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Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Honorary position in the United Kingdom

John Dryden, the first poet laureate

The Britishpoet laureate is an honorary position appointed by themonarch of the United Kingdom on the advice of theprime minister. The role does not entail any specific duties, but there is an expectation that the holder will write verse for significant national occasions. The laureateship dates to 1616 when apension was provided toBen Jonson, but the first official laureate wasJohn Dryden, appointed in 1668 byCharles II. On the death ofAlfred, Lord Tennyson, who held the post between November 1850 and October 1892, there was a break of four years as a mark of respect; Tennyson's laureate poems "Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington" and "The Charge of the Light Brigade" were particularly cherished by the Victorian public. Four poets—Thomas Gray,Samuel Rogers,Walter Scott[1] andPhilip Larkin—turned down the laureateship.[2] Historically appointed for an unfixed term and typically held for life, since 1999 the term has been ten years. The holder of the position as at 2025 isSimon Armitage who succeededCarol Ann Duffy in May 2019 after her ten years in office.[3]

Background

[edit]

The origins of the Britishpoet laureateship date back to 1616 whenJames I of England granted a pension to the writerBen Jonson.[4] Although there were subsequent court poets it was not until 1668, and the appointment ofJohn Dryden byCharles II, that the post was made an established royal office withinthe royal household.[5][6] Dryden, who had been appointed following the success of his 1667 poemAnnus Mirabilis, was dismissed from office in 1689 following the accession of the ProtestantWilliam III andMary II to the throne. Dryden, a Catholic convert, refused to take theOath of Allegiance to the new monarchs and he was dismissed from the laureateship—the only holder to have been removed from office.[7][8]

Dryden's successor,Thomas Shadwell, was appointed in 1689 for life. He introduced the custom of producing poems for the new year and the monarch's birthday, which became one of the key duties of the position.[9] After the appointment ofWilliam Wordsworth in 1843 the duties settled into an expectation, not requirement, for major court and national occasions.Alfred, Lord Tennyson held the post between November 1850 and October 1892. According toAndrew Motion and Hilary Laurie, Tennyson "gave the poet laureateship new status and significance" with works such as "Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington" and "The Charge of the Light Brigade". On his death the post was left vacant as a mark of respect; a new laureate was not appointed until four years later, with the appointment ofAlfred Austin in January 1896.[10] As at 2015 the position is an honorary one, and the office holder is left to decide on which occasions they will produce poetry.[1][5] Following Dryden's dismissal from the post, the laureateship was held for life by all successors until Motion was appointed in 1999 for a fixed term of ten years; his successor,Carol Ann Duffy, was also appointed on the same fixed term.[11] Duffy was the first female poet to hold the role, and the first Scot.[9][12]

After Shadwell's selection the laureate was appointed by theLord Chamberlain, on the monarch's instructions. Since the appointment ofHenry James Pye in 1790, theprime minister has recommended which candidate to appoint.[1] For the appointment of Duffy theDepartment for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) undertook a consultation of academics and literary organisations to draw up a short list of recommendations which they presented to the prime minister. He, in conjunction with theCabinet Office, then submitted the name to the Queen for approval.[11]

Dryden's salary for the laureateship was £200 per year. In 1630Charles I added an annual "butt ofCanary wine",[a] although this was later discontinued in place of the monetary equivalent.[9] WhenTed Hughes was appointed, he rekindled the tradition, and received 720 bottles of sherry.[14] Since Motion's appointment the DCMS provided an annual honorarium of £5,750; Motion also received an additional £19,000 for his work in education. With Duffy's appointment, the salary returned to £5,750 and the barrel of sherry.[15]

Poets laureate

[edit]
Poet laureate[1][4]PortraitBirth and deathDates of laureateshipAppointed byLength of
tenure (years)		Ref.
John Dryden1631–170013 April 1668 – 1688Charles II20[16][17]
Thomas Shadwellc. 1640–16929 March 1689 – 19 or 20 November 1692William III andMary II3[18][19]
Nahum Tate1652–171523 December 1692 – 30 July 1715William III andMary II23[20][21]
Nicholas Rowe1674–17181 August 1715 – 6 December 1718George I3[22][23]
Laurence Eusden1688–173010 December 1718 – 27 September 1730George I12[22][24]
Colley Cibber1671–17573 December 1730 – 12 December 1757George II27[22][25]
William Whitehead1715–178519 December 1757[b] – 14 April 1785George II27[22][26]
Thomas Warton1728–179020 April 1785 – 21 May 1790George III5[27][28]
Henry James Pye1745–181328 July 1790 – 11 August 1813George III23[29]
Robert Southey1774–184312 August 1813[c] – 21 March 1843George III30[22][31]
William Wordsworth1770–18506 April 1843 – 23 April 1850Victoria7[32][33]
Alfred, Lord Tennyson1809–189219 November 1850[d] – 6 October 1892Victoria42[32][34]
Alfred Austin1835–19131 January 1896 – 2 June 1913Victoria17[34][35]
Robert Bridges1844–193025 July 1913 – 21 April 1930George V17[36][37]
John Masefield1878–19679 May 1930 – 12 May 1967George V37[38][39]
Cecil Day-Lewis1904–19722 January 1968 – 22 May 1972Elizabeth II4[40][41]
John Betjeman1906–198420 October 1972 – 19 May 1984Elizabeth II12[42][43]
Ted Hughes1930–199828 December 1984 – 28 October 1998Elizabeth II14[44][45]
Andrew Motion1952–19 May 1999 – 1 May 2009Elizabeth II10[11][46]
Carol Ann Duffy1955–1 May 2009 – 10 May 2019Elizabeth II10[11]
Simon Armitage1963–10 May 2019 – presentElizabeth II6[3]

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^A butt of wine measured 126 gallons (572.80 litres).[13]
  2. ^On the refusal ofThomas Gray.[26]
  3. ^On the refusal ofWalter Scott.[30]
  4. ^On the refusal ofSamuel Rogers.[34]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcd"Poets laureate (1668–2011)".Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved27 August 2015.(subscription required)
  2. ^Bradford 2005, p. 260.
  3. ^ab"Simon Armitage: 'Witty and profound' writer to be next Poet Laureate". BBC. 10 May 2019.
  4. ^ab"List of poets laureate of Britain".Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved31 August 2015.
  5. ^ab"Poet Laureate".The British Monarchy. The Royal Household. Retrieved2 September 2015.
  6. ^Laurie & Motion 1999, p. 17.
  7. ^Laurie & Motion 1999, pp. 17–18.
  8. ^Hammond, Paul (2009)."Dryden, John (1631–1700)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8108. Retrieved2 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  9. ^abc"Poets Laureate".Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved31 August 2015.
  10. ^Laurie & Motion 1999, pp. 10–11, 97–98.
  11. ^abcd"Carol Ann Duffy was officially declared as Britain's first female Poet Laureate on May 1st 2009". The Poetry Society. Retrieved6 July 2015.
  12. ^"Duffy reacts to new Laureate post". BBC. 1 May 2009.
  13. ^Unwin 2005, p. 364.
  14. ^Brown, Mark (6 August 2014)."Poems, palaces and butts of sherry: exhibition brings poets laureate to life".The Guardian. London.
  15. ^Lea, Richard."Irish literature gets €150,000 boost with laureate award".The Guardian. London.
  16. ^Nichol Smith 1950, p. 11.
  17. ^Hammond & Hopkins 2014, p. xiv.
  18. ^Hammond & Hopkins 2014, p. 333.
  19. ^Bennett, Kate (2009)."Shadwell, Thomas (c.1640–1692)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25195. Retrieved2 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  20. ^Dryden & Malone 1800, p. 206.
  21. ^Hopkins, David (2008)."Tate, Nahum (c.1652–1715)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26986. Retrieved2 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  22. ^abcdeBucholz, R.O."The Artistic Establishment: Poet Laureate 1660–1837, in Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 11 (Revised), Court Officers, 1660–1837".British History Online. Retrieved7 September 2015.
  23. ^Sherbo, Arthur (2006)."Nicholas Rowe (1674–1718)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24203. Retrieved7 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  24. ^Sambrook, James (2004)."Laurence Eusden (1688–1730)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8934. Retrieved7 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  25. ^Salmon, Eric (2012)."Cibber, Colley (1671–1757)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5416. Retrieved7 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  26. ^abScott, Rosemary (2004)."Whitehead, William (bap. 1715, d. 1785)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29294. Retrieved2 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  27. ^"No. 12642".The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 April 1785. p. 205.
  28. ^Reid, Hugh (2006)."Warton, Thomas (1728–1790)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28799. Retrieved7 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  29. ^Sambrook, James (2008)."Henry James Pye (1745–1813)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22918. Retrieved7 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  30. ^Hewitt, David (2008)."Scott, Sir Walter (1771–1832)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24928. Retrieved2 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  31. ^Carnall, Geoffrey (2011)."Robert Southey (1774–1843)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26056. Retrieved7 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  32. ^abHamilton, Walter (1880)."The Origin of the Office of Poet Laureate".Transactions of the Royal Historical Society.8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press:20–35.doi:10.2307/3677823.JSTOR 3677823.S2CID 163045313.
  33. ^Gill, Stephen (2010)."William Wordsworth (1770–1850)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29973. Retrieved7 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  34. ^abcRicks, Christopher (2006)."Tennyson, Alfred, first Baron Tennyson (1809–1892)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27137. Retrieved2 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  35. ^Scheuerle, William H. (2006)."Alfred Austin (1835–1913)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30503. Retrieved7 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  36. ^"No. 28740".The London Gazette (Supplement). 25 July 1913. p. 5321.
  37. ^Phillips, Catherine (2004)."Robert Seymour Bridges (1844–1930)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32066. Retrieved7 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  38. ^"No. 33604".The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 May 1930. p. 2865.
  39. ^Gervais, David (2013)."John Edward Masefield (1878–1967)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32066. Retrieved7 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  40. ^"No. 44494".The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 January 1968. p. 89.
  41. ^Day-Lewis, Sean (2013)."Cecil Day-Lewis (1904–1972)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31014. Retrieved7 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  42. ^"No. 45807".The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 October 1972. p. 12397.
  43. ^Amis, Kingsley (2010)."Sir John Betjeman (1906–1984)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30815. Retrieved7 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  44. ^"No. 49967".The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 December 1984. p. 17431.
  45. ^Sagar, Keith (2013)."Edward James Hughes (1930–1998)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/71121. Retrieved7 September 2015. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  46. ^"Poetry in Motion". BBC. 19 May 1999.

Sources

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Poets Laureate of the United Kingdom at Wikipedia'ssister projects
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