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Police tactical unit

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Specialized police unit

For other uses, seePolice tactical unit (disambiguation).

Osaka Prefectural Police Riot Police Unit officers arresting a suspect during training

Apolice tactical unit (PTU)^[a] is a specializedpolice unit trained and equipped to handle situations that are beyond the capabilities of ordinary law enforcement units because of the level of violence (or risk of violence) involved.^[2]^[3]^[4] The tasks of a police tactical unit may include executing dangeroussearch warrants andarrest warrants for dangerous persons;arresting or neutralizing dangerous ormentally ill armed persons; and intervening in high-risk situations such asshootouts,standoffs,hostage-takings, andterrorist incidents.^[5]^[6]

Definition

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GSG 9 (operator and helicopter pictured here in 1978) was established in September 1972 following theMunich massacre to combatterrorism, and was one of the first police tactical units.^[7]

Police tactical units are dedicated units composed of personnel selected and trained in tactical skillsets to carry out the responsibilities of the unit, and inuse-of-force policies, including lethal force forcounterterrorism.^[8] A PTU is equipped with specialized police and military-type equipment.^[9] A PTU may have specialized combat assaultdogs with personnel trained as dog handlers.^[10] PTU personnel may also be trained incrisis negotiation.^[11]

A police tactical unit can be part of either a police force under the authority ofcivilian officials,^[12] or agendarmerie-style force under the authority of civilian officials (interior ministry) or adefence ministry that may have formal military status.^[13]^[12] Other government agencies, depending on the country, may establish specialized units with comparable taskings, training, and equipment, such asborder guard,coast guard,customs, orcorrections.^[14]

In theUnited States, police tactical units are known by the generic termSWAT (special weapons and tactics) team;^[15]^[16] the term originated from thePhiladelphia Police Department and theLos Angeles Police Department in the 1960s.^[17]^[15]^[18] InAustralia, thefederal government uses the termpolice tactical group.^[3] TheEuropean Union uses the termspecial intervention unit for national counterterrorist PTUs.^[19]

Characteristics

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AnFBI SWAT team advancing during anaircraft hijacking training exercise atKeesler Air Force Base inMississippi

Police tactical units have similarities tomilitary special forces units such as organization, selection, training, equipment, and operational methodologies.^[20]^[21] Police tactical units, similar to military units, are notgender diverse, with female members being rare.^[22]^[23]

For "certain counter terrorism operations, such as hostage rescue, there is a significant convergence of roles, tactics and force when employed in either an armed conflict or policing role".^[24] Aside from counterterrorism, the roles of police and military units differ in that the role of military units can result in the use of the maximum permissible force against enemy combatants while the role of police units is to use only minimal force sufficient to subdue suspected criminals, including negotiation.^[25]^[26]^[27]

Notes

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^Some academic literature from North America uses the term "policeparamilitary unit" (PPU) to describe police tactical units.^[1]

References

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^Alvaro 2000, p. 3.
^Alvaro, Sam (2000).Tactical law enforcement in Canada; an exploratory survey of Canadian police agencies (Thesis). Carleton University. p. 1,37,51-52.ISBN 978-0-612-48419-1. Retrieved29 August 2021.
^^a ^bAustralia-New Zealand Counter-Terrorism Committee (2017).Active Armed Offender Guidelines for Crowded Places(PDF). Commonwealth of Australia. p. 3.ISBN 978-1-925593-97-6. Retrieved30 September 2017.
^Rantatalo, Oscar (2013).Sensemaking and organising in the policing of high risk situations: focusing the Swedish Police National Counter-Terrorist Unit(PDF) (Thesis). Umeå: Department of Education, Umeå University. p. 15,32.ISBN 978-91-7459-699-1. Retrieved25 May 2017.
^Alvaro 2000, p. 99-103.
^NTOA 2018, p. 10.
^Alvaro 2000, p. 39-40.
^NTOA (April 2018)."Tactical Response and Operations Standard for Law Enforcement Agencies"(PDF). p. 12,34,38. Retrieved3 February 2021.
^NTOA 2018, p. 45.
^Neville, Leigh (2017).European Counter-Terrorist Units 1972-2017. Elite 220. Illustrated by Adam Hook. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 13.ISBN 978-1-4728-2527-8.
^NTOA 2018, p. 35.
^^a ^bAlvaro 2000, p. 40.
^Lutterbeck, Derek (2013).The Paradox of Gendarmeries: Between Expansion, Demilitarization and Dissolution(PDF). SSR PAPER 8. Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). p. 7.ISBN 978-92-9222-286-4. Retrieved3 February 2021.
^Alvaro 2000, p. 44.
^^a ^bRantatalo 2013, p. 15.
^Alvaro 2000, p. 72.
^Mitchel P. Roth & James Stuart Olson,Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement, Westport, Ct: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, p. 333 and; John S. Dempsey & Linda S. Forst,An Introduction to Policing, Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, 2011, p. 276.
^Alvaro 2000, p. 27-28.
^On the improvement of cooperation between the special intervention units of the Member States of the European Union in crisis situations (Council Decision 2008/617/JHA). 23 June 2008. Retrieved26 May 2017.
^North Atlantic Treaty Organization (18 December 2020).NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions(PDF) (in English and French). Vol. AAP-06 (2020 ed.). Brussels: NATO Standardization Agency. p. 119. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2 June 2021.
^Alexander, John B (July 2010)."4: Comparison between SOF and Law Enforcement Agencies". Convergence: Special Operations Forces and Civilian Law Enforcement (Report). JSOU report 10-6. MacDill Air Force Base, Florida: Joint Special Operations University (JSOU) Press. pp. 48–62. Retrieved29 August 2021.
^Dahle, Thorvald O. (March 2015)."Women and SWAT: Making Entry into Police Tactical Teams"(PDF).Law Enforcement Executive Forum.15 (1). Macomb, Illinois: Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute: 21,25.ISSN 1552-9908. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 6 October 2017.
^Turnley, Jessica Glicken; Stewart, Dona J.; Rubright, Rich; Quirin, Jason (June 2014).Special Operations Forces Mixed-Gender Elite Teams(PDF). William Knarr (Project Leader). MacDill Air Force Base, Florida: Joint Special Operations University (JSOU) Press. pp. 11,85–86. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on September 25, 2020. Retrieved3 February 2021.
^Watkin, Kenneth (2016).Fighting at the Legal Boundaries: Controlling the Use of Force in Contemporary Conflict. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 437.ISBN 978-0-19-045797-6.
^Newburn, Tim;Neyroud, Peter (2013).Dictionary of Policing. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 187.ISBN 978-1-84392-287-2.
^Weber, Diane Cecilia (1999).Warrior Cops: The Ominous Growth of Paramilitarism in American Police Departments(PDF). Cato Briefing Papers No. 50. Washington:Cato Institute. p. 3. Retrieved25 May 2017.
^Rantatalo 2013, p. 23.