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Polish folk dances are a tradition rooted in ten centuries ofPolish culture andhistory. Many of the dances stem from regional customs and historical events and are distinct fromCzech,Slovak andGermanic styles. National dances include formal ballroom orballet elements. Nowadays, the dances are only performed during major events, holidays or in tourist-oriented public spaces.
The most notable and renowned dances of Poland, also known as Poland's National Dances, are theKrakowiak,Mazurka,Oberek,Polonaise andBohemianPolka. A great promoter of Polish folk music abroad was pianist and composerFrédéric Chopin, who often incorporated folklore into his works.
Polish folk dances (singular:taniec ludowy,pronounced[ˈtaɲɛtsluˈdɔvɨ]; plural:tańce ludowe[ˈtaɲtsɛluˈdɔvɛ]) tend to be lively, energetic, and joyful. Hops, twirls, and athletic movements are common. Many dances involve a circle (Polish:koło[ˈkɔwɔ] "circle",kołem[ˈkɔwɛm] "in a circle") but also partners.
The Polish national dances are theKrakowiak,Kujawiak,Mazurek,Oberek, andPolonaise. These dances are classified as National, because almost every region in Poland has displayed a variety of these dances. Many of these dances were brought to the ballroom floor following Napoleon's expansion into Central and Eastern Europe, which brought French nobility imitating the Polish peasants style of dance, and adding flavors of ballet.
The Krakowiak (pronounced[kraˈkɔvʲak]), also known as the Cracovienne, is a fast, syncopated Polish dance induple time from the region ofKraków andLesser Poland.
The Kujawiak[kuˈjavʲak] is a dance from the region ofKuyavia in central Poland. The most romantic of the national dances, the Kujawiak is a slow dance in3
4 metre, danced with couples.
The Mazur is a faster dance in which pairs glide across the floor. The dance is laced heavily with French influences and the dancers move with grace and speed. The Mazur was one ofChopin's biggest influences when composing his music.
The Oberek is a fast, vivacious dance in3
8 time. The word "oberek" is derived from "obrot" meaning, "to turn". Great leaps and feats of athleticism are demonstrated by the men.
The Polonaise is the most stately of the national dances. Danced in triple (3
4) metre, the Polonaise is often the first dance at large events. In Poland, the Polonaise is called the Polonez, or less often the Chodzony (literally, "walking dance").
Polish regional dances are ones specific to a given region or city.
Southern Poland features the culture of theGorals, Polish highlanders and people ethnic to the mountainous regions. These dances were brought byVlach settlers in the 17th century. Very similar versions can be found at the Gorals inSlovakia and inCzech Republic. Therhythm of their music is different for the otherwise duple or triple-metre of the lowlands.
Dance fromthis region are composed of dancing various figures in different combinations dependant on the lively music played on live instruments. They are considered to be very technical to execute. These figures include:ozwodnom, bokem, zwyrtanom, wiecnom, drobnom, po dylu, obijanom, grzybowom, po razie, po dwa, andpo śtyry.
The most popular dances includeJuhaski, Góralski andZbójnicki. These dances include parts where the pair dances together as well as apart.[1]
Silesia was a German-controlled region at one point, with a thriving Polish majority inUpper Silesia. Its songs and dances are simpler, yet very similar to their southern counterparts;Slovakia and theCzech Republic. Silesian songs likeSzła Dzieweczka (The Walking Girl) have been popularized in Poland and abroad thanks to state ensemblesŚląsk Song and Dance Ensemble andMazowsze (folk group).
The most popular dances in this region wereOwięziok, Piłka, Szewc (shoemaker) andMasztołka.Wirowe (spinning) dances includedWrona (crow),Kowol (blacksmith),Łowczorz, Klaskany (clapping dance),Świniok (pig dance) andZbój.Dances in individual pairs includedKołomajki, Rejna andKucznierz. Trójkowe dances (dances done in groups of three) and zbiorowe dances (in groups) includeChustkowy, Błogosławiony andCzworok. There were also dances such asŻabiokorZajązek, which were created for men to show off for the women.[2]
This Southern region of Poland is home to theGorale Żywieccy (Żywiec Highlanders). There are two different types of dances found in this region: Tańce Zbiorowe (group dances) and Tańce Parowe (dances in pairs). In the first type, there are different parts of the dance where sometimes pairs dance alone, while at other time they join other pairs to dance in a group. An example of this would be the dance calledKoło (circle), Koń (horse), Krzyżok andNa Bon. The second type of dance in this region is simply pairs dancing independently. The most popular dances from this region areObyrtka, Hajduk, Siustany andTańiec Zbójnicki na Żywiecczyźnie.[3][4][5]
The northern region ofKashubia, in Polish calledKaszuby, has a variety dances with various national influences due to the ports found on the ocean border in this area. Along with its rich culture, this region also has a regional language,Kashubian, which is still spoken today by a couple thousand of the regions' inhabitants.[6]
There many dances from this region. The names, with their variations across the region, can be found in the collapsible list titled "Kaszuby Dances".[7][8]
TheLublin area is one of the more colourful of all the Polish regions, with costumes made with a variety of different coloured materials and ribbons.[9] There are a variety of dances found in this region that may also be found in different regions across Poland. These dances include waltzes,oberki andchodzone (pronounced "hod-zon-e", meaning walking dance) with a time signature of ¾, and various fast-paced polkas (Link) such asPolka Podlaska ("Podlachian Polka") with a time signature of 4/4.[10]
Though some dances are shared across regions with slight variations,Mach (pronounced "mah"),Osa ("wasp"),Cygan,Pożon, Reczka (Hreczka) are some region specific dances from Lublin.[11]
Dancing games were also very popular and considered as part of the dancing culture.Śpiuch, Wałach, Weksel andMietlorzare a few of the popular games from this region.[11]
The costumes in this region are very colourful with many variations for both men and women. Oberek is the most popular dance in this region; however, polkas, waltzes andMazurki are very common in this region as well. Strong accents and stomping of the feet by men are very characteristic features of the dances fromOpoczno. Other dances found in this region includeTramblanka,Polka Drygana, Polka Staroświecka, Chdodzony (walking),Kowol (blacksmith),Szewiec (shoesmith),Krzyżok andMietlorz.[12]
The songs and dances from theRzeszów region are fast-paced and very energetic. There are two different types of dances found in this region: Tańce Zbiorowe (group dances) and Tańce Pojedynczych Par (dances in pairs). In the first type, there are different parts of the dance where sometimes pairs dance alone, while at other time they join other pairs to dance in a group. An example of this would be the dance called Ułan. The second type of dance in this region is simply pairs dancing independently.[13]
Dances from this region which are still often practiced and performed by Polish Folk Dancing groups include Polka bez nogi (Polka without one leg), Polka w lewo (Polka to the left), Trampolka, Chodzonego (pronounced "hod-zon-e-gogh", meaning walking dance), Oberek, Sztajerek and Waltz.[14] These dances can also be found in the surrounding areas with slight modifications. Other dances from this region include Z Powódka, Polka z Boku (Polka on the side), Drobny z Krzemienicy, Polka z Kropką (Polka with a dot), Polka Uginana (Polka with bent legs), Polka Kucana (squatting Polka), Polka Dzwon, Wolny (slow), Powröz and Kulawka.[13]
This Northern region, which has borders along the sea and lakes, has songs and dances which were popular with sailors, fishermen and merchants. The more popular dances in the region includedwalcerówne (an even waltz) andPodcinacze. Polkas from this region included Polkas calledDrobnymi, Polka Mazurka, Polka Warmińska, Polka z Knikzsemczy andPolka Hasana. Other dances includedWilk (wolf),Baran (sheep),Pofajdok,Szot,Kosejder,Baba (old lady),Puszczany,Lowiska,Szewc (shoemaker),Kowal (blacksmith),Kłaniany (Bowing),Puszczany, Kozak, Biwat Obchodny (walking) andKłaniany (bowing),Krakowiaczek andRozpuszczak.[15][16]
Some of the newer dances were calledOkrągłymi (round). They were called as such because they involved everyone dancing in a circle performing the same dance movement.[15]
Dancing games were also very popular and a part of dance. Dancing games from this region included:A nogami drap, drap, drap (Step, step, step with your legs);Dwa Gołębie, Hejduk andŻabka (little frog).[15][16]
There are many regions in Poland with unique regional dances worth noting. They includeŁowicz,Lachy Sądeckie,Kujawy,Kurpie andWielkopolska; however it is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list.
Polish Folk Song and Dance groups (in Polish:Zespół Pieśni i Tańca orZPiT) include:
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