-Dem Democracy Indices, Cuba is thesecond least democratic country in Latin America.[14] Censorship of information (including limits to internet access) is extensive,[15][16][17] and independent journalism is repressed in Cuba;[18]Reporters Without Borders has characterized Cuba as one of the worst countries in the world for press freedom.[19][20]
Executive power in the Cuban government is exercised by the Council of Ministers.[21]: 38 From February 1959 until February 2008, Cuba was led by revolutionary leaderFidel Castro, who washead of state,head of government,first secretary of the Communist Party, andcommander-in-chief of theCuban armed forces. TheMinistry of Interior is the principal organ of state security and control.
According to the article 94 of theconstitution, the first vice president of the Council of State assumes presidential duties upon the illness or death of the president. On July 31, 2006, during the2006 Cuban transfer of duties, Fidel Castro delegated his duties as president of theCouncil of State, first secretary of the Communist Party, and the post ofcommander in chief of the armed forces to first vice presidentRaúl Castro. Since 2019, the president of Cuba is also limited to two five year terms.[22][23][24][25][26]
Cuba has an elected nationallegislature, theNational Assembly of People's Power (Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular),[21]: 38 which has 612 members, elected every 5 years and holds brief sessions to ratify decisions by the executive branch. The National Assembly convenes twice a year in ordinary periods of sessions. However, it has permanent commissions to look after issues of legislative interest. Among its permanent or temporary commissions are those in charge of issues concerning the economy, sugar industry, industries, transportation and communications, constructions, foreign affairs, public health, defense and interior order. The National Assembly also has permanent departments that oversee the work of the Commissions, Local Assemblies of the People's Power, International Relations, Judicial Affairs and the Administration.[27]
Article 88(h) of theConstitution of Cuba, adopted in 1976, provides for citizen proposals of law, prerequisite that the proposal be made by at least 10,000 citizens who are eligible to vote. In 2002 supporters of a movement known as theVarela Project submitted a citizen proposal of law with 11,000 signatures calling for a national referendum on political and economic reforms. The Government response was to collect 8.1 million signatures to request that Cuba's National Assembly enact a constitutional amendment making socialism an unalterable feature of Cuban government.[28]
TheCommittees for the Defense of the Revolution is a network of neighborhood organizations across Cuba of which most Cubans are members.[29] The organizations are designed to put medical, educational or other campaigns into national effect, and to report "counter-revolutionary" activity. It is the duty of the CDR officials to know the political activities of each person in their respective blocks.[citation needed]
Suffrage is automatically afforded to Cuban citizens who have resided in Cuba for at least two years and are at least sixteen years old. Those legally declared "mentally handicapped" or who are serving time in prison cannot exercise this right. Cubans who live abroad for personal reasons for more than 24 consecutive months lose their right to vote.[30][31][32]: 156-157 The national elections for the 470 members[33] of the National Assembly of People's Power are held according to this system and the precepts of the 1976Constitution.
General elections consist of two phases: municipal elections and elections to ANPP (National Assembly of People's Power, or Parliament).[34] They are usually called in July and are held every five years. After elections are called, Council of State designates members of CEN (National Electoral Commission). The CEN oversees elections, but does not participate in them. It is responsible for surveying and inspecting the election procedure and ensure it conforms with the Constitution and electoral law. The CEN appoints CEP (Provincial Electoral Commission), which in turn appoints CEM (Municipal Electoral Commission). The latter lead formation of electoral commissions at the grassroots. There are roughly 1450 people in each of thesecircunscripcións.[32]: 154-156
For the purpose of Municipal elections, eachcircunscripción is further divided into two to eight areas with the goal of allowing nomination meetings to be very compressed and based on the grassroots. The number of nomination areas is determined by the population in thecircunscripción. In rural areas, extension of territory is also taken into consideration. People have the right to participate, nominate and vote only in the area in which they live. Nomination area assembly meetings are normally held in public areas at eight o'clock in the evening on weekdays or during the day on the weekend. Each assembly is presided over by the local electoral commission. Individuals have the right to propose anyone who lives in theircircunscripción as long as the person has indicated they are willing to be nominated. The person nominating must provide a reason for nomination. Others have the right to argue against a nomination. When this is done, a show-of-hands vote is taken and counted by the electoral commission. The person with the most votes becomes the candidate for that nomination area. In order to ensure the law is being followed, members of CEP make surprise visits to nomination meetings.[32]: 157-159 [35]
Once candidates have been nominated, the local electoral commission obtains a short biographical profile and a photo from them. These are posted in local public spaces for easy access to voters. This is the only publicity permitted under the electoral law. Voters are expected to read the profiles in order to make their choice. Campaigning is not permitted.[36] Duharte Díaz, professor at University of Havana, is of the opinion that posting profiles is insufficient and that more should be done to present the candidates.[37]
Municipal elections are usually held in October. On the day of the vote, held always on a Sunday, voters confirm their voting eligibility by presenting their identification cards and are then handed a ballot with names of candidates nominated in theircircunscripción. Voting is secret. To win, a candidate must receive at least 50% plus one of the vote. If this does not happen, the candidate who placed last is eliminated and voting is repeated with remaining candidates.[32]: 162-163
Candidates elected in municipal elections carry out their functions on a voluntary basis after their regular work hours. Once municipal assemblies are constituted, they elect their presidents and vice-presidents from among themselves. These individuals are the only ones who are full-time, earning the same salary as they received at their place of work.[32]: 146-147
Second phase, elections to ANPP (Parliament), is different from municipal elections. Up to half of the members of parliament are nominated from individuals elected in municipal election. The rest are nominated by mass organisations. These areWorkers' Central Union of Cuba,Federation of Cuban Women,National Association of Small Farmers, Federation of University Students, Federation of Pre-University Students andCommittees for the Defense of the Revolution. To propose candidates for elections each of the six mass organisations assembles at all three levels in plenary sessions to propose candidates from the population. The goal is to obtain a pool of potential candidates representing a wide cross-section of the population. Because of this, each of the mass organisations at all three levels (municipal, provincial, national) has the right to propose at least three times the number of candidates needed for each municipality to be represented in the parliament. The proposals are sent to CCN (National Candidacies Commission) which then reduces the list down to the number of seats.[32]: 167–171
Before elections (that usually happen in January), meetings between candidates and workers are held in places of work and in the neighbourhoods. Similarly to municipal elections, the only publicity allowed is a short biography and a photo. Elections happen on a Sunday. Voters are given a ballot with the names of candidates chosen by the CCN to represent their municipality. They can choose to vote for all, some or none of the candidates. To be elected, a candidate must receive at least 50% plus one of the valid votes. If they do not, a new candidate is chosen for the seat and voting repeated.[32]: 174–175 [38]
The organization of Cuba's political system reflects the Marxist–Leninist principle ofdemocratic centralism.[21]: 38
Cuba's foreign policy has been scaled back and redirected as a result ofeconomic hardship after the collapse of theSoviet bloc. Without massive Soviet subsidies and its primarytrading partner Cuba was comparatively isolated in the 1990s, but has since entered bilateral co-operation with several South American countries, most notablyVenezuela andBolivia. Cuba has normal diplomatic and economic relations with every country in the Western hemisphere except the United States.[42]TheUnited States continues an embargo "so long as [Cuba] continues to refuse to move toward democratization and greater respect for human rights."[43]TheEuropean Union accuses Cuba of"continuing flagrant violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms", but also "Reiterates its condemnation of the US embargo on Cuba, and calls for it to be lifted forthwith, as the UN General Assembly has repeatedly demanded."[44]
Cuba has developed a growing relationship with thePeople's Republic of China andRussia. In all, Cuba continues to have formal relations with 160 nations, and provided civilian assistance workers – principally medical – in more than 20 nations.[45] More thantwo million exiles have escaped to foreign countries.[46][47][48][49][50][51][52] Cuba's presentMinister of Foreign Affairs isBruno Rodríguez Parrilla.
Some political scientists characterize the political system of Cuba as non-democratic and authoritarian,[53][54][55][56][57][58] while others challenge this characterization.[32]: 146-149 It is a single-party state where political opposition is not permitted.[56][59] The function of the party is different to that in liberal democracies. It does not propose candidates and is not allowed to influence elections.[32]: 159-160 Candidates are instead nominated directly by citizens with a show of hands incircunscripciones (very small districts).[32]: 146-149 Critics challenge whether this is democratic.[60][61] Censorship of information (including limits to internet access) is extensive,[16][62] and independent journalism is repressed in Cuba;[63]Reporters Without Borders has characterized Cuba as one of the worst countries in the world for press freedom.[64][65]
Officially, Cuba frames itself as a "people's democracy", as opposed to the "liberal democracy" of Western states. Cuba thus rejects criticism of its political system as a lack of appreciation for different forms of democracy other than those in capitalist states.[66] It alludes to the grass roots elements in the nomination of candidates at neighborhood level (in the so-calledcircunscripciónes).[67]
Opposition groups inside and outside the country as well as a summary published by Human Rights Watch[68] and certain foreign governments have described the Cuban political system as undemocratic. On the other hand, Cuba is a member of organisationsALBA andCELAC, that consider themselves democratic.[69] TheUnited States Government has initiated various policy measures ostensibly designed to urge Cuba to undertake political change towards a multi-party electoral system. These plans have been condemned by the Cuban Government, who accuses the United States of meddling in Cuba's affairs.[70]
According toHuman Rights Watch, Castro constructed a "repressive machinery" that continues to deprive Cubans of their basic rights.[71] The Cuban government has been accused of numeroushuman rights abuses, includingtorture, arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, and extrajudicial executions (a.k.a."El Paredón").[72] Human Rights Watch reports that the government represses nearly all forms of political dissent.[71]
The country's first ever transgender municipal delegate was elected in the province ofVilla Clara in early 2013.Adela Hernández is a resident of the town ofCaibarién and works as a nurse electrocardiogram specialist. In Cuba, delegates are not professional politicians and, therefore, do not receive a government salary.[73]
In 2022, the Family Code constitutional amendment passed. This followed hundreds of painstaking assembly discussions within communities and institutions across the island. This Code ensures the protection of rights of adoption, surrogacy, transgender-affirmation, same-sex marriages and the legitimacy of intergenerational households.
The 2012 Transparency InternationalCorruption Perceptions Index rankedCuba 58th out of 176 countries, tied withJordan andNamibia.[74] and has lower levels than most of the other countries in the Caribbean and Central America. In 2006, it was ranked in 112th place, tied with India.
| History |
| ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geography | |||||||||||
| Politics |
| ||||||||||
| Economy | |||||||||||
| Culture |
| ||||||||||
