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| Founded | 7 February 1867; 158 years ago (1867-02-07) |
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| Founder | Jan Żaplachta-Zapałowicz, Józef Milleret[1] |
| Founded at | Lwów,Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria |
| Type | gymnastics society |
| Headquarters | Warsaw,Poland |
Region served | Poland |
Sokół (Polish:[ˈsɔkuw]ⓘ, English: Falcon), or in full thePolskie Towarzystwo Gimnastyczne "Sokół" (English:"Falcon" Polish Gymnastic Society), is thePolish offshoot of theCzech Sokol movement, and the oldestyouth movement organization of Poland. Created inLwów in 1867, by the end ofWorld War I the movement had its units –gniazda ("Nests") – in all parts of Poland, as well as among thePolish communities abroad. The group's goal was to develop fitness, both physically and mentally, with a mottomens sana in corpore sano ("a fit spirit in a fit body").
Sokół was formed February 7, 1867 inLwów, then a capital ofAustro-HungarianGalicia. The basic aims of the society were promotion of gymnastics and national revival in all parts ofpartitioned Poland. In 1885 the first chairman,Józef Millert managed to convince theGerman authorities to allow for Sokół "nests" to be formed in German-held parts of Poland. After theRevolution of 1905 the Sokół expanded into theRussian Empire.
As opposed to theScouting movement which emerged in Poland simultaneously (largely promoted byJózef Piłsudski'ssocialists), the Sokół tended to be right wing, with the majority of important posts taken by supporters ofRoman Dmowski'sNational League. It promotedgymnastics and healthy life, as well as traditional moral values. The movement opposedfootball, as aplebeian sport. Because of that, many members left the organization in early 20th century and founded their ownfootball clubs, among them theCzarni Lwów - the first football team in Poland.
InGreater Poland, Sokół became an important group dedicated to Polish independence. In theGerman partition of Poland, from the beginning, the Sokół movement met with police persecutions, controls, harassment and provocations. This stopped only after the Sokół accepted constant police supervision. Another change was that only adults could become members. Because of this, Sokół presidentBernard Chrzanowski, and vice-presidentKsawery Zakrzewski, suggested setting up independent youth organizations, which would have rented, for a nominal pay, the gymnastic chambers by hours or days.
Alfred Filip Zawadyński was the first founder of Sokół, in Sokołów Podlaski, Poland.
German police began to harass and persecute all the new organizations again, and for a time forbade any further activity. AttorneyChrzanowski argued that the police had no proof and could present no link, neither personal nor financial, between these organizations and Sokół. He took the case all the way to the Supreme Court of Justice inBerlin. It was shown that the president of "Iskra",Kazimierz Syller, "Brzask"Stanisław Szulc, and of "Ogniwo"Edmund Maćkowiak, nor any other adult member had ever been members of Sokół. The jury canceled the laws, but this caused even more harassment from the police and attempts to penetrate the organizations by informers began.
After Poland regained her independence, in 1919 the nests formed in various partitions were united in theUnion of Gymnastic Societies "Sokół". After thePolish defeat in 1939 the newSoviet andNazi authorities banned the Sokół and it was not allowed to emerge after the war. It was not until 1988 that the ban was lifted by the Communist authorities of Poland. During that time only minor nests continued their activity abroad, among the Polish diaspora in theUnited Kingdom,United States (Polish Falcons),France and several other countries. The following year, on January 10, the first nest since World War II was officially registered and on March 1, 1990, the society was again registered in Poland. Currently the organization has 86 nests and claims to have approximately 10,000 members both in Poland and abroad.
In 1947, the organization was officially delegalized by the communist authorities of thePolish People's Republic. All information relating to the "Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society was subject tocensorship. The society was registered on 10 January 1989 and then on 1 March 1990 its name was changed to Union of "Sokół" Gymnastics Societies in Poland (Związek Towarzystw Gimnastycznych "Sokół" w Polsce). Currently, the union has an estimated number of 8,000 members organized in 80 groups known asgniazda (nests). The "Sokół" union continues the traditions of its pre-WWII predecessor and is committed to instilling the values of patriotism, education and civic duty in its young members as well as strengthening the love of the country and a sense of national identity. In 2017, the PolishSejm andSenate passed a special resolution commemorating the 150th anniversary of the foundation of the "Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society.[2][3]
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