From top, left to right:Plovdiv on the banks of Maritsa • The old town at night • A street in the old town • The central street • A street • City Hall •Plovdiv Roman Theatre • Saint Marina Church • The baths and the Cyril and Methodius Church •Dzhumaya Mosque • Fountain
Flag
Coat of arms
Nicknames:
The city of the seven hills Градът на седемте хълма(Bulgarian) Gradăt na sedemte hălma(transliteration)
Motto:
Ancient and eternal Древен и вечен(Bulgarian) Dreven i vechen(transliteration)
Plovdiv (Bulgarian:Пловдив,pronounced[ˈpɫɔvdif]) is thesecond-largest city inBulgaria, 144 km (93 miles) southeast of the capitalSofia. It had a population of 329,489 as of 2024[update] and 540,000 in the greater metropolitan area. Plovdiv is a cultural hub in Bulgaria and was theEuropean Capital of Culture in 1999 and 2019. The city is an important economic, transport, cultural, and educational centre. Plovdiv joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2016.
Plovdiv is in a fertile region of south-central Bulgaria on the two banks of theMaritsa River. The city has historically developed on sevensyenite hills, some of which are 250 metres (820 feet) high. Because of these hills, Plovdiv is often referred to in Bulgaria as "The City of the Seven Hills". There is evidence of habitation in the area dating back to the 6th millennium BC, when the firstNeolithic settlements were established. The city was subsequently aThracian settlement named Pulpudeva, later being conquered and ruled also byPersians,Ancient Macedonians,Celts,Romans,Byzantines,Goths,Huns,Bulgarians,Thraco-Romans,Bulgars,Slavic tribes,Crusaders, andOttoman Turks.[4]
InLate Antiquity, Philippopolis was an important stronghold, but was sacked in 250 during theCrisis of the Third Century,[5] after theSiege of Philippopolis by theGoths led byCniva. After this the settlement contracted, though it remained a major city, with the city walls rebuilt and new Christianbasilicas andRoman baths constructed in the 4th century.[6][7] The city was again sacked by theHuns in 441/442, and the walls were again rebuilt.[7] Roman Philippopolis resisted another attack, by theAvars in the 580s, after the walls were renewed yet again byJustinian the Great (r. 527–565).[7]
On 4 January 1878, at the end of theRusso-Turkish War (1877–1878), Plovdiv was taken away from Ottoman rule by theRussian army. It remained within the borders of Bulgaria until July of the same year, when it became the capital of the autonomous Ottoman region ofEastern Rumelia. In 1885, Plovdiv and Eastern Rumeliajoined Bulgaria.
There are many preserved ruins such as the ancientPlovdiv Roman theatre, a Romanodeon, aRoman aqueduct, thePlovdiv Roman Stadium, the archaeological complex Eirene, and others. Plovdiv is host to a huge variety of cultural events such as theInternational Fair Plovdiv, the international theatricalfestival "A stage on a crossroad", the TV festival "The golden chest", and many more novel festivals, such as Night/Plovdiv in September, Kapana Fest, and Opera Open. The oldest American educational institution outside theUnited States, theAmerican College of Sofia, was founded in Plovdiv in 1860 and later moved to Sofia.
Ancient settlements with names related to "deva". Pulpudeva denotes Plovdiv in which the latter name is rooted.Map describing the city as "Philippopolis, que et Poneropolis, Duloupolis, Eumolpiada, item Trimontium, at que Pulpudena"
Plovdiv has been given various names throughout its long history. TheOdrysian capitalOdrysa (Ancient Greek:Οδρύσα), is suggested to have been modern Plovdiv by numismatic research[8][9] orOdrin (Adrianople).[10]The Greek historianTheopompus[11] mentioned it in the 4th century BC as a town namedPoneropolis (Ancient Greek:Πονηρόπολις) "town of villains") in pejorative relation to the conquest by kingPhilip II of Macedon who is said to have settled the town with 2,000 men who were false-accusers, sycophants, lawyers, and other possible disreputables.[12] According toPlutarch, the town was named by this king after he had populated it with a crew of rogues and vagabonds,[13] but this is possibly a folk name that did not actually exist.[10] The namesDulon polis (Ancient Greek:Δουλωνπολις "slaves' town") and possiblyMoichopolis (Ancient Greek:Μοιχοπολις "adulterer's town") likely have similar origins.[citation needed]
The city has been calledPhilippopolis (Φιλιππόπολις)pronounced[pʰilipopolis]; ModernGreek:Φιλιππούπολη,romanized: Philippoupolipronounced[filipupoli]) or "the city of Philip", fromAncient Greek:Φίλιππος,romanized: Philippos "horse-lover", most likely in honor ofPhilip II of Macedon[14] after his death or in honor ofPhilip V,[8][15] as this name was first mentioned in the 2nd century BC byPolybius in connection with the campaign of Philip V.[8][15]Philippopolis was identified later byPlutarch andPliny as the formerPoneropolis.Strabo identified Philip II's settlement of most "evil, wicked" (ModernGreek:πονηροτάτους,romanized: ponerotatous ) as Cabyle (Kabyle),[16] whereasPtolemy considered the location of Poneropolis different from the rest.
Kendrisia (Ancient Greek:Κενδρεισεία) was an old name of the city.[4] Its earliest recorded use is on an artifact mentioning that kingBeithys, priest of the Syrian goddess, brought gifts to KendrisoApollo;[17] the deity is recorded to be named multiple times after different cities. Later Roman coins mentioned the name which is possibly derived from Thracian god Kendriso who is equated with Apollo,[18] thecedar forests, or from the Thracian tribe artifacts known as the kendrisi.[4][15] Another assumed name is the 1st century ADTiberias in honor of the Roman emperorTiberius, under whom theOdrysian Kingdom was aclient of Rome.[10] After the Romans had taken control of the area, the city was named inLatin:Trimontium, meaning "The Three Hills", and mentioned in the 1st century byPliny. At times the name wasUlpia,Flavia,Julia after the Roman families.
Ammianus Marcellinus wrote in the 4th century AD that the then city had been the oldEumolpias/Eumolpiada,,[19] the oldest name chronologically.[10] It was named after the mythical Thracian kingEumolpos, son ofPoseidon[20] orJupiter,[21] who may have founded the city around 1200 BC[22] or 1350 BCE.[23] It is also possible that it was named after theVestal Virgins in the temples – evmolpeya.[4]
In the 6th century AD,Jordanes wrote that the former name of the city wasPulpudeva and thatPhilip the Arab named the city after himself. This name is most likely aThracian oral translation[4] of the other as it kept all consonants of the name Philip +deva (city). Although the two names sound similar, they may not share the same origin asAdrianople does, andPulpudeva may have predated the other names[24][25] meaning "lake city" inThracian.[15] Since the 9th century AD the Slavic name began to appear asPapaldiv/n, Plo(v)div, Pladiv, Pladin, Plapdiv, Plovdin, which originate fromPulpudeva.[26] As a result, the name has lost any meaning. In British English the Bulgarian variant ПловдивPlòvdiv has become prevalent afterWorld War I.[citation needed] TheCrusaders mentioned the city asPrineople,Sinople andPhinepople.[15] The Ottomans called the cityFilibe, a corruption of "Philip", in a document from 1448.[27]
The history of the region spans more than eight millennia. Numerous nations have left their traces on the twelve-metre-thick (39-foot) cultural layers of the city. The earliest signs of habitation in the territory of Plovdiv date as far back as the 6th millennium BC.[28][4] Plovdiv has settlement traces including necropolises dating from the Neolithic era (roughly 6000–5000 BC) like the mounds Yasa Tepe 1 in the Philipovo district and Yasa Tepe 2 in Lauta park.[29][30][31]
Archaeologists have discovered fine pottery[citation needed] and objects of everyday life onNebet Tepe from as early as theChalcolithic era, showing that at the end of the 4th millennium BC, there was already an established settlement there which wascontinuously inhabited since then.[32][33][34] Thracian necropolises dating back to the 2nd–3rd millennium BC have been discovered, while the Thracian town was established between the 2nd and the 1st millennium BC.[citation needed]
The town was a fort of the independent localThracian tribeBessi.[35] In 516 BC during the rule ofDarius the Great, Thrace was included in thePersian empire.[36] In 492 BC, the Persian generalMardonius subjugated Thrace again, and it nominally became a vassal of Persia until 479 BC and the early rule ofXerxes I.[37] The town became part of theOdrysian kingdom (460 BC – 46 AD), aThracian tribal union. The town was conquered byPhilip II of Macedon,[38] and the Odrysian king was deposed in 342 BC. Ten years after the Macedonian invasion, the Thracian kings started to exercise power again after the OdrysianSeuthes III had re-established their kingdom under Macedonian suzerainty as a result of a successful revolt againstAlexander the Great's rule resulting in a stalemate.[39] The Odrysian kingdom gradually overcame the Macedonian suzerainty, while the city was destroyed by theCelts as part of theCeltic settlement of Eastern Europe, most likely in the 270s BC.[40] In 183 BC,Philip V of Macedon conquered the city, but shortly after, the Thracians re-conquered it.
In 72 BC, the city was seized by the Roman generalMarcus Lucullus but was soon restored to Thracian control. In 46 AD, the city was finally incorporated into theRoman Empire by emperorClaudius;[41] it served as the capital of the province ofThrace. Although it was not the capital of the Province of Thrace, the city was the largest and most important centre in the province.[42] As such, the city was the seat of the Union of Thracians.[43] In those times, theVia Militaris (or Via Diagonalis), the most important military road in theBalkans, passed through the city.[44][45] The Roman times were a period of growth and cultural excellence.[46] The ancient ruins tell a story of a vibrant, growing city with numerous public buildings, shrines, baths, theatres, a stadium, and the only developed ancient water supply system in Bulgaria. The city had an advanced water system andsewerage.[citation needed] In 179 a second wall was built to encompass Trimontium which had already extended out of the Three hills into the valley. Many of those are still preserved and can be seen by tourists. Today only a small part of the ancient city has been excavated.[47]
In 250 the city was captured and looted after theBattle of Philippopolis by theGoths, led by their rulerCniva. Many of its citizens, 100,000 according toAmmianus Marcellinus, died or were taken captive.[48] It took a century and hard work to recover the city. However, it was destroyed again byAttila'sHuns in 441–442 and by theGoths of Teodoric Strabo in 471.[49]
An ancient Roman inscription written in Ancient Greek dated to 253 – 255 AD were discovered in theGreat Basilica. The inscription refers to theDionysian Mysteries and also mentions Roman EmperorsValerian andGallienus. It has been found on a large stele which was used as construction material during the building of the Great Basilica.[50]
In August 2024, archaeologists from the Regional Archaeological Museum announced the discovery of a well-preserved Thracian temple dated to the third century BC. The 10-metre-long temple is made of dry joints and clay-sand mortar and has two rooms.[51][52]
Monument ofKrum in Plovdiv, who was the first Bulgarian ruler to capture Plovdiv.
TheSlavs had fully settled in the area by the middle of the 6th century. This was done peacefully as there are no records for their attacks.[53] With the establishment ofBulgaria in 681, Philippoupolis, the name of the city then, became an important border fortress of theByzantine Empire. It was captured by KhanKrum in 812, but the region was fully incorporated into theBulgarian Empire in 834 during the reign of KhanMalamir.[54] It was reconquered by theByzantine Empire in 855–856 for a short time until it was returned toBoris I of Bulgaria.[55][56] From Philippopolis, the influence ofdualistic doctrines spread to Bulgaria forming the basis of theBogomil heresy. The city remained in Bulgarian hands until 970.[57] However, the city is described at the time ofConstantine VII in the 10th century as being within the Byzantine province (theme ofMacedonia).[citation needed] Philippopolis was captured by the Byzantines in 969, shortly before it was sacked by the ruler ofRus'Sviatoslav I of Kiev who impaled 20,000 citizens.[58] Before and after the Rus' massacre, the city was settled byPaulician heretics transported from Syria and Armenia to serve as military settlers on the European frontier with Bulgaria. Aime de Varennes in 1180 encountered the singing of Byzantine songs in the city that recounted the deeds of Alexander the Great and his predecessors over 1300 years before.[59]
Byzantine rule was interrupted by theThird Crusade (1189–1192) when the army of theHoly Roman emperorFrederick Barbarossa conquered Philippopolis.Ivanko was appointed as the governor of the Byzantine Theme of Philippopolis in 1196, but between 1198 and 1200 separated it from Byzantium in a union withBulgaria.[citation needed] TheLatin Empire conquered Philippopolis in 1204, and there were two short interregnum periods as the city was twice occupied byKaloyan of Bulgaria before his death in 1207.[60] In 1208, Kaloyan's successorBoril was defeated by the Latins in theBattle of Philippopolis.[61] Under Latin rule, Philippopolis was the capital of theDuchy of Philippopolis, which was governed byRenier de Trit and later on by Gerard de Strem. The city was possibly at times a vassal of Bulgaria orVenice.Ivan Asen II conquered the duchy finally in 1230 but the city had possibly been conquered earlier.[62] Afterwards, Philippopolis was conquered by Byzantium. According to some information, by 1300 Philippopolis was a possession ofTheodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria. It was conquered from Byzantium byGeorge Terter II of Bulgaria in 1322.[63]Andronikos III Palaiologos unsuccessfully besieged the city, but a treaty restored Byzantine rule once again in 1323. In 1344 the city and eight other cities were surrendered to Bulgaria by the regency forJohn V Palaiologos as the price forIvan Alexander of Bulgaria's support in theByzantine civil war of 1341–47.[64]
In 1364 theOttoman Turks underLala Shahin Pasha seized Plovdiv.[65][66] According to other data, Plovdiv was not an Ottoman possession until theBattle of Maritsa in 1371, after which, the citizens and the Bulgarian army fled leaving the city without resistance. Refugees settled inStanimaka. During theOttoman Interregnum in 1410,Musa Çelebi conquered the city killing and displacing inhabitants.[67] The city was the centre of theRumelia Eyalet from 1364 until 1443, when it was replaced bySofia as the capital ofRumelia. Plovdiv served as a sanjak centre within Rumelia between 1443 and 1593, the sanjak centre inSilistra Eyalet between 1593 and 1826, the sanjak centre inEyalet of Adrianople between 1826 and 1867, and the sanjak centre ofEdirne Vilayet between 1867 and 1878. During that period, Plovdiv was one of the major economic centers in the Balkans, along withIstanbul (Constantinople),Edirne,Thessaloniki, and Sofia. The richer citizens constructed beautiful houses, many of which can still be seen in the architectural reserve of Old Plovdiv. From the early 15th century till the end of 17th century the city was predominantly inhabited by Muslims.[68]
Under the rule of theOttoman Empire, Filibe (as the city was known at that time) was a focal point for the Bulgarian national movement and survived as one of the major cultural centers for Bulgarian culture and tradition.
Filibe was described as consisting of Turks, Bulgarians, Hellenized Bulgarians, Armenians, Jews, Vlachs, Arvanites, Greeks, and Roma people. In the 16–17 century a significant number ofSephardic Jews settled along with a smaller Armenian community fromGalicia. ThePaulicians adopted Catholicism or lost their identity. The abolition ofSlavonic as the language of theBulgarian Church as well as the complete abolition of the church in 1767 and the introduction of theMillet System led to ethnic division among people of different religions. Christian and Muslim Bulgarians were subjected toHellenization andTurkification respectively. A major part of the inhabitants was fully or partly Hellenized due to the Greek patriarchate. The "Langeris" are described as Greeks from the area of the nearbyStenimachos. The process of Hellenization flourished until the 1830s but declined with theTanzimat as the idea of theHellenic nation of Christians grew and was associated with ethnic Greeks.
The re-establishment of the Bulgarian Church in 1870 was a sign of ethnic and national consciousness. Thus, although there is a little doubt about the Bulgarian origin of the Gulidas, the city could be considered of Greek or Bulgarian majority in the 19th century.[69] Raymond Detrez has suggested that when the Gudilas and Langeris claimed to be Greek it was more in the sense of "Romei than Ellines, in a cultural rather than an ethnic sense".[70] According to the statistics by the Bulgarian and Greek authors, there were no Turks in the city; according to an alternative estimate the city was of Turkish majority.[71]
Filibe had an important role in the struggle for Church independence which was, according to some historians, a peaceful bourgeois revolution. Filibe became the center of that struggle with leaders such asNayden Gerov, Dr Valkovich,Joakim Gruev, and whole families. In 1836 the first Bulgarian school was inaugurated, and in 1850, modern secular education began when the "St Cyrill and Methodius" school was opened. On 11 May 1858, the day ofSaints Cyril and Methodius was celebrated for the first time; this later became a National holiday which is still celebrated today (but on 24 May due to Bulgaria's 1916 transition from theOld Style (Julian) to theNew Style (Gregorian) calendar). In 1858 in theChurch of Virgin Mary, the Christmas liturgy was served for the first time in theBulgarian language since the beginning of the Turkish occupation in the 14th century. Until 1906 there were Bulgarian and Greek bishops in the city. In 1868 the school expanded into the first grammar school. Some of the intellectuals, politicians, and spiritual leaders of the nation graduated that school.[15]
Nebet Tepe, drawing from The Graphic – London, 1885Taat tepe, in Plovdiv, with the governor's palace and Maritsa river in the foreground. Drawing from The Graphic – London, 1885
According to theTreaty of San Stefano on 3 March 1878, the Principality of Bulgaria included the lands with predominantly Bulgarian population. Plovdiv which was the biggest and most vibrant Bulgarian city was selected as a capital of the restored country and for a seat of the Temporary Russian Government.[72] Great Britain andAustria-Hungary, however, did not approve that treaty and the final result of the war was concluded in theCongress of Berlin which divided the newly liberated country into several parts. It separated the autonomous region ofEastern Rumelia from Bulgaria, and Plovdiv became its capital. The Ottoman Empire created a constitution and appointed a governor.[73]
In the spring of 1885,Zahari Stoyanov formed the Secret Bulgarian Central Revolutionary Committee in the city which actively conducted propaganda for the unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. On 5 September, several hundred armed rebels from Golyamo Konare (nowSaedinenie) marched to Plovdiv. In the night of 5–6 September, these men, led by Danail Nikolaev, took control of the city and removed from office the General-GovernorGavril Krastevich. A provisional government was formed led byGeorgi Stranski, and universal mobilization was announced.[74] After the Serbs were defeated in theSerbo-Bulgarian War, Bulgaria and Turkey reached an agreement that the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia had a common government, Parliament, administration, and army. Today, 6 September is celebrated as the Unification Day and the Day of Plovdiv.
After the unification, Plovdiv remained the second most populous city in Bulgaria after the capitalSofia. The first railway in the city was built in 1874 connecting it with the Ottoman capitalConstantinople, and in 1888, it was linked with Sofia. In 1892 Plovdiv became the host of the First Bulgarian Fair with international participation which was succeeded by theInternational Fair Plovdiv. After the liberation, the first brewery was inaugurated in the city.
The noteworthy English travel writer Patrick Leigh Fermor visited Plovdiv in the late summer of 1934 and he was charmed by the town and a local woman named Nadjeda.[75]
In the beginning of the 20th century, Plovdiv grew as a significant industrial and commercial center with well-developed light and food industry. In 1927 the electrification of Plovdiv has started. German, French, andBelgian capital was invested in the city in the development of modern trade, banking, and industry. In 1939, there were 16,000 craftsmen and 17,000 workers in manufacturing factories, mainly for food and tobacco processing.[citation needed] During the Second World War, the tobacco industry expanded as well as the export of fruit and vegetables. In 1943, 1,500 Jews were saved from deportation inconcentration camps by the archbishop of Plovdiv,Cyril, who later became the Bulgarian Patriarch. In 1944, the city was bombed by the British-American coalition.[citation needed]
On 6 April 1956, the first trolleybus line was opened and in the 1950s the Trimontsium Hotel was constructed. In the 1960s and 1970s, there was a construction boom and many of the modern neighborhoods took shape. In the 1970s and 1980s, antique remains were excavated and the Old Town was fully restored. In 1990 the sports complex "Plovdiv" was finished. It included the largest stadium and rowing canal in the country. In that period, Plovdiv became the birthplace of Bulgaria's movement for democratic reform, which by 1989 had garnered enough support to enter government.
Plovdiv has hosted specialized exhibitions of theWorld's Fair in 1981, 1985, and 1991.
Plovdiv seen from spaceA view of Nebet tepe hillA view of Plovdiv with theStara Planina Mountain in the background.
Plovdiv is located on the banks of theMaritsa river, southeast of the Bulgarian capitalSofia. The city is in the southern part of thePlain of Plovdiv, analluvial plain that forms the western portion of theUpper Thracian Plain. From there, the peaks of theSredna Gora mountain range rise to the northwest, the Chirpan Heights to the east, and theRhodope mountains to the south.[78] Originally, Plovdiv's development occurred south of Maritsa, with expansion across the river taking place only within the last 100 years. Modern Plovdiv covers an area of 101 km2 (39 sq mi), less than 0.1% of Bulgaria's total area. It is the most densely populated city in Bulgaria, with 3,769 inhabitants per km2.
Inside the city proper are sixsyenite hills. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were seven syenite hills, but one (Markovo tepe) was destroyed. Three of them are called the Three Hills (Bulgarian:ТрихълмиеTrihalmie), the others are called the Hill of the Youth (Bulgarian:Младежки хълм,Mladezhki halm), the Hill of the Liberators (Bulgarian:Хълм на освободителите,Halm na osvoboditelite), and the Hill ofDanov (Bulgarian:Данов хълм,Danov halm).[79]
Summer (mid-May to late September) is hot, moderately dry and sunny, with July and August having an average high of 33 °C (91 °F). Plovdiv sometimes experiences very hot days which are typical in the interior of the country. Summer nights are mild.
Autumn starts in late September; days are long and relatively warm in early autumn. The nights become chilly by September. The first frost usually occurs by November.
Winter is normally cold and snow is common. The average number of days with snow coverage in Plovdiv is 15. The average depth of snow coverage is 2 to 4 cm (1 to 2 in), and the maximum is normally 6 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in), but some winters coverage can reach 70 cm (28 in) or more. The average January temperature is −0.4 °C (31 °F).
Spring begins in March and is cooler than autumn. The frost season ends in March. The days are mild and relatively warm in mid-spring.
The average relative humidity is 73% and is highest in December at 86% and the lowest in August at 62%. The total precipitation is 540 mm (21.26 in) and is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. The wettest months of the year are May and June, with an average precipitation of 66.2 mm (2.61 in), and the driest month is August, with an average precipitation of 31 mm (1.22 in).
Gentle winds (0 to 5 m/s) are predominant in the city with wind speeds of up to 1 m/s, representing 95% of all winds during the year. Mists are common in the cooler months, especially along the banks of the Maritsa. On average there are 33 days withmist during the year.[80]
Climate data for Plovdiv (1952–2000; extremes 1942–present)
The population by permanent address for the municipality of Plovdiv in 2007 was 380,682,[86] which makes it the second most populated in the nation. According to data from the National Institute of Statistics (NSI), the population of people who actually live in Plovdiv is 346,790.[87]
According to the 2011 census, 339,077 live within the city limits and 403,153 in the municipal triangle of Plovdiv, includingMaritsa municipality andRodopi municipality.[88]
Population of Plovdiv:
At the first census after theLiberation of Bulgaria in 1880 with 24,053 citizens,[89] Plovdiv was the third largest city behindStara Zagora, which had 25,460 citizens prior to being burnt to the ground[90] as well asRuse, which had 26,163 citizens then,[91] and ahead of the capitalSofia, which had 20,501 citizens then. As of the 1887 census, Plovdiv was the largest city in the country for several years with 33,032 inhabitants compared to 30,428 for Sofia. According to the 1946 census, Plovdiv was the second largest city with 126,563 inhabitants compared to 487,000 for the capital.[72]
In its ethnic character Plovdiv is the second or the third-largest cosmopolitan city inhabited byBulgarians, afterSofia and possiblyVarna. According to the 2001 census, out of a population of 338,224 inhabitants, the Bulgarians numbered 302,858 (90%).Stolipinovo in Plovdiv is the largest Roma neighbourhood in theBalkans, having a population of around 20,000 alone; further Roma ghettos areHadji Hassan Mahala andSheker Mahala. Therefore, the census number is a deflation of the number of Roma people, and they are most likely the second-largest group after the Bulgarians, most of all because the Muslim Roma in Plovdiv claim to be of Turkish ethnicity and Turkish-speaking at the census ("Xoraxane Roma").[100] For further information see the articleRoma people in Plovdiv. Like elsewhere in the country, Roma people are subjected to discrimination and segregation (See the Bulgaria section of the articleAntiziganism).
After the Wars for National Union (Balkan Wars and World War I), the city became home for thousands of refugees from the former Bulgarian lands inMacedonia,Western andEastern Thrace. Many of the old neighbourhoods are still referred to asBelomorski,Vardarski. Most of the Jews left the city after the foundation ofIsrael in 1948, as well as most of the Turks and Greeks. Prior to the population exchange, as of 1 January 1885, the city of Plovdiv had a population of 33,442, of which 16,752 wereBulgarians (50%), 7,144Turks (21%), 5,497Greeks (16%), 2,168 Jews (6%), 1,061Armenians (3%), 151Italians, 112Germans, 112Romani people, 80French people, 61Russians and 304 people of other nationalities.[96]
Plovdiv is the administrative center ofPlovdiv Province which consists of the Municipality of Plovdiv, theMaritsa municipality, and theRodopi municipality. The mayor of the Municipality of Plovdiv,Kostadin Dimitrov,[102] with the six district mayors represent the local executive authorities. The Municipal Council which consists of 51 municipal counsellors, represents the legislative power, and is elected according to the proportional system by parties' lists.[103] The executive government of the Municipality of Plovdiv consists of a mayor who is elected by majority representation, five deputy mayors, and one administrative secretary. All the deputy mayors and the secretary control their administrative structured units.
According to theLaw for the territorial subdivision of the Capital municipality and the large cities,[104] the territory of Plovdiv Municipality is subdivided into six district administrations with their mayors being appointed following approval by the Municipal Council.
In 1969 the villages ofProslav andKomatevo were incorporated into the city. In 1987 the municipalities of Maritsa and Rodopi were separated from Plovdiv which remained their administrative center. In the last several years, the inhabitants from those villages had taken steps to rejoin the "urban" municipality.[105]
The city has more than 200 archaeological sites,[106] 30 of which are of national importance. There are many remains from antiquity. Plovdiv is among the few cities with two ancient theatres; remains of the medieval walls and towers; Ottoman baths and mosques; a well-preserved old quarter from the National Revival period with beautiful houses; churches; and narrow paved streets. There are numerous museums, art, galleries and cultural institutions. Plovdiv is host to musical, theatrical, and film events. TheKnyaz Alexander I Street is the main street in Plovdiv.
TheAncient theatre (Antichen teatur) is probably the best-known monument fromantiquity in Bulgaria.[108] During recent archaeological survey, an inscription was found on a postament of a statue at the theatre. It revealed that the site was constructed at the 90s of the 1st century CE. The inscription itself refers to Titus Flavius Cotis, the ruler of the ancient city during the reign of Emperor Domitian.
The Ancient theatre is situated in the natural saddle between two of the Three Hills. It is divided into two parts with 14 rows each divided with a horizontal lane. The theatre could accommodate up to 7,000 people.[109] The three-story scene is on the southern part and is decorated withfriezes, cornices, and statues. The theatre was studied, conserved, and restored between 1968 and 1984. Many events are still held on the scene[110] including the Opera Festival Opera Open, the Rock Festival Sounds of the Ages, and the International Folklore festival. The Roman Odeon was restored in 2004.[111] It was built in the 2nd–5th centuries and is the second (and smaller) antiquetheatre of Philipopolis with 350 seats. It was initially built as a bulevterion, an edifice of the city council, and was later reconstructed as a theatre.
TheAncient Stadium[112] is another important monument of the ancient city. It was built in the 2nd century during the reign of theRoman EmperorHadrian. It is situated between Danov Hill and one of the Three Hills, beneath the main street from Dzhumaya Square to Kamenitsa Square. It was modelled after the stadium inDelphi. It was approximately 240 metres (790 feet) long and 50 metres (160 feet) wide, and could seat up to 30,000 spectators. The athletic games at the stadium were organised by the General Assembly of the province of Thrace. In their honour, the royal mint of Philippopolis coined money featuring the face of the ruling emperor as well as the types of athletic events held in the stadium. Only a small part of the northern section with 14 seat rows can be seen today; the larger part lies under the main street and a number of buildings.
The Roman forum dates from the reign ofVespasian in the 1st century and was finished in the 2nd century. It is near the modern post office next to the Odeon. It has an area of 11 hectares and was surrounded by shops and public buildings. The forum was a focal point of the streets of the ancient city.[113]
TheEirene Residence is in the southern part of the Three Hills on the northern part of an ancient street in the Archeological underpass. It includes remains of a public building from the 3rd–4th centuries which belonged to a noble citizen. Eirene is the Christian name for Penelopa, a maiden from Megadon, who was converted to Christianity in the 2nd century. There are colourful mosaics which have geometrical forms and figures.[114]
OnNebet hill are the remains of the first settlement which in 12th century BCE grew to theThracian city of Eumolpias, one of the first cities in Southeastern Europe. Massive walls surrounding a temple and a palace have been excavated. The oldest part of the fortress was constructed from large syenite blocks, the so-called "cyclopean construction".
The Archaeological Museum was established in 1882 as the People's Museum ofEastern Rumelia.[115] In 1928 the museum was moved to a 19th-century edifice on Saedinenie Square built by Plovdiv architectJosef Schnitter. The museum contains a rich collection of Thracian art. The three sections "Prehistory",[116] "Antiquity",[117] and "Middle Ages"[118] contain precious artifacts from thePaleolithic to the early Ottoman period (15th–16th centuries).[119] The famousPanagyurishte treasure is part of the museum's collection.[120]
ThePlovdiv Regional Historical Museum[121] was founded in 1951 as a scientific and cultural institute for collecting, saving, and researching historical evidence about Plovdiv and the surrounding region from 16th to 20th centuries. The exhibition is situated in three buildings.[119]
ThePlovdiv Regional Ethnographic Museum was inaugurated in 1917. On 14 October 1943, it was moved to a house in the Old Town. In 1949 the Municipal House-museum was reorganized as a People's Ethnographic Museum and in 1962 it was renovated. There are more than 40,000 objects.[119]
The Museum of Natural Science was inaugurated in 1955 in the old edifice of the Plovdiv Municipality built in 1880. It is among the most important museums in the country with rich collections in itsPaleontology,Mineralogy, andBotanic sections. There are several rooms for wildlife and it contains Bulgaria's largest freshwater aquarium with 40 fish species.[119] It has a collection of minerals from theRhodope mountains.
The Museum of Aviation was established on 21 September 1991 on the territory of the Krumovo airbase[122] 12 km (7 mi) to the southeast of the city. The museum possesses 59 aircraft and indoor and outdoor exhibitions.[119]
The Old Town of Plovdiv is a historic preservation site known for its Bulgarian Renaissance architectural style. The Old Town covers the area of the three central hills (Трихълмие,Trihalmie). Almost every house in the Old Town has its characteristic exterior and interior decoration.
There are a number of 19th-century churches, most of which follow the distinctiveEastern Orthodox construction style. They are the Saint Constantine and Saint Helena, the Saint Marina, the Saint Nedelya, the Saint Petka, and the Holy Mother of God Churches. As the city has been a gathering center for Orthodox Christians for a long period of time, Plovdiv is surrounded by several monasteries located at the foot of the Rhodope Mountains such as "St. George", "St. Kozma and Damian", St. Kirik, and Yulita (Ulita). They remain good examples of the late Middle Age Orthodox architecture and iconography masterpieces typical for the region. There are also Roman Catholic cathedrals in Plovdiv, theCathedral of St Louis being the largest. There are several more modern Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, and other Protestant churches, as well as older styleApostolic churches.
Two mosques remain in Plovdiv from the time of Ottoman rule. TheDjumaya Mosque is considered the oldest European mosque outside Moorish Spain.
TheSephardicPlovdiv Synagogue is at Tsar Kaloyan Street 13 in the remnants of a small courtyard in what was once a large Jewish quarter. Dating to the 19th century, it is one of the best-preserved examples of the so-called "Ottoman-style" synagogues in the Balkans. According to author Ruth E. Gruber, the interior of thePlovdiv Synagogue is a "hidden treasure...a glorious, if run-down, burst of color." An exquisite Venetian glass chandelier hangs from the center of the ceiling, which has a richly painted dome. All surfaces are covered in elaborate, Moorish-style, geometric designs in once-bright greens and blues. Torah scrolls are kept in the gilded Aron-ha-Kodesh.[123]
A preserved medieval street in the Old townA performance in theRoman Odeon
The Plovdiv Drama Theatre[124] is a successor of the first professional theatre group in Bulgaria founded in 1881. The Plovdiv Puppet Theatre, founded in 1948, remains one of the leading institutions in this genre. The Plovdiv Opera was established in 1953.
Another pillar of Plovdiv's culture is the Philharmonic, founded in 1945.[125] Soloists such asDmitri Shostakovich,Sviatoslav Richter,Mstislav Rostropovich, Yuri Boukov, and Mincho Minchev have worked with the Plovdiv Philharmonic. The orchestra has toured in almost all of the European countries.
The Trakiya Folklore Ensemble, founded in 1974, has performed thousands of concerts in Bulgaria and more than 42 countries.[126] The Trakiya Traditional Choir was nominated for aGrammy Award. TheDetska Kitka Choir is one of the oldest and best-known youth choirs in Bulgaria and the winner of numerous awards from international choral competitions.The Evmolpeya choir is another girls' choir from Plovdiv, whose establishing patron,Ivan Chomakov, became the then mayor in 2006. The choir was appointed aGoodwill Ambassador and a municipal choir.
Plovdiv is among the nation's primary literary centres. In 1855Hristo G. Danov created the first Bulgarian publishing company and printing-press.[127] The city's traditions as a literary centre are preserved by the first public library in Bulgaria, theIvan Vazov National Library, the 19chitalishta (cultural centres), and by numerous booksellers and publishers. The library was founded in 1879[128] and named after the famous Bulgarian writer and poetIvan Vazov who worked in Plovdiv for five years creating some of his best works.[129] Today the Ivan Vazov National Library is the second largest national library institution with more than 1.5 million books,[130] owning rare Bulgarian and European publications.
The city has traditions iniconography since the Middle Ages. During the Period of National Revival, a number of notable icon-painters (called in Bulgarianzografi,зографи) from all regions of the country worked in Plovdiv such as – Dimitar Zograf, his son Zafir Zograf,Zahari Zograf, Georgi Danchov, and others.[66] After the Liberation, the Bulgarian painter ofCzech originIvan Mrkvička came to work in the city. The Painters' Society was established there by artists from southern Bulgaria in 1912 whose members included paintersZlatyu Boyadzhiev,Tsanko Lavrenov andSirak Skitnik.
Today the city has more than 40 art galleries with most of them being privately owned. The Art Gallery of Plovdiv was founded in the late 19th century.[131] It possesses 5,000 pieces of art in four buildings. Since 1981, it has had a section forMexican art donated by Mexican painters in honour of the 1,300-year anniversary of the Bulgarian State.
After Plovdiv was elected as European Capital of Culture in 2019, an ambitious cultural program has started its realisation. For 2019 the City Under the Hills had a number of concerts, including "Balkan Music in Plovdiv". The city held the Plovdiv Biennale and a number of international forums, such as a meeting of collectors from Europe, a summer art school, dance projects, etc.[133]
The Fusion 2019 Urban Games Festival in Plovdiv was one of the standout events of the year, bringing together participants from across Europe—including Bulgaria, Italy, Poland, Germany, the UK, and Russia — to engage in five innovative games and cultural volunteering. This collaborative initiative, part of the European Capitals of Culture project, united Plovdiv and Matera in a two-part journey to explore and reimagine the cultural and historical dimensions of these cities. The diverse backgrounds of the participants and game scenarios (spy plots, space adventures, and mysterious stories, etc.) played a crucial role in this exploration.[134]
The insightful interview with Italian volunteers Giuseppe Nuzzi and Matteo Lilliu, which offers a closer look at their experiences, was conducted by Tatyana Garkavaya. An award-winning multilingual communication specialist, Garkavaya is renowned for her support of the volunteers involved in Plovdiv 2019. Having conducted dozens of interviews and written numerous articles in English, Bulgarian, and Italian, she has been instrumental in promoting the activities and stories of these volunteers[135] amid scandals surrounded the implementation of the Plovdiv 2019 programme.[136]
Plovdiv 2019 has become a promising opportunity for the advancement of volunteering in Bulgaria through innovative creative practices. The country has historically exhibited some of the lowest rates of both formal and informal volunteering in the European Union. According to Eurostat's comparative statistics on voluntary activities, only about 6% of Bulgarians participate in organized volunteering, compared to the EU average of 19%—placing the country at the bottom of the rankings.[137]
Although it is located in the middle of a rich agricultural region, Plovdiv's economy has shifted from agriculture to industry since the beginning of the 20th century.Food processing,tobacco,brewing, andtextiles formed the pillars of the industrial economic shift.[138] DuringCommunist rule, the city's economy expanded and was dominated by heavy industry. After the fall of Communism in 1989 and the collapse of Bulgaria'splanned economy, a number of industrial complexes were closed; production of lead andzinc,machinery,electronics,motor trucks,chemicals, and cosmetics have continued.
Plovdiv is the economic capital of Bulgaria as it has the country's largest economy and contributes 7.5% of Bulgaria's GDP as of 2014[update].[139] In 2014, more than 35 thousand companies operate in the region which create jobs for 285,000 people.[139] The advantages of Plovdiv include the central geographic location, good infrastructure, and large population. Plovdiv has an international airport, terminal for intermodal transport, several connections withTrakia motorway (connectingSofia andBurgas), proximity toMaritsa motorway (the main corridor toTurkey), and well-developed road and rail infrastructure which all led to the development of the city as the leading city in terms of industrial output in Bulgaria. Established in 1970, theToplofikatsiya Plovdiv company provides generation of electric power and heat and heat distribution for Plovdiv.[140]
The economy of Plovdiv has long tradition inmanufacturing,commerce,transport,communications, andtourism. Apart from the industrial development of Plovdiv, there has been a significant surge in the IT and outsourcing service sector in the recent years, as well as a double-digit increase in the tourism growth in the city every year for the past 5 years.[141]
Industry has been the sole leader in attracting investment. Industry has been expanding since the late 1990s, with manufacturing plants being built in the city or in its outskirts mainly the municipality of Maritsa. In this period, some €500,000,000 has been invested in the construction of new factories.Trakia Economic Zone which is one of the largest industrial zones in Eastern Europe, is located around Plovdiv. Some of the biggest companies in the region include the Austrian utility companyEVN, PIMK (transport), Insa Oil (fuels),Liebherr (refrigerator plant),Magna International (automotive industry), Bella Bulgaria (food manufacturing), Socotab (tobacco processing),ABB,Schneider Electric,Osram, Sensata Technologies, etc.
The commercial sector is developing quickly. Shopping centers have been built mainly in the Central district and the district of Trakiya. Those include Shopping Center Grand,[142] Market Center,[143] and two more all on the Kapitan Raycho Street,[143] Forum in Trakiya, Excelsior, and others. Plovdiv has three large shopping centers: the €40 million Mall of Plovdiv (opened 2009) with a shopping area of 22,000 m2 (236,806.03 sq ft), 11 cinema halls, and parking for 700 cars;[144] Markovo tepe Mall (opened 2016);[145] and Plovdiv Plaza Mall which is 6 stories high with 127 000 m2 area, half of which is the parking lot and the rest is shopping area.
Due to the high demand for business office space, new office and commercial buildings have been built. Several hypermarkets have been built mainly on the outskirts of the city:Metro,Kaufland,Triumf,Praktiker,Billa,Mr. Bricolage,Baumax, Technopolis, Technomarket Europa, and others. The main shopping area is the central street with its shops, cafés, and restaurants. A number of cafés, craftsmen workshops, and souvenir shops are in the Old Town and the small streets in the centre, known among the locals as "The Trap" (Bulgarian:Капана).
ThePlovdiv International Fair, held annually since 1892, is the largest and oldest fair in the country and all of southeastern Europe, gathering companies from all over the world in an exhibition area of 138,000 m2 (1,485,419.64 sq ft) located on a territory of 352,000 m2 (3,788,896.47 sq ft) on the northern banks of the Maristsa river.[146] It attracts more than 600,000 visitors from many countries.[147]
The city has had a duty-free zone since 1987. It has a customs terminal handling cargo from trucks and trains.[147]
The city is a major road and railway hub in southern Bulgaria with[150] theTrakia motorway (A1) only 5 km (3 mi) to the north. It lies on the important national route from Sofia to Burgas via Stara Zagora. First-class roads lead to Sofia to the west,Karlovo to the north,Asenovgrad,Kardzhali to the south, andStara Zagora andHaskovo to the east. There areintercity buses which link Plovdiv with cities and towns all over the country and many European countries. They are based in threebus stations: South, Rodopi, and North.
Plovdiv has a large public transport system[151] including around 30 main and 2 extra bus lines. However, there are notrams in the city, and thePlovdiv trolleybus system was closed in autumn 2012.[152] Six bridges span theMaritsa river including a railway bridge and acovered bridge. There are important road junctions to the south, southwest, and north.
Plovdiv has a well-developed cycling infrastructure which covers almost all districts of the city. The total length of the cycling roads is 60 kilometres (37 miles) (48 kilometres (30 miles) are completed and 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) are under construction). The city has a total of 690 bike parkings.
Cycling Infrastructure
The number of registered private automobiles in the city increased from 178,104 in 2005 to 234,298 in 2009.[153] There are around 658 cars per 1,000 inhabitants[154]
Plovdiv International Airport is near the village ofKrumovo, 5 km (3 mi) southeast of the city. It takes charter flights from Europe and has scheduled services with Ryanair to London Stansted and Dublin and S7 to Moscow. Wizz Air have services to London Luton, Dortmund, and Munich West.Many small airports are in the city's surroundings, including theGraf Ignatievo Air Base inGraf Ignatievo to the north of Plovdiv.
Around two thirds of the citizens (62,38%) have secondary, specialized, or higher education. That percentage increased from 1992 to 2001.[155]
Plovdiv has 78 schools including elementary, high, foreign language, mathematics, technical, and art schools. There are also 10 private schools and aseminary. The number of pupils in 2005 was 36,964 and has been constantly decreasing since the mid-1990 due to lower birth rate.[155] Among the most prestigious schools are thePlovdiv Language School, the High School of Mathematics, the Ivan Vazov Language School, theSts. Cyril and Methodius High School of Humanities, the National School of Commerce, and the French High School.[156]
The city has six universities and a number of state and private colleges and branches of other universities. Those includePlovdiv University,[157] with 900 lecturers and employees and 13,000 students; thePlovdiv Medical University, with 2,600 students;[158] the Medical College; the Technical University of Sofia – Branch Plovdiv;[159] the Agricultural University – Plovdiv;[160] the University of Food Technologies;[161] the Academy for Music, Dance and Fine Arts;[162] and others.[155]
Plovdiv Sports Complex consists ofPlovdiv Stadium with several additional football fields, tennis courts,swimming pools, arowing base with a 2 km-long channel, restaurants, and cafés in a spacious park in the western part of the city just south of theMaritsa river. There are also playgrounds for children. It is popular among the citizens and guests of Plovdiv who use it for jogging, walking, and relaxation. Plovdiv Stadium (55,000 seats) is the largest football venue in Bulgaria.[164]
Other stadiums includeStadion Botev (19,000 seats),Lokomotiv (10,000 seats),Maritsa Stadium (5,000 seats), andTodor Diev Stadium (7,000 seats). There are seven indoorsports halls:Kolodruma, University Hall, Olimpia, Lokomotiv, Dunav, Stroitel, Chaika, Akademik, and Total Sport. In 2006,Aqualand, a water park, was opened near the city centre.[165] Several smaller water parks are in the city as well.
Football is the most popular sport in the city; Plovdiv has four professional teams. The city hasPFC Botev Plovdiv, founded in 1912 andPFC Lokomotiv, founded in 1926.[166] Both teams are a regular fixture in thetop Bulgarian league. The rivalry between them is considered to be even more fierce than the one betweenLevski andCSKA ofSofia. There are two other football clubs in the city –Maritsa FC (founded in 1921) andSpartak Plovdiv (1947).[167]
Plovdiv is host of the internationalboxing tournament "Strandzha" which has taken place since 1949.[168] In 2007, 96 boxers from 20 countries participated in the tournament. There is ahorse racing club and a horse base near the city. Plovdiv has several volleyball and basketball teams.
A view from the "singing fountains" in Tsar Simeon's garden.A view from the City garden.
Three of the city's seven hills are protected natural territories since 1995. Two of the first parks in Bulgaria are located in the city center – Tsar Simeon garden – city garden, where the very first work of the Italian sculptorArnoldo Zocchi could be seen, andDondukov garden – old city garden. Some of the larger parks include theBotanical garden,Beli Brezi,Ribnitsa, andLauta.
^Mikalson, Jon D. (2010).Ancient Greek religion (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 57.ISBN978-1-4443-5819-3....whose champion was the Thracian Eumolpus, a son of Poseidon.
^Райчевски, Георги (2002).Пловдивска енциклопедия. Пловдив: Издателство ИМН. p. 341.ISBN978-954-491-553-7.
^Кесякова, Елена; Александър Пижев; Стефан Шивачев; Недялка Петрова (1999).Книга за Пловдив (in Bulgarian). Пловдив: Издателство "Полиграф". pp. 17–19.ISBN954-9529-27-4.
^Детев П., Известия на музейте в Южна България т. 1 (Bulletin des musees de la Bulgarie du sud), 1975г., с.27,[1]ISSN0204-4072Archived 23 September 2016 at theWayback Machine
^Детев, П.Разкопки на Небет тепе в Пловдив, ГПАМ, 5, 1963, pp. 27–30.
^Ботушарова, Л.Стратиграфски проучвания на Небет тепе, ГПАМ, 5, 1963, pp. 66–70.
^Елена Кесякова; Александър Пижев; Стефан Шивачев; Недялка Петрова (1999).Книга за Пловдив (in Bulgarian). Пловдив: Издателство "Полиграф". pp. 20–21.ISBN954-9529-27-4.
^The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth,ISBN0-19-860641-9", page 1515, "The Thracians were subdued by the Persians by 516"
^Dimitri Romanoff,The orders, medals, and history of the Kingdom of Bulgaria, p. 9
^История на България, Том 1, Издателство на БАН, София, 1979, p. 206.
^A. B. Bosworth,Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great, page 12, Cambridge University Press
^Bulgaria. University of Indiana. 1979. p. 4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Dimitrov, B. (2002).The Bulgarians – the first Europeans (in Bulgarian). Sofia: University press "St Climent of Ohrid". p. 17.ISBN954-07-1757-4.
^Елена Кесякова; Александър Пижев; Стефан Шивачев; Недялка Петрова (1999).Книга за Пловдив (in Bulgarian). Пловдив: Издателство "Полиграф". pp. 47–48.ISBN954-9529-27-4.
^Dimitrov, B. (2002).The Bulgarians – the first Europeans (in Bulgarian). Sofia: University press "St Climent of Ohrid". p. 25.ISBN954-07-1757-4.
^Аndreev, J.The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars (Balgarskite hanove i tsare,Българските ханове и царе), Veliko Tarnovo, 1996, p. 66ISBN954-427-216-X.
^Gjuzelev, p. 130 (Gjuzelev, V., (1988) Medieval Bulgaria, Byzantine Empire, Black Sea, Venice, Genoa (Centre Culturel du Monde Byzantin). Published by Verlag Baier).
^Bulgarian Historical Review, p. 9 (Bulgarian Historical Review (2005), United Center for Research and Training in History, published by Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, v.33:no.1–4).
^Делев, "Българската държава и общество при управлението на цар Петър",История и цивилизация за 11. клас, 2006.
^Fine, pp. 160–161, 186: John V. A. Fine Jr., The Early Medieval Balkans, Ann Arbor, 1983.
^Vacalopoulos, Apostolos E.Origins of the Greek Nation. (New Brunswick, New Jersey:Rutgers University Press, 1970) p. 22.
^Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens."Bulgarien – Plovdiv"(PDF).Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 42.Archived(PDF) from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved16 April 2013.
^Art and Society of Bulgaria in the Turkish Period: A Sketch of the Economic, Juridical, and Artistic Preconditions of Bulgarian Post-Byzantine Art and Its Place in the Development of the Art of the Christian Balkans, 1360/70-1700 : a New Interpretation, p. 83
^Balabanov, G. (2005).This is Bulgaria (in Bulgarian and English). Sofia. p. 371.ISBN954-91672-1-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Balabanov, G. (2005).This is Bulgaria (in Bulgarian and English). Sofia. p. 395.ISBN954-91672-1-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^With the exception ofUnder the Yoke, the other significant works of Ivan Vazov (Nemili-nedragi,Eppopee of the Forgotten,Uncles) were written in Plovdiv.
^abBalabanov, G. (2005).This is Bulgaria (in Bulgarian and English). Sofia. p. 393.ISBN954-91672-1-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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