  | |
 Polish descendants inCuritiba. | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 2 million[1][2] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Brazil: MainlySouthern andSoutheastern BrazilBrazilian diaspora in Canada:Toronto andMontreal; Argentina:Misiones; and Paraguay:Itapúa. | |
| Languages | |
| Portuguese · Polish · Russian (Historically) · Yiddish | |
| Religion | |
| Roman Catholicism (ethnicPoles) · Judaism (Polish Jews) · Minor:Islam (Polish Tatars) | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Russian Brazilians,Ukrainian Brazilians,Lithuanian Brazilians,White Brazilians,White Latin Americans |
Polish Brazilians (Portuguese:polono-brasileiros,Polish:Polonia brazylijska) refers toBrazilians of full or partialPolish ancestry who are aware of such ancestry and remain connected, to some degree, toPolish culture, or Polish-born people permanently residing inBrazil. Also, a Polish Brazilian may have one Polish parent.
Polish immigrants began arriving inBrazil in the late 19th century and their total number was estimated at around 200,000.[2]
The firstPolish immigrants arrived in the port ofItajaí,Santa Catarina, in August 1869.[3] They were 78 Poles from the area of Southern Silesia. Commandant Redlisch, of the ship Victoria, brought people fromMitteleuropa to settle inBrusque.
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They were in total 16 families, among them: Francisco Pollak, Nicolau Wós, Boaventura Pollak, Thomasz Szymanski, Simon Purkot, Felipe Purkot, Miguel Prudlo, Chaim Briffel, Simon Otto, Domin Stempke, Gaspar Gbur, Balcer Gbur, Walentin Weber, Antoni Kania, Franciszek Kania, André Pampuch and Stefan Kachel. The Poles were placed in the colonies Príncipe Dom Pedro and Itajaí, in the area of Brusque.[4]
Fewer Poles immigrated to Brazil thanPortuguese orItalians, but many Poles have settled in Brazil. From 1872 to 1917 (Act of 5th November), 110,243 "Russian" citizens entered Brazil - in fact, the vast majority of them were Poles, since Polish lands situated east ofProsna river was under Russian rule asCongress Poland, thus ethnic Poles immigrated with Russianpassports.[5]West of Poland was part of the German Empire, therefore these Poles migrated as German citizens.
The State ofParaná received the majority of Polish immigrants, who settled mainly in the region ofCuritiba, in the towns of Mallet, Cruz Machado, São Matheus do Sul, Irati, Rebouças, Rio Azul and União da Vitória.[citation needed]
Most Polish immigrants to Southern Brazil wereCatholics who arrived between 1870–1920 and worked as small farmers in the State ofParaná. Others went to the neighboring states ofRio Grande do Sul andSanta Catarina and São Paulo, which is a state as well as a city. After the 1920s, many PolishJews immigrated seeking refuge from Europe, settling mainly in theState of São Paulo. Today most Brazilian Jews are of Polish descent.[6]
In 1871, with the help of Father Antônio Zieliński, well connected in the court ofDom Pedro II, inRio de Janeiro, Wos-Saporski, later nicknamed the "Father of Polish Colonization inParaná", obtained permission from the emperor for this group (as German citizens), already expanded (32 families), could migrate to the Pilarzinho colony in the region ofCuritiba, thus founding the first Polish colony in Brazil with the support of the government of Paraná.[citation needed]
Until June 1873, 809 Polish immigrants arrived in Paraná, of which 454 were provisionally lodged in Curitiba. In September 1873, another 64 families (258 people) disembarked inSanta Catarina and again with the help of Wos-Saporski and the authorization of Frederico José Cardoso de Araújo Abranches, then president of the Province of Paraná, they settled 6 km from Curitiba in the current Abranches neighborhood.[citation needed]
In 1875 about two thousand Poles lived on the outskirts of Curitiba. In 1877 the number had already jumped to six thousand immigrants. Thanks to the action of Adolfo Lamenha Lins, who presided over the province of Paraná between 1875 and 1877, there was a synchrony between the colonization of the territory, rural development and immigration. Lamenha understood the difference between spontaneous and official immigration, so, during his government, he encouraged the establishment of new immigrants in Paraná by funding their journey from the ports ofParanaguá andSão Francisco do Sul to Curitiba and by creating several colonial agricultural centers. He also invested in infrastructure and access, enabling the movement of goods and ensuring the supply of foodstuffs to nearby markets. In the last report sent to the Legislative Assembly (1877), Lins states that six thousand immigrants lived on the outskirts of the capital. The most important colonies founded at this time were: Santa Cândida (1875), Orleans (1875), Thomas Coelho (Araucária - 1876),Santo Inácio (1876), Dona Augusta (1876), Lamenha (1876), D. Pedro II ( 1876), Riviere (1877).[citation needed]
In 1878, the colonies Murici, Zacarias, Inspetor Carvalho and Coronel Accioly were created. Also in 1878, 28 Polish immigrant families settled in Colônia Moema, in the municipality ofPonta Grossa. Soon after, more families arrived in the municipality, creating new colonies: Taquari, Guaraúna, Rio Verde and Itaiacoca.[citation needed]
In 1907, a school was founded in Ponta Grossa that catered to the needs of Polish children, in a space attached to the Sant'Ana Chapel and directed by the Servas do Espírito Santo sisters. In 1908 the school had more than 50 Polishstudents. Theschool closed in 1933. In 1937 Paraná had 167 Polish ethnic schools. The first school run by a Polish immigrant in Paraná was opened in October 1876 by Jerônimo Durski in the Orleans colony, in Curitiba.[citation needed]
In 1934, the Maritime and Colonial League (Liga Morska i Kolonialna, LMiK) founded the Morska Wola agricultural colony, in the municipality of Cândido de Abreu. In 1939 the colony had 195 families, approximately 700 people, most of themPolish.[citation needed]
1886 is considered the starting point of Polish immigration in the state ofRio Grande do Sul. A group of 300 immigrants, unable to adapt to the climate of the state ofBahia, where they first headed, migrated to the north ofPorto Alegre and founded the Santa Teresa and Santa Bárbara colonies. In 1888, they were demarcated from the lots of the Mariana Pimentel Colony, which received the first waves ofPolish immigrants the following year. In 1890 a group of Polish immigrants arrived in Porto Alegre who headed for the town of São Feliciano, the current municipality of Dom Feliciano. Most were fromKongresówka (the part ofPoland occupied byRussia). The immigrants received lots and started makinghouses, planting crops and raising animals. They were very religious, and the first things they built werechapels.[citation needed]
In this first phase, few Polish settlers settled inSanta Catarina due to the climate and "hostile territory" (inhabited by Indigenous Brazilians). They did not live well with the German colonies, which were predominant in the region. Santa Catarina was at the time a province of passage, where immigrants disembarked at the port ofItajaí but headed mainly for Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul.[citation needed]
In 1873, around 60 Polish families (as German citizens) arrived inEspírito Santo fromPrussia,Pomerania andSilesia (from the Wrocław region), and together with the Germans, they settled mainly in Santa Leopoldina and Santa Teresa. According to Brazilian sources, from 1876 onwards, the colonization of the 25 de Julho River valley, located in the lower part of the Santa Teresa mountain range, towards the Rio Doce, began, primarily by Italian, German and Swiss immigrants. The following year,Poles occupied the lands along the 5 de Novembro River, starting the colony called Patrimonio dos Polacos or Santo Antônio dos Polacos. In the north of Espírito Santo, the city of Águia Branca, which received its name for being the symbol ofPoland, is founded by the association called Colonizing Society ofWarsaw.[citation needed]
In a 1991 poll with Polish immigrants residents inSoutheastern Brazil, 48.5% reported to beJewish, 36.4%Catholic, 10.7% adherents of other religions and 4.5% non-religious.[5]
The State ofParaná still retains a strong influence from thePolish culture. Many small towns have a majority of Polish descendants and thePolish language is spoken by some of them, although nowadays most Polish Brazilians only speakPortuguese. The city ofCuritiba has the second largestPolish diaspora in the world (afterChicago)[2] andPolish music,dishes andculture are quite common in the region. Curitiba was largely influenced by a mayorJaime Lerner.
Important Polish communities include:
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Polish writerMaria Konopnicka published in 1910 a poemMister Balcer in Brazil (Pan Balcer w Brazylii). Balcer fails to assimilate and returns to Poland. Mieczysław Lepecki had visited several South American countries, including Brazil, preparing mass emigration from Poland, and published several books about South America. Kazimierz Warchałowski returned to Poland and published there books about Brazil.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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