Gibraltar is aBritish Overseas Territory located on the southern end of theIberian Peninsula at the entrance of theMediterranean Sea. During the early days of the British administration, Gibraltar was maintained primarily as a military outpost with limited attention paid to its role as a trading post. Initially long term settlement of Gibraltar was uncertain but as Spain's power waned it became established as an important base for the BritishRoyal Navy. Throughout the 19th century there was conflict between the competing roles of military and trading posts, leading to tensions between the civilian population and theGovernor of the day. Some Governors encouraged the development of the civilian role in government, while others regarded it as a nuisance. As a result, compared with other formerBritish colonies, civilian Government in Gibraltar emerged largely in the 20th century as the needs of the civilian population were often considered by Governors as subordinate to the needs of the military. SinceWorld War II,Gibraltarians have increasingly asserted their own individual identity. TheRock's relationship with Spain and thesovereignty dispute continues to affect thePolitics of Gibraltar to this day.

The majority of the original Spanish population left Gibraltar following theAnglo-DutchCapture of Gibraltar in 1704, taking with them the articles of the former Spanish administration.^[1] As a result, the currentconstitution andlaws of Gibraltar reflectEnglishcommon law andActs of Parliament.^[2]

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the remnants of the Spanish population were augmented by asettler population established as the British maintained a trading post alongside the militarygarrison.^[3] As the number of inhabitants continued to grow, they found their political and legal standing became dependent on individual Governors and their commitment to the development of a civilian society.^[4]

Initially, long term settlement of Gibraltar was not contemplated and on several occasions in the 18th century the British considered returning Gibraltar to Spanish rule.^[5] In addition, several Spanish attempts to retake Gibraltar, most notably during theGreat Siege of Gibraltar (1779–1783) meant that long term settlement was never inevitable. Gibraltar was unquestionably primarily afortress and a colony second during the 18th century.^[3] During the 19th century, as Spain's power waned, theNapoleonic Wars reinforced the importance of Gibraltar as a fortress and Royal Navy base.^[4] It was officially declared aCrown colony in 1830.^[4]

The first civiljudiciary was authorised in 1720, with a separate criminal and civil jurisdiction for Gibraltar created in 1739.^[6] However, there were no civilian courts and jurisdiction was exercised by the military under the authority of the Governor.Justices of the peace were first appointed in 1753 and avice admiralty court established in 1793 to provide for the public auction of enemy ships captured by the Royal Navy.^[6]

The first political advances took place during the governorship ofSir George Don which started in 1814. AnExchange and Commercial Library was founded in 1817,^[6] with the Exchange Committee initially focused on furthering the interests of merchants based in the fortress. The Exchange Committee evolved into an organ that provided for a local voice in government, although of itself it had no real powers.

Upon declaring Gibraltar to be a Crown Colony in 1830,^[7] the 1830 Charter of Justice^[8] established anindependent judiciary and aSupreme Court of Justice.^[7] This reflected the British colonial system, where individual colonies had their own, distinct governments, finances, and judicial systems.^[9] The Charter, however, fell short of explicitly providing for a local role in government, although responsibility for government of Gibraltar passed from theWar Office to the newly createdColonial Office.^[4] TheGibraltar Police Force was also established following the model of theMetropolitan Police; the first British Overseas Territory to do so.^[10]

Although there was not an explicit role for the local population in government, Governor Sir George Don encouraged the development of the civilian administration. Following the establishment of the Exchange Committee by merchants and landowners, Don looked to the committee to provide a local voice. His successorSir Robert Gardiner proved to be less keen, arguing that the needs of the civilian population were subordinate to the military garrison.^[11] Sir Robert suppressed a public petition from the Exchange Committee pressing for an enquiry into his administration in 1852 but was recalled to London in 1855 as unease in his administration grew.^[11]

The role of the civilian administration remained focused onlaw and order. Political development remained slow and largely limited by the role of Gibraltar as a fortress.^[4] An 1889ordinance defined therights to residency, highlighting the importance of native-born individuals.^[4] In 1910, the new governorSir Archibald Hunter sought to administer Gibraltar primarily as a fortess, regarding the civilian population as something of a nuisance.^[12] Following disquiet in the civilian population, Sir Archibald was also recalled before his term of office ended.^[12]

It was not until 1921 that the firstelections for aCity Council in Gibraltar were held.^[4]

The outbreak of World War II in 1939 put an early end to the beginnings ofself-government in Gibraltar. Gibraltar's strategic geographical position and the threat of bombing raids by theAxis powers led to the evacuation of most of the civilian population.^[13] Many were evacuated first toMorocco and later to the United Kingdom, others were taken to the Portuguese island ofMadeira or the British colony ofJamaica.^[13] The evacuation led to conflicting emotions; on the one hand the experience ofthe Blitz strengthened British ties, while prejudice and racism encountered in the United Kingdom reinforced the sense ofGibraltarian identity.^[4] Spanish neutrality ensured Gibraltar was never the subject of a serious military threat but it led to the suspicion among evacuees that a deal had been done with theFascist DictatorGeneral Franco to return Gibraltar to Spain after the conflict.^[14]

The situation led to the founding of theAssociation for the Advancement of Civil Rights (AACR) in Gibraltar in December 1942.^[15] Led byAlbert Risso^[15] the AACR was intended to represent and protect the rights of Gibraltarians.Joshua Hassan^[15] was instrumental in making the AACR a civil rights-based organisation inspired by ananti-colonial ideology.^[14] During the war the AACR received support from the then GovernorGeneralMason-MacFarlane who encouraged the AACR to fulfil the representative role that the Committee of the Exchange and the Commercial Library used to fill.^[14] In 1945, the Colonial Office had offered a City Council with the same number of elected and nominated members. The AACR, along with the rest of representative bodies of Gibraltar declined the offer and asked for a majority of elected members. In April, the British authorities eventually gave way and a council where elected members outnumbered those nominated for the first time was established. In the elections held for City Council in July 1945 the AACR won all seven contested seats, with Joshua Hassan being elected the first post-war Chairman of the City Council.^[16]

In 1950, the Gibraltar Constitution Order and Gibraltar Election Rules^[17] ended the Governor's monopoly of legislative authority, with the formation of a Legislative Council. Subsequent amendments allowed for a majority of elected members in the assembly.^[18]

Early in 1964 a Constitutional Conference was held in Gibraltar, which recommended increasing the number of elected members from seven to eleven seats and abolishing the nominated members of the Legislative Council.^[19] These recommendations were accepted and implemented in time for the 1964 elections.^[19]

In the 1960s, the United Nations push fordecolonisation meant that the issue of Gibraltar was raised at the UN.^[14] Spain successfully lobbied to have the situation with Gibraltar raised at theSpecial Committee on Decolonization.^[14] Gibraltar was represented at the UN by Joshua Hassan andPeter Isola who denied that Gibraltar was an oppressed society and emphasised that Gibraltarians wanted to retain a connection with the United Kingdom:

Nothing could be further from the truth than to suggest that the people of Gibraltar are subjugated or exploited by a foreign power.

TheBritish Government developed a two-pronged approach to the decolonisation of dependent territories that were then still part of theBritish Empire.^[21] It encouraged the development of self-government with the aim of granting independence to any territory that wanted it.^[21] For those territories that wished to continue an association with the United Kingdom it would work with the democratically elected representatives to define arrangements that would permit it.^[21] In the opinion of the British Government, the position with regard to Gibraltar was complicated by provisions in the 1713Treaty of Utrecht that required the British to offer the territory to the Spanish crown if Britain were to relinquish it, which limited the options for independence.^[22] TheGovernment of Gibraltar does not share this opinion but so far has opted to retain the link with the United Kingdom.^[21]

In response to continued pressure from Spain at the UN and a 1966 proposal from Spain on the transfer of sovereignty,^[23]a referendum on sovereignty was held in 1967.^[24] Thereferendum presented the following choices:

(a) To pass under Spanish sovereignty in accordance with the terms proposed by the Spanish Government to Her Majesty's Government on 18 May 1966; or
(b) Voluntarily to retain their link with Britain, with democratic local institutions and with Britain retaining its present responsibilities.^[25]

Although Spain was given the opportunity to explain its proposals it declined to do so.^[26] Nevertheless, it was widely covered in the Spanish media (available in Gibraltar), so the proposals were well known. The Special Committee on Decolonization was informed in advance of the referendum and invited to observe.^[26] The invitation was declined and instead theUN General Assembly passedResolution 2353, which requested that the United Kingdom enter negotiations with Spain (then under the dictatorship of General Franco) and criticised the United Kingdom for holding a referendum. Resolution 2353 (XXII) was supported by seventy-three countries (mainly Latin American,Arab, African and Eastern European countries),^[27] rejected by nineteen (United Kingdom and the countries of theCommonwealth of Nations), while twenty-seven countries abstained (Western Europe and the United States).

The results of the referendum were emphatic, with a turnout of 95.67% Gibraltarians voted by 12,138 (99.64%) to 44 (0.36%) to remain under British sovereignty.^[27] The referendum is commemorated byGibraltar National Day, celebrated annually on 10 September.

As a response to the 1967 sovereignty referendum, the British Government moved to increase democracy in Gibraltar with anew constitution.^[28] Some in Gibraltar pushed for even closerintegration, pressing for Gibraltar to be formally integrated with the United Kingdom.^[14] However, the British Government declined that option, seeking to avoid "innovations which might make the development of a more favourable Spanish attitude to Gibraltar less likely".^[14] There was also opposition in Gibraltar as full integration would have resulted in a reduced role for the Government of Gibraltar.^[6]

The crucial feature of the 1969 Constitution for the Gibraltarians was thepreamble to theOrder in Council promulgating the Constitution, in its final form began:

Whereas Gibraltar is part of Her Majesty's dominions and Her Majesty's Government have given assurances to the people of Gibraltar that Gibraltar will remain part of Her Majesty's dominions unless and until an Act of Parliament otherwise provides, and furthermore that Her Majesty's Government will never enter into arrangements under which the people of Gibraltar would pass under the sovereignty of another state against their freely and democratically expressed wishes.^[28]

It has been pointed out that this preamble has been the "single most significant statement made on the sovereignty of Gibraltar since the signing of theTreaty of Utrecht".^[29] The 1969 Constitution remains the founding document for the Government of Gibraltar, it was modified in 2006 by theGibraltar Constitution Order 2006.

The 1969 Constitution made it clear that the British Government would not impose a solution on the Gibraltarians and acknowledged their right toself-determination in their own political future.^[30] Franco continued to insist that Gibraltar wasterritorially integral to Spain and"in a fit of diplomatic pique"^[14] ordered the closure of theGibraltar–Spain border in 1969. For the next 16 years Gibraltar was primarily reliant on an air-link with the United Kingdom for formal access to the outside world.^[30] Gibraltarians visiting nearby Spanish relatives had first to take a ferry toTangier, Morocco^[31] and then another toAlgeciras, Spain.^[32]

It is also ironic that the actions taken by Francisco Franco and Spain completely destroyed any potential for winning over the population and gaining support in either Britain or Gibraltar for transfer of sovereignty to Spain... This natural tendency of the two populations to interact demonstrated the artificial division that had been created and continued to exist so long as Britain retained possession of Gibraltar.Instead, he demanded the immediate return of Gibraltar, initiated a newspaper campaign in which the entire population was characterised as criminals and individual of dubious moral character, and imposed border restrictions that caused real hardship on the inhabitants.^[33]

A diplomatic stalemate persisted until, following the death of Franco,Margaret Thatcher's government initiated a new political process that resulted in theLisbon Agreement.^[34] This was a joint statement by the Spanish Foreign MinisterMarcelino Oreja and the BritishForeign SecretaryLord Carrington signed inLisbon on 10 April 1980.^[35] The preamble stated:

The British and Spanish Governments desiring to strengthen their bilateral relations and thus to contribute to Western solidarity, intend, in accordance with the relevant United Nations Resolutions, to resolve, in a spirit of friendship, the Gibraltar problem.

TheBrussels Agreement was concluded in November 1984 and implemented in February 1985.^[36] Spain's application to join theEuropean Economic Community proved to be the key factor, as the United Kingdom linked Spain's membership with the opening of the border and threatened to veto the application.^[36] The agreement clarified and reactivated the earlier Lisbon Agreement, which had been subject to widely differing interpretation that had complicatedAnglo-Spanish relations and delayed the full opening of the border.^[37] Under the Agreement, the United Kingdom and Spain would hold talks over Gibraltar, with the British prepared to negotiate on sovereignty.^[36] The Agreement was signed by the Foreign and Commonwealth Secretary, Rt. Hon.Sir Geoffrey Howe, and the Spanish Foreign Minister, His Excellency Sr.Don Fernando Morán López.^[38]

The Agreement was vocally criticised in Gibraltar^[39] as although the Government of Gibraltar was invited to participate, it was only as part of the United Kingdom delegation.^[40] Another major deficiency from the Gibraltar perspective was that it did not allow for the discussion of differences between Gibraltar and Spain.^[40] The Agreement was also criticised by Gibraltarian politicians as the Gibraltar delegation was expected to form part of:

the delegation of the colonising power from which it seeks in its own decolonisation.

In the key 1988 election, theGibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP) called for self-determination, expressed its opposition to the negotiations over the sovereignty and future of Gibraltar between Spain and the United Kingdom, and opposed to any transfer of sovereignty to Spain.^[41] It also asked for the withdrawal of the negotiations on the Brussels Declaration and opposed to the Airport Agreement.^[42] The GSLP got won 8 seats with a 58.2% of the popular vote.^[42]

The key points of the Brussels Agreement were:

• Provision of equality and reciprocity of rights for Spaniards in Gibraltar and Gibraltarians in Spain.
• The establishment of the free movement of persons, vehicles and goods between Gibraltar and the neighbouring territory.
• The establishment of a negotiating process aimed at overcoming all the differences between Spain and the United Kingdom over Gibraltar.

The relationship between the United Kingdom and Gibraltar had always revolved around the need for Gibraltar as a British military base in the Mediterranean. In the 1980s, the United Kingdom continued to reduce its military commitments overseas and the military base in Gibraltar began to be downsized.^[43] Whereas previously 60% of theeconomy of Gibraltar depended upon the military base, this had reduced to less than 10% by 2004.^[14] The economy diversified intofinancial services andtourism and as dependence on the United Kingdom decreased, the Government of Gibraltar felt more able to demand a stake in negotiations on its future.^[44]

The 1980s and 1990s were a political and cultural watershed for Gibraltar. The idea of a loyal Gibraltar just waiting to see what its imperial master decided with regard to internal policies and external relations was well and truly relegated to the past.^[14]

While the full lifting of border restrictions in 1985 was significant and Spain transformed itself from a fascist state to a democracy, the legacy of Gibraltar's isolation by Franco continued to cast a shadow. Gibraltarian politicians and general public continued to distrust Spanish intentions, particularly while Spain refused to recognise the Government of Gibraltar as a competent authority^[45] and continued to pursue confrontational policies.^[46] Politicians such as Joe Bossano^[47] andPeter Caruana^[44] continued to demand that no political concessions be made to Spain.

The British Government has continued with its policy of increasingly devolving governance to its Overseas Territories.

The UK Government's policy towards its Overseas Territories rests on the basis that it is the people of each territory who determine whether they wish to stay linked to the United Kingdom. The established policy of successive UK governments has been to give every help and encouragement to those territories which wish to proceed to independence, where it is an option.^[48]

British Overseas Territories or BOTs are not constitutionally part of the United Kingdom, rather they have separate constitutions set out inOrders in Council.^[49] While the constitutions promote self-government through elected Governments the United Kingdom has retained certainreserve powers.^[50] Previously constitutions were largely driven by the British Government, in 1999 the Government set out a White Paper to continue modernising the relationship with the United Kingdom and its Overseas Territories. The White Paper:

set out a "new partnership" between Britain and its Overseas Territories, based on four principles:

• self-determination, with Britain willingly granting independence where it is requested and is an option;
• responsibilities on both sides, with Britain pledged to defend the Overseas Territories, to encourage their sustainable development and to look after their interests internationally, and in return expecting the highest standards of probity, law and order, good government and observance of Britain’s international commitments;
• the Overseas Territories exercising the greatest possible autonomy; and
• Britain providing continued financial help to the Overseas Territories that need it.^[50]

As part of the White Paper, the British Government invited the British Dependent Territories (which in 2002 were renamedBritish Overseas Territories to mark the changing relationship) to provide proposals for constitutional reform.^[50]

While proposing constitutional reform, the British Government conducted secret talks with their Spanish counterparts under the framework established by the 1984 Brussels Agreement. These culminated in 2002 with an announcement by the thenSecretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth AffairsJack Straw in theHouses of Parliament that both countries had agreed to share sovereignty over Gibraltar, provided that the Gibraltarians consented. The proposals received a hostile reception on the Rock and were resoundingly rejected in asecond sovereignty referendum. The referendum asked Gibraltarians the following question:

On the 12th July 2002 the Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw, in a formal statement in the House of Commons, said that after twelve months of negotiation the British Government and Spain are in broad agreement on many of the principles that should underpin a lasting settlement of Spain's sovereignty claim, which included the principle that Britain and Spain should share sovereignty over Gibraltar.
Do you approve of the principle that Britain and Spain should share sovereignty over Gibraltar?^[51]

To deflect any potential criticism of the referendum, the Government of Gibraltar invited a panel of distinguishedobservers headed up byGerald Kaufman, MP. Their published report confirmed that:

The observers were extremely impressed with the organisation of the referendum and particularly welcome that the role of the observers was integral to the process, as distinct from the more passive role of observers in other elections. The meticulous way in which votes were counted exceeded requirements and went beyond requirements adopted for UK elections^[52]

Nevertheless, the referendum was roundly condemned in Spain. For his part Jack Straw described the decision of the Government of Gibraltar to hold its own referendum on the prospect of shared sovereignty with Spain as "eccentric".^[53] With a turnout of 87.9%, Gibraltarians voted by 17,900 (98.48%) votes to 187 (1.03%) to reject shared sovereignty and there has been no further discussion on the subject. In his evidence to theParliament of the United KingdomForeign Affairs Committee in 2008,Jim Murphy MP,Minister of State for Europe, stated:

The UK Government will never — "never" is a seldom-used word in politics – enter into an agreement on sovereignty without the agreement of the Government of Gibraltar and their people. In fact, we will never even enter into a process without that agreement. The word "never" sends a substantial and clear commitment and has been used for a purpose. We have delivered that message with confidence to the peoples and the Governments of Gibraltar and Spain. It is a sign of the maturity of our relationship now that that is accepted as the UK's position.^[54]

To examine proposals for constitutional reform stemming from the 1999 White Paper, a cross-party committee of theGibraltar House of Assembly was set up to consult with interested parties and in January 2002 produced a report, which was subsequently debated and negotiated with the United Kingdom. The proposals for the reform were accepted by theForeign and Commonwealth Office in March 2006 and unanimously approved in the Gibraltar House of Assembly in October.^[55]

The proposed constitution had been negotiated with the British Government by a delegation representing Gibraltar, comprising inter alia its Government, andOpposition.

Among changes introduced by the new constitution were:

• Renaming the House of Assembly to theGibraltar Parliament.
• Renaming "Members of the House of Assembly" to "Members of Parliament" (MPs).
• Removal of the two remaining unelected members of the House of Assembly.
• Increasing the number of elected representatives from 15 to 17, with the parliament able to legislate to increase this number.
• Decreasing the Governor's powers, and transferring some of these to elected officials.
• Modernisation of the relationship between Gibraltar and the United Kingdom, without affecting the issue of sovereignty.
• A bill of "fundamental rights and freedoms" enshrined in the constitution.

A referendum on the proposed new constitution order was held on 30 November 2006. The motion proposed and approved was:

In exercise of your right to self-determination, do you approve and accept the proposed new Constitution for Gibraltar? YES NO^[56]

Turnout was 60.4%^[57] which was much lower than that the 87.9% achieved for the previous referendum on the shared sovereignty proposals but comparable to the 57.5% for the2004 European Parliament election.^[58] 60.24% of votes cast were For the order and 37.75% of votes were Against. Although the proposed constitution had the support of all political parties a significant "No" movement emerged. Although reasons were diverse there were two aspects to objections;^[59] firstly the commitment to retaining British sovereignty was seen to not be sufficiently secure,^[59] secondly the new constitution was deemed not advanced enough in allowing the exercise of the right to self-determination.^[55][60]Joe Bossano, Leader of the Opposition, criticised the failure to phrase the preamble in a way that supported the maximum possible level of self-government.^[61]

As a result, theGibraltar Constitution Order 2006 was approved, given effect by an Order in Council on 14 December 2006, and came into force on 2 January 2007.^[62] According to the British Government, it aimed to provide a modern and mature relationship not based oncolonialism between Gibraltar and the United Kingdom.^[63]

Also in 2006, after nearly two years of talks the Governments of Spain, the United Kingdom and Gibraltar signed a historictripartite agreement, giving a voice to Gibraltar in talks between the United Kingdom and Spain for the first time. TheCordoba Agreement (also known as the Cordoba Accord or the Tripartite Agreement) stemmed from an initiative by the incoming Spanishsocialist Government in 2004, which proposed a "Forum of Dialogue", in which for the first time Gibraltar would take part as an independent third party. The Agreement was signed by Spanish Foreign MinisterMiguel Ángel Moratinos, BritishMinister for EuropeGeoff Hoon and Gibraltar's Chief MinisterPeter Caruana.^[64] The key agreements were:^[65]

• Flights between Spain and Gibraltar
• More phone lines into Gibraltar
• Lifting oflimits on dialling Gibraltar from Spain and mobile roaming in Spain for Gibraltar mobile phones
• Dispute over pension payments to Spaniards who once worked in Gibraltar resolved
• Spain promised to reduce its border controls and ease movement across the frontier

The Agreement also established the "Tripartite Forum", with regular dialogue between the three parties. In July 2009, Moratinos attended talks in Gibraltar, making it the first time a Spanish Minister had ever done so.^[66] The Agreement has not been without criticism. Spanish newspaperEl Mundo reported it as "a shameful moment in Spain's history"^[67] and Gibraltar'sPanorama criticised the talks due to Moratino's role in the controversy of Gibraltar's territorial waters.^[66] The forum was designed to facilitate dialogue on a number of issues, putting the sovereignty issue to one side. An independent appraisal byPeter Gold concluded that"given the fundamental differences in the ultimate objectives of the Forum participants and in particular Spain's sensitivity to Gibraltar's status, the agreements may only prove to be a means of managing the Gibraltar 'problem' rather than resolving it."^[68] Spain has continued to insist it will only discuss sovereignty with the United Kingdom and not as part of the Tripartite Forum.^[69]

The home of the Government of Gibraltar is theGibraltar Parliament which was previously known as the Gibraltar House of Assembly between 1969 and 2006.^[70] Thisunicameral body consists of seventeen members elected by vote of the Gibraltar electorate and theSpeaker.^[71] The Speaker is the only non-elected member and is appointed by a simple majority of the Members of Parliaments and presented by the Chief Minister after consulting with the Leader of the Opposition.^[71] The Speaker does not have a vote and vacates the position when Parliament is dissolved. The Chief Minister is the Elected Member who leads the political party with the largest majority^[72] and is formally appointed by the Governor.

Gibraltar is organised as a singleconstituency. Individual voters have up to 10 votes for their choice from all the candidates standing for election.^[73] Members are elected by popular vote to serve 4-year terms.^[73]

The role of theGovernor of Gibraltar is mainly symbolic as the representative of thehead of state,KingCharles III. With each successive constitution the role of the Governor has been reduced. Under thecurrent constitution, the Government of Gibraltar is responsible for all matters except defence, foreign policy, internal security and the judiciary.^[74] Formally defence, foreign policy and internal security are the responsibility of the Governor; judicial and other appointments are also made by the Governor on behalf of the King in consultation with the Chief Minister.

TheGibraltar Police Authority is responsible for internal security and policing in Gibraltar. It is independent of the Parliament and is composed of a chairman and seven members acting on the advice of the Specified Appointments Commission, together with one member appointed by each of the Governor and Chief Minister. Reflecting English Common Law and Acts, Gibraltar has had an independent judiciary and Supreme Court of Justice since the 1830 Charter of Justice. Gibraltar remains dependent upon the United Kingdom for foreign relations and defence.

The political development of modern Gibraltar has often been hampered by its role as a fortress and the relationship between the United Kingdom and Spain but from the 1960s onward there has been an important change in the political and cultural profile of Gibraltar.^[14] While the connection with the United Kingdom remains significant, Gibraltar has attained a highly developed but unquestionably differentiated political voice.^[14]

• "Gibraltar: Little Territory, Lot at Stake". Archived fromthe original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved3 February 2011.
• Garcia, Dr Joseph."Political History of Gibraltar". Archived fromthe original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved3 February 2011.
• Bartumeus, Luis Romero (22 December 2004)."Gibraltar: Alternative Diplomacy" (in English and Spanish). Retrieved4 February 2011.
• Miller, Vaughne (22 May 2002)."Gibraltar's Constitutional Future"(PDF).International Affairs & Defence Section. House of Commons Library. Retrieved4 February 2011.
• Finlayson, Thomas James."The Struggle for Democracy".Gibraltar Chronicle. Archived fromthe original on 28 April 2004. Retrieved21 October 2008.

• Politics of Gibraltar
• History of Gibraltar

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