Adetective is an investigator, usually a member of alaw enforcement agency. They often collect information to solvecrimes by talking to witnesses and informants, collecting physical evidence, or searching records in databases. This leads them to arrest criminals and enable them to be convicted in court.[1] A detective may work for thepolice orprivately.
Informally, and primarily infiction, a detective is a licensed or unlicensed person who solvescrimes, including historical crimes, by examining and evaluating clues and personal records in order to uncover the identity and/or whereabouts of criminals.
In somepolice departments, a detective position is obtained by passing a written test after a person completes the requirements for being apolice officer. In many other police systems, detectives are college graduates who join directly fromcivilian life without first serving as uniformed officers. Some argue that detectives do a completely different job and therefore require completely different training, qualifications, qualities, and abilities than uniformed officers.[2] The other side says that a detective who has worked as a uniformed officer will excel as a private detective due to their knowledge about standard police procedures, their contact network and their own experience with typical problems.[3]
Some are not public officials, and may be known as aprivate investigator, colloquially referred to, especially in fiction, as a "PI" or "private eye", "private ducky" or "shamus".
In police departments of the United States, a regular detective typically holds the rank of "Detective". The rank structure of the officers who supervise them (who may or may not be detectives themselves) varies considerably by department. In some Commonwealth police forces, detectives have equivalent ranks to uniformed officers but with the word "Detective" prepended to it; e.g. "Detective Constable" (DC) or "Detective Sergeant" (DS).[4][5][6]
In some countries, courts and judicial processes have yet to recognize the practice of private detectives. In India, presented proof loses significance when private detectives collect it. Even under these circumstances, the practice is in demand and governed by a code of conduct. The Government of India has established an association for detectives calledAPDI. If a detective agency or investigator is mentioned on their website, it means they are genuine.
A citizen detective, also known as an amateur detective, is an individual who devotes his or her time and expertise to aid in thesolving of crime, without compensation or expectation of reward.[7] Citizen detectives areprivate citizens that have no real professional relationship with law enforcement and lack anyrational-legal authority whatsoever. The reasons why a private citizen might try to solve a crime vary from trying to ensure justice for a friend or relative, a strong dislike for crime and support forlaw and order, or just recreational enjoyment.
As with other kinds of detectives, citizen detectives try to solve crimes in multiple ways such assearching a crime scene,interviewing and/orinterrogatingsuspects and witnesses, doingsurveillance onpersons of interest, collectingevidence, acting assources forlocal news, giving anonymous tips to the police and at times even makingcitizens’ arrests while a crime is being committed. Citizen detectives can also help law enforcement by becomingwitnesses forprosecutors, participating in localneighborhood watch groups, acting ascitizen observers for law enforcement, or even aiding the police in searching for and arresting suspects as aposse. However, there have been cases of citizen detectives unintentionally compromising investigations if they lack real crime solving skills or even committing acts against suspected criminals that could be deemedvigilantism in nature.
Before the 19th century, there were few municipal police departments, though the first had been created in Paris as early as 1667. As police work went from being done by appointed people with help from volunteers to being done by professionals, the idea of dedicated detectives did not come up right away. The firstprivate detective agency was founded in Paris in 1833 byEugène François Vidocq, who had headed a police agency in addition to being a criminal himself. Police detective activities were pioneered in England by theBow Street Runners and later by theMetropolitan Police Service in Greater London.[8] The first police detective unit in the United States was formed in 1846 in Boston.[9]
Edward Bonney, an Americanbounty hunter and amateur detective fromIowa who in 1845 infiltrated the "Banditti of the Prairie", wrote the 1850 bookThe Banditti of the Prairies: or, The murderer's doom, a tale of Mississippi Valley and the Far West; woodcut from 1850.
Detectives have a wide variety of techniques available in conducting investigations. However, the majority of cases are solved by the interrogation of suspects and the interviewing of witnesses,[10] which takes time. Detectives may also use their network of informants, which they have built up over the years. Informants often have connections with people a detective would not be able to approach formally. Evidence collection and preservation can also help in identifying a potential suspect(s).
Detectives of theWest Midlands Police in the United Kingdom surrounded by electronic devices seized as evidence
Investigation of criminal activity is conducted by the police. Criminal activity can relate to road use such as speeding, drunk driving, or to matters such as theft, drug distribution, assault, fraud, etc. When the police have concluded their investigation, a decision on whether to charge somebody with a criminal offence will (depending on legal jurisdiction) often be made by prosecuting counsel having considered the evidence produced by the police.
In criminal investigations, once a detective has suspects in mind, the next step is to produce evidence that will stand up in a court of law. One way is to obtain a confession from the suspect; usually, this is done by developing rapport and, at times, by seeking information in exchange for potential perks available through the attorney's office, such as entering for a lesser sentence in exchange for usable information. In some countries, detectives may lie, mislead and psychologically pressure a suspect into an admission or confession as long as they do this within procedural boundaries and without the threat of violence or promises outside their control. This is not permitted inEngland and Wales, where interview of suspects and witnesses is governed by thePolice and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and its extensive Codes of Practice.
Physicalforensic evidence in an investigation may provide leads to closing a case.Forensic science (often shortened to forensics) is the application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to the legal system. This may be in relation to a crime or to a civil action. Many major police stations in a city, county, or state, maintain their own forensic laboratories while others contract out the services.
Detectives may use public and private records to provide background information on a subject. Police detectives can search through files of fingerprint records. Police maintain records of people who have committedfelonies and somemisdemeanors. Detectives may search through records of criminal arrests and convictions, photographs or "mug shots" of persons arrested, hotel registration information, credit reports,answering machine messages, phone conversations, surveillance camera footage, and technology used for communication.
Before 2017, prospectiveBritish police detectives must have completed at least two years as a uniformed officer before applying to join theCriminal Investigation Department. Since 2017, applicants from outside the police force have been able to apply directly for positions as trainee detectives.[11]UK Police must also pass the National Investigators' Examination in order to progress to subsequent stages of the Initial Crime Investigators Development Program in order to qualify as a detective.[12]
Before becoming a police detective, one must attend a law enforcement academy, which provides the officer with a foundation of education with 16 to 24college units. After graduation from the law enforcement academy, the officer undergoes job training with a field training officer for a period specified by the law enforcement agency and continues to work while on a probationary period, ranging from one to two years.
During the probationary period, the officer is assigned to look for evidence. During this time, the officer is supervised and mentored by a sergeant with years of experience. Some police officers go to a two-year or four-year college or university to get a degree in criminal justice or the management of criminal justice. You can get a concentration or a certificate in a specialized field of criminal investigation at some colleges.
Through years of on-the-job training or college education, officers may participate in a competitive examination, testing their knowledge, skills and abilities regarding criminal investigation, criminal procedure, interview and interrogation, search and seizure, collection and preservation of evidence, investigative report writing, criminal law, court procedure, and providing testimony in court. Competitive examinations are conducted by selected senior law enforcement officials. Following testing, a list of results is provided by the department. At the department's discretion, some or all of the officers on the list are promoted to the rank of detective. Some departments have classes of detectives which increase the detective's rank after successful experience.
Private investigators are licensed by the state in which they work (some states do not require licensing, but most do). In addition to the state examination, applicants testing for a private investigation license must also meet stringent requirements, which include college education, a range of two to four years of full-time investigation experience and the successful adjudication of a criminal and civil background check conducted by state investigators. Private investigators are licensed to conduct civil and criminal investigations in the state in which they are licensed, and are protected by statutes of that state. In states requiring licensing, statutes make it unlawful for any person to conduct a criminal investigation without a license, unless exempted by the statute (i.e., law enforcement officers or agents, attorneys,paralegals,claims adjusters).
InVietnam, private detective work is not yet officially recognized by law but is developing due to the demands ofmodern society.[13] Detective service companies primarily offer investigation and surveillance services forindividuals andbusinesses in matters such asmarriage,business fraud,information retrieval, or tracking subjects.[14] The detective profession inVietnam still lacks a clear legal framework and can easily fall into legal grey areas.[15][16][17] However, many detective companies have made efforts to provideprofessional services, adhering to ethical standards and legal regulations to build trust with clients.
^Bryce, Robert."Detective (Bureaus) - NYPDS".New York Police Department. City of New York.Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved25 January 2018.Detective work is highly specialized, usually encompassing the examination and evaluation of evidence to apprehend suspects and to build solid cases against them.
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