Pokhara is located 200 kilometres (120 miles) west of the capital,Kathmandu, on the shore ofPhewa Lake, and sits at an average elevation of approximately 822 m above sea level.[5] The Annapurna Range, with three out of the ten highest peaks in the world—Dhaulagiri,Annapurna I andManaslu—is within 15–35 mi (24–56 km) aerial range from the valley.[6][7]
Byradiocarbon dating and investigating thealluvial deposits of Pokhara Valley, researchers have found that there were at least three large medieval earthquakes in 1000, 1255, and 1344AD. Up to 9 cubic kilometres of conglomerates, massive mud and silt show indications of one or several megafloods that emanated from the Sabche Cirque in the Annapurna range.[13]
Pokhara lies on an important old trading route between China andIndia. In the 17th century, it was part of the Kingdom of Kaski which was one of theChaubisi rajya (24 Kingdoms of Nepal, चौबिसे राज्य) ruled by a branch of theShah dynasty. Many of the hills around Pokhara have medieval ruins from that time. In 1786,Prithvi Narayan Shah, the last ruler of theGorkha Kingdom and first monarch of theKingdom of Nepal, added Pokhara to his kingdom. It had by then become an important trading place on the routes from Kathmandu toJumla and from India to Tibet.[14]
The first settlement of the valley is theorized to have taken place when the first King ofKaski,Kulamandan Shah Khad (also called Bichitra Khan and Jagati Khan), madeBatulechaur in the northern side of the valley his winter capital during the mid 14th century. The people settled here includedParajuli Brahmins, who were asked to look after theBindhyabasini temple and were given some land in that locality as Birta.Dhobi Gauda was the first market center developed in Pokhara valley before the last King ofKaski brought sixteen families ofNewars from Kathmandu (Bhaktapur) to develop the present-day market (i.e., old market) in the 1770s. Prior to that people were settled in the peripheral hills.[15]
At present, theKhas,Gurung (Tamu) andMagar form the dominant community of Pokhara. There is also a sizeableNewari population in the city.[20]Batulechaur in the far north of Pokhara is home to theGandharvasor Gaaineys (the tribe of the musicians).[21]
The nearby hills around Pokhara are covered byGurung villages with few places belonging to theKhas community.[22]Magar communities are also present mostly in the southern outlying hills. ANewar community is almost non-existent in the villages of outlying hills outside the Pokhara city limits.
From 1959 to 1962, approximately 300,000 exiles entered Nepal from neighboringTibet following its annexation by China. Most of the Tibetan exiles then sought asylum inDharamshala and other Tibetan exile communities in India. According toUNHCR, since 1989, approximately 2500 Tibetans cross the border into Nepal each year,[23] many of whom arrive in Pokhara typically as a transit to Tibetan exile communities in India. About 50,000–60,000 Tibetan exiles reside in Nepal, and approximately 20,000 of the exiled Tibetans live in one of the 12 consolidated camps, eight in Kathmandu and four in and around Pokhara. The four Tibetan settlements in Pokhara are Jampaling, Paljorling, Tashi Ling, and Tashi Palkhel. These camps have evolved into well-built settlements, each with agompa (Buddhist monastery),chorten and its particular architecture, and Tibetans have become a visible minority in the city.[24]
Until the end of the 1960s, the town was only accessible by foot and it was considered even more a mystical place than Kathmandu. The first road was completed in 1968 (Siddhartha Highway)[25] after which tourism set in and the city grew rapidly.[26] The area along the Phewa lake, calledLakeside, has developed into one of the major tourism hubs of Nepal.[27]
Due to the high population density and the frequency of natural disasters, western Nepal is considered one of the most disaster-prone regions in the world. Pokhara is considered particularly vulnerable to earthquakes and floods because theSeti Gandaki River flows through the city.[28] For example, the strongest earthquakes in the region include those of2015 in Nepal.
Pokhara is in the northwestern corner of thePokhara Valley,[29] which is a widening of the Seti Gandaki valley that lies in the region (Pahad) of theHimalayas. In this region, the mountains rise very quickly,[30] and within 30 kilometres (19 miles), the elevation rises from 1,000 to 7,500 metres (3,300 to 24,600 feet). As a result of this sharp rise in altitude the area of Pokhara has one of the highestprecipitation rates in the country (3,350 mm/year or 131 inches/year in the valley to 5600 mm/year or 222 inches/year inLumle).[31] Even within the city, there is a noticeable difference in rainfall between the south and the north: The northern part at the foothills of the mountains experiences a proportionally higher amount of precipitation.The Seti Gandaki is the main river flowing through the city.[32] The Seti Gandaki (White Gandaki) and its tributaries have created several gorges and canyons in and around Pokhara that give intriguingly long sections of terrace features to the city and surrounding areas. These long sections of terraces are interrupted by gorges that are hundreds of metres deep.[33] The Seti gorge runs through Pokhara from north to south and then west to east; at places, these gorges are only a few metres wide. In the north and south, the canyons are wider.[34]
In the south, the city bordersPhewa Tal (or Phewa Lake) (4.4 km2) at an elevation of about 800 metres (2,600 feet)above sea level, while north of Pokhara, the village ofLumle at 1,740 metres (5,710 feet) touches the base of theAnnapurnamountain range. Pokhara, the city of lakes, is the second-largest city of Nepal afterKathmandu. Three 8,000-metre (26,000-foot) peaks (Dhaulagiri,Annapurna,Manaslu) can be seen from the city.[35] TheMachhapuchchhre (Fishtail) with an elevation of 6,993 metres (22,943 feet) is the closest to the city.[36]
The porous underground of the Pokhara valley favors the formation of caves and several caves can be found within city limits and neighboring cities as well. In the south of the city, a tributary of theSeti Gandaki River flowing out of thePhewa Lake disappears atPatale Chhango (पाताले छाँगो, Nepali for Hell's Falls, also called Davis Falls, after someone who supposedly fell in) into an underground gorge, to reappear 500 metres (1,600 feet) further south.[37][38]
The city has ahumid subtropical climate; however, the elevation keeps temperatures moderate. Temperatures in summer average between 25 and 35 °C; in winter around −2 to 15 °C. Pokhara and nearby areas receive a high amount of precipitation.Lumle, 40 kilometres (25 miles) from Pokhara city center, receives the highest amount of rainfall (> 5600 mm/year or 222 inches/year) in the country.[39] Snowfall is not observed in the valley, but surrounding hills experience occasional snowfall in the winter. Summers are humid and mild; most precipitation occurs during themonsoon season (June–September). Winter and spring skies are generally clear and sunny.[40]The highest temperature ever recorded in Pokhara was 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) on 4 May 2013, while the lowest temperature ever recorded was 0.5 °C (32.9 °F) on 13 January 2012.[41]
Climate data for Pokhara (Pokhara Airport), elevation 827 m (2,713 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1969–2020)
Since the 1990s, Pokhara has experienced rapid urbanization. As a result, service-sector industries have increasingly contributed to the local economy[52] overtaking the traditional agriculture. An effect of urbanization is seen in high real estate prices, among the highest in the country.[53][54] The major contributors to the economy of Pokhara are manufacturing and service sector including tourism; agriculture and the foreign and domestic remittances. Tourism, service sector and manufacturing contributes approximately 58% to the economy, remittances about 20% and agriculture nearly 16%.[55]
There are numerous temples,gumbas (Buddhist monasteries) andchurches in and around Pokhara valley. Many temples serve as combined places of worship for Hindus and Buddhists.[57][58] Some of the popular temples, gumbas and churches are:
The municipality of Pokhara spans 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) from north to south and 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from east to west but, unlike the capital Kathmandu, it is quite loosely built up and still has much green space.[60] Nepal[61] The gorge through which the river flows is crossed at five places: K.I. Singh Pool,Mahendrapul and Prithvi Highway Pool from north to south of the city. The floor of the valley is plain, resemblesTerai due to its gravel-like surface, and has slanted orientation from northwest to southeast. The city is surrounded by the hills overlooking the entire valley.
Phewa Lake was slightly enlarged by damming which poses a risk of silting up due to the inflow during themonsoon.[62] The outflowing water is partially used forhydropower generation atFewa Hydropower Station.[63] The dam collapsed in 1974 which resulted in draining of its water and exposing the land leading to illegal land encroachment; since then the dam has been rebuilt.[64] The power plant is about 100 metres (330 feet) below at the bottom of the Phusre Khola gorge. Water from Phewa is diverted for irrigation into the southern Pokhara valley. The eastern Pokhara Valley receives irrigation water through a canal running from a reservoir by the Seti in the north of the city. Some parts of Phewa lake are used as commercial cage fisheries. The lake is currently being encroached upon by invasivewater hyacinth (जलकुम्भी झार).[65]
In 2017, Pokhara Lekhnath Metropolitan City became Nepal's largest metropolitan city by area, occupying 464.24 km2 (179.24 sq mi)—which means the city is nine times larger than Kathmandu, 18 times larger thanLalitpur and 2.5 times larger thanBharatpur.[4]
Pokhara is known to be a popular tourist destination for visitors from all over the world. Every year, many people visit the location in order to travel to the Annapurna range and famous religious place muktinath.[66][67] The tourist district is along the north shore of the Phewa lake (Baidam, Lakeside, and Damside). It is mainly made up of small shops, non-star tourist hotels, restaurants, andbars. Most upscale and starred hotels are on the southern shore of the Phewa Lake and southeastern fringes of the city where there are more open lands and unhindered view of the surrounding mountains. Most of the tourists visiting Pokhara trek to the Annapurna Base Camp andMustang. To the east of the Pokhara valley, there are seven smaller lakes such asBegnas Lake, Rupa Lake, Khaste lake, Maidi lake, Neureni lake, Dipang lake. Begnas Lake is known for its fishery projects.[68]
In recent decades, Pokhara has become a major tourist destination: it is considered the tourism capital of Nepal,[10] mainly for adventure tourism and the base for the famousAnnapurna Circuit trek. Thus, a major contribution to the local economy is made by the tourism and hospitalities industry. Tourism is the primary source of income for local people and the city.[69] There are two 5-star hotels and approximately 305 other hotels that includes one 4-star, five 3-star, fifteen 2-star and non-star hotels in the city.[70]
The city promotes two major hilltops as viewpoints to see the city and surrounding panorama:World Peace Pagoda, built-in 1996A.D. across the southern shore ofPhewa Lake andSarangkot, which is northwest of the city. In February 2004, International Mountain Museum (IMM)[71] was opened for public in Ratopahiro to boost the city's tourism. Other museums are Pokhara Regional Museum; an ethnographic museum; Annapurna Natural History Museum[72] which houses preserved specimens of flora and fauna, and contains a particularly extensive collection of the butterflies, found in theWestern andAnnapurna Conservation Area region of Nepal; and Gurkha Museum featuring the history of theGurkha soldiers.[73]
The Pokhara region has a very strong military tradition with a significant number of its men being employed by the Nepali army.[80] The Western Division HQ[81] of theNepalese Army is stationed at Bijayapur, Pokhara and its Area of Responsibility (AOR) consists of the entireWestern Development Region of Nepal. The AOR of this division is 29,398 km2 and a total of 16 districts are under the division. The population of the AOR of Western Division is 4,571,013. Both the British Army and the Indian Army have regional recruitment and pensioners facilitation camps in Pokhara. The British Gurkha Camp[82] is located at Deep Heights in the northeast of the Pokhara city and the Indian Gorkha Pension Camp[83] is on the south-western side of the city, Rambazar.
Electricity in Pokhara is regulated and distributed by the NEANepal Electricity Authority. Water supply and sanitation facilities are provided by the Nepal Water Supply Corporation (NWSC).
Pokhara has more than eight hundred private and public high educational institutions. There are several institutions of higher learning up to the doctorate level in social sciences, business, and science and technology.
Pokhara has extensive privately operated public transportation system running throughout the city, adjoining townships and nearby villages. Pokhara Mahanagar Bus Bebasaya Samiti (green, brown and blue buses), Mama Bhanja Transport (blue buses), Bindabashini Samiti(blue buses), Phewa Bus Bebasaya Samiti(mini micros) and Lekhnath Bus Bebasaya Samiti (green and white buses) are the private companies that provide public bus transportation facility in and aroundPokhara Valley. The public transport mainly consists of local and city buses, micros, micro-buses and metered-taxis.
Pokhara is well connected to the rest of the country through permanent road and air links. The main mode of transportation are Cars, Motorbikes, Public Buses, Taxis and thePurano Bus Park is the main hub for buses plying countrywide. The all-seasonPokhara Airport with regular flights toKathmandu andMustang are operated by various domestic and a few international airlines. A newPokhara International Airport is also present in the southeast of the city which has begun facilitating intercity and international travels.[84]
ThePokhara Regional International Airport (PRIA) opened January 1, 2023. Domestic airlines operate there. However, as of late October 2024, no international airlines serve the airport, despite incentives to do so.[85]
Flight duration from Kathmandu to Pokhara is approximately 30 minutes.
The sporting activities are mainly centered in the multipurpose stadiumPokhara Rangasala (or Annapurna Stadium) inRambazar. The popular sports are football,cricket, volleyball, basketball, martial arts, etc. TheSahara Club is one of the most active organizations promoting football in the city and organizes a South Asian club-level annual tournament: theAaha Gold Cup.[88] Additionally, the Kaski District Football Association (KDFA) organizesSafal Pokhara Gold Cup,[89] which is also a South Asian club-level tournament andANFA organizes local Kaski district club-level Balram KC memorial football tournament.[90] B-13, Sangam & LG are the powerhouse Football club in Pokhara. There are several tennis courts. Himalayan Golf Course has attracted international press for its unique design.[91][92] At 1100 meters, on the way, nearSarangkot hill, high mountain sports activity, paragliding is a good attraction for tourists as well as domestic tourists for adventure activities NearbySarangkot hill has developed as a good attraction for adventure activities such asparagliding[93] andskydiving.[94] The Pokhara city marathon, high altitude marathon are some activities attracting mass participation.[95] Adventure sports such as base jumping, paragliding, canyoning, rock climbing, bungee jumping, etc. are targeted towards tourists.[96][97][98]Pokhara Rhinos represents the city inEverest Premier League.
The universal instruments used inNepalese music include themadal (small leather drum),bansuri (bamboo flute), andsaarangi. These instruments are prominent features of the traditional folk music (lok gít or lok geet) in Pokhara, which is actually the western (Gandaki, Dhaulagiri and Lumbini) branch of Nepalilok geet. Some examples of music of this region areResham Firiri (रेशम फिरिरी)[99] andKhyalee Tune (ख्याली धुन).[100]
Thelok geet started airing inRadio Nepal during the 1950s and artists such as Jhalakman Gandharva, Dharma Raj Thapa are considered pioneers in bringing thelok git into mass media. During early and late 1990s, bands from Pokhara likeNepathya started their very successful fusion of western rock and pop with traditional folk music.[101] Since then several other musical groups inNepal have adopted thelok-pop/rock style producing dozens of albums every year.
Another important part of cultural music of western Nepal, and hence Pokhara, is thePanché Baaja (पञ्चे बाजा), a traditional musical band performed generally during marriage ceremonies by thedamaai musicians.[102]
The musical culture in Pokhara is quite dynamic and in recent years, Western rock and roll, pop, rap and hip-hop are becoming increasingly popular with frequently held musical concerts; however, the traditionallok and modern (semi-classical) Nepali music are predominantly favored by the general population. More musical concerts are held in Pokhara than in any other city in the country.[103][104]
Media and communication were quite limited until the 1990s.[105] However, in the following decade there has been a proliferation of private media in print, radio and television. There are 19 privately owned localFM stations in the Pokhara valley. An additional 4 FM stations from Kathmandu have their relay broadcast stations in Pokhara.[106] There are sixcommunity radio stations and five television stations.
Approximately 14 national daily newspapers in Nepali are published in the city,[107][108][109] along with several other weekly and monthly news magazines. All major national newspapers published in Kathmandu have distributions in Pokhara. A number of online news portals are also updated from Pokhara, as well as some entertainment-based websites.[110][111] Popular technology based web-magazine TechSansar also started in Pokhara.[112]
Pokhara has got 4G network ofNepal Telecom,Smart Cell andNcell. The majority of the people in the city access internet through mobiles, numerous cyber cafes, and local wireless ISPs. Most tourist restaurants and hotels also provide WiFi services. Wi-Fi hotspots byNepal Telecom using Wi-MAX technology[113] were launched in February 2014, and are accessible in most parts of the city for a fee.[114][115] Subscriber based internet is provided by several private ISP providers.
People who live or have lived in Pokhara City are known asPokhareli. In demographic terms, theGurung people are the dominant ethnic group, hailing from the hills around Pokhara such as Sikles, Armala, Ghalel gaun, Ghandruk, Lumle etc., withBrahmin from Syangja,Newar andMagar making up the rest of Pokhara's population. Pokhara also has the highest number ofGurkha soldiers, the majority of them belonging toGurung andMagar ethnic groups, who were categorized as martial race by theBritish Army.[12]
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