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Polish-Serbian relations are foreign relations betweenPoland andSerbia. Diplomatic relations have been maintained since Poland and theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes established them in 1919. Poland is aEuropean Union member state and Serbia is aEuropean Union candidate.
QueenJadwiga of Poland (r. 1384–99) had partial Serbian ancestry, through KingStefan Dragutin (r. 1276–82) of theNemanjić dynasty.[1] Serbian fiddlers (guslars) were mentioned at the court of Polish kingWładysław II Jagiełło (r. 1386–1434) in 1415.[2][3]
Polish knightZawisza Czarny, who joined Hungarian–Bohemian KingSigismund's war against the Ottomans, fell at theGolubac fortress in easternSerbia in 1428;[4] there is a commemorative plaque on the fortress in his honour (Česma Zaviše Crnog).[5] Hungarian commanderJohn Hunyadi led along campaign against the Ottomans in 1443–44, accompanied by Polish kingWładysław III, Serbian despotĐurađ Branković, Wallachian voivodeVlad II Dracul, and a Polish contingent. They marched throughout Serbia anddefeated the Ottomans at Niš.[6]
ThePolish hussars (cavalry) originated in mercenary units of exiled Serbian warriors,[7] the concept having originated in Serbia in the late 14th century. The oldest mention of hussars in Polish documents date to 1500, although they were probably in service earlier.[8]
After theOttoman conquest of Serbia, Serbianguslars (fiddlers) found refuge throughout Europe, as mentioned in sources.[9] Polish poets of the 17th century mentionedSerbian epic poetry and thegusle in their works. In a poem published in 1612, Kasper Miaskowski wrote that "the Serbian gusle andgaidas will overwhelmShrove Tuesday" (Serbskie skrzypki i dudy ostatek zagluszą).[10] In theidyll namedŚpiewacy, published in 1663,Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic used the phrase "to sing to the Serbian gusle" (przy Serbskich gęślach śpiewać).[10][11]
After theNovember Uprising (1830–31), Polish revolutionaries fled to thePrincipality of Serbia. Serbian commander, and later politician,Ilija Garašanin (1812–1874) contacted these Polish emigrees. It was a Pole,Adam Czartoryski, who initiated theNačertanije project (the precursor toGreater Serbia).[12] While in 1804, during his mandate as a Russian foreign minister, Czartoryski tended to dismiss what he perceived as Serb ambitious requests, he later substantially changed his view when as one of the exiled Polish leaders he perceived thePrincipality of Serbia as the key member of the future anti-imperialist (Austrian and Russian) aliance of small European states.[13]
The great Polish poetAdam Mickiewicz (1798–1855) thought highly ofSerb epic poetry, and chose it as a theme of lectures atCollège de France.[14]
The Serbians and Poles were part of thePan-Slavic Sokol organizations, along with other Slavic nations.[15]
In March 1914, Serbian, French, Polish and Greek allied troops landed atOdessa.[16] In the early fall of 1918, an Allied account said that Serbs and Poles in a region from the Urals to Volga had been recruited by a French officer.[16] In 1918, Serbs and Poles together with Chinese, were part of the "Officer's Corps", a unit of the Russian Consul atHarbin.[16]
Serbs and Poles were some of the major Slavic victims of Nazi German war crimes in Europe. Nazi Germany considered all Poles and Serbs asUntermensch, meaning "subhumans". Many ethnic Poles and ethnic Serbs died inconcentration camps, or during retaliative guerrilla fights. Poles joined theYugoslav Partisans in the beginning of the war. Yugoslav Partisans were often compared to thePolish Underground State and thePolish Resistance Movement which was the largest anti-Nazi guerrilla movement in all ofGerman-occupied Europe. Ethnic Serbian prisoners of war were amongAllied POWs held inGerman POW camps operated inoccupied Poland.
In the mountains of Serbia in the years 1942–43 there were three Polish companies attached to theChetnik Corps.[17] TheRules of Chetnik Warfare was first published in Polish, then translated intoSerbian.[18]
On 1 June 1944, aBalkan Air Force was established by the British. It had mostly British, but also Italian, a Yugoslav squadron, and a Polish flight.[19]
A large number of terrorist threats sent to Serbia from Poland occurred in year 2022, which targeted schools, hospitals, dormitories, museums, stadiums, embassies, shopping malls, water plants, planes and more.[20][21] Serbian president claimed that one EU country secret service is involved.[22] Polish side didn't try to catch those responsible.Two Polish citizens were arrested for filming Serbian arms factory Sloboda.[23]
Prime MinisterDonald Tusk visited Belgrade in October 2024 and delivered a speech in Serbian.[24]
15 April 2010 was declared a day of national mourning in Serbia to commemorate the 96 victims of theSmolensk air disaster, including Polish PresidentLech Kaczyński and his wifeMaria Kaczyńska.[25]
In November 2021, Poland donated 200,000COVID-19 vaccines to Serbia.[26]
Polish opinion on NATO intervention in FR Yugoslavia during theKosovo War (1998–99) was mixed: 37% favoured involvement while 43% were against.[when?] The government decided in favor of a NATO-led operation to bring cease-fire in the conflict. During theNATO bombing of Yugoslavia in May 1999, a poll found 51% felt attacks to be justified, 26% opposed. Another poll found 53% in favour and 35% opposed.[27]
Kosovodeclared its independence fromSerbia on 17 February 2008 and Polandrecognized it on 26 February 2008.[28] Poland was the first Slavic country to do so.
In September 2008, President of Poland,Lech Kaczyński, stated that the original cause of the2008 South Ossetia war was not the Georgian operation, but the recognition of Kosovo's independence[29] and that he would block attempts to establish diplomatic relations of Poland with Kosovo at ambassadorial level; however, the government has not proposed to send an ambassador to Pristina.[30]
The recognition of Kosovo Albanian independence has been criticized in Poland. Dozens of protests and demonstrations have been organized by various groups in Poland in support of the Serbian cause in Kosovo, with some attracting up to 1,500 to 2,000 people. An organization called "Poles for Serbian Kosovo" was formed in order to provide and support for Serbs in Kosovo.
Poland had (as of July 2009) 274 troops serving in Kosovo as peacekeepers in theNATO-ledKosovo Force. Originally there were 800 Polish troops in KFOR.[31]
ThePolish andSerbian languages, both part of theSlavic languages (West and South branches, respectively), are related and partiallymutually intelligible.[32][33]
Due to huge popularity of the Yugoslav rock scene in Poland in the 1970s and 1980s, many Yugoslav artists toured Poland. Električni orgazam recorded a live album titledWarszawa "'81'" to support the Polish opposition against Wojciech Jaruzelski.[34] These connections in the 1980s led to albums being produced in Poland based on covers of popular Serbian and Yugoslav Rock bands with the albumsYugoton andYugopolis covering artists such asBajaga i Instruktori,Idoli andElektrični orgazam.
TheKayah i Bregović-album by Polish singer-songwriterKayah and Serbian musicianGoran Bregović became a bestseller after its release in 1999.[35]
There are documents on Polish officers participating in theFirst Serbian Uprising (1804-1813). In the second half of the 19th century, especially after the suppression of theJanuary Uprising in Poland (1864), some 20 Polish doctors arrived in Serbia, most of which settled down and gave a great contribution to the development of medical culture in the renewed Serbian state. The League of Yugoslavia–Poland (Liga Jugoslavija-Poljska) was active in the Interwar period, aimed at economical and cultural cooperation with Poland. The League was not a diaspora organization, although it gathered also a small number of Yugoslav Poles at its seat in Uzun–Mirko's Street 5 inBelgrade, especially during national and Catholic holidays. Members of the League helped Polish soldiers and civilians who in autumn 1939 fled fromRomania via Yugoslavia to the West. Immediately after World War II some tens of Polish women with their Serbian husbands arrived in Serbia; they had met atforced labor and concentration camps inGermany. The largest part of thePolonia (Polish diaspora) in Serbia is made up of women who married in Yugoslavia in the 1960s and 70s. During theYugoslav wars, when Yugoslavia broke up, many Polish and their families either returned to Poland or emigrated to the West. According to the Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Serbia, there are around 1,000 Polish citizens living in Serbia. These are individuals born in Poland, as well as their descendants from mixed marriages. Apart from Belgrade, larger numbers exist inNiš,Novi Sad,Kraljevo,Vrnjačka Banja andSubotica. The only community regardedstarosedeoci ("natives"), is the one inhabitingOstojićevo in northern Serbia, having settled in the mid-19th century from theWisła.[36]
Serbian aviatorsTadija Sondermajer andStanislav Sondermajer, the youngest fighter in theBattle of Cer (1914), were of paternal Polish descent.[37] Serbian officer and journalistStanislav Krakov (1895–1968) had a father of Polish origin.[38] Journalist and military analystMiroslav Lazanski is of paternal Polish ancestry.[39] Film director and political commentatorBoris Malagurski is of distant paternal Polish ancestry.[40]
Serbische Geiger werden 1415 am Hofe des polnischen Königs Wladislaw Jagiello genannt.
The Serbian guslars, forced to leave their own country, were often seen and mentioned in foreign countries. According to the chronicles and poems of the Polish poets Miaskowski (1549 — 1622) and Hieronimus Morsztyn (17th century), the Serbian ballad singers went with their gusle from one court to another, enjoying a high reputation, especially in the Ukraine and among the Cossacks of Malorussia. In Hungary, the "Serbian way" of singing was known in many regions
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