| Plesiomonas shigelloides | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Kingdom: | Pseudomonadati |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Enterobacterales |
| Family: | Enterobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | Plesiomonas corrig. Habs and Schubert 1962 |
| Species: | P. shigelloides |
| Binomial name | |
| Plesiomonas shigelloides corrig. (Bader 1954) Habs and Schubert 1962 | |
| Synonyms | |
Pseudomonas shigelloidesBader 1954 | |
Plesiomonas shigelloides is a species of bacteria[1] and the only member of its genus. It is aGram-negative, rod-shapedbacterium which has been isolated fromfreshwater, freshwater fish, shellfish, cattle, goats, swine, cats, dogs, monkeys, vultures, snakes, toads and humans.[2] It is considered afecal coliform.P. shigelloides is a global distributed species, found globally outside of the polar ice caps.[3]
P. shigelloides has been associated with the diarrheal disease state in humans, but has been identified in healthy humans as well.[4] It can enter the body either through contact with water contaminated by fecal matter or through seafood originating from a contaminated source.[5]
P. shigelloides was originally considered part of the familyVibrionaceae, but is generally accepted to be part ofEnterobacteriaceae due to the similarity of its 5SrRNA sequence to other members ofEnterobacteriaceae[6]. The rRNA sequence ofP. shigelloides has been found to be most similar toProteus mirabilis, and as a result it is now considered part of the tribeProteeae within the familyEnterobacteriaceae.[7]P. shigelloides is the only known member of its genus.
P. shigelloides is incapable of surviving in saltwater environments where the concentration of salt is greater than 4% and has been found to tolerate pH ranges between 4.5 and 9.[8][5] It grows optimally between 35 °C and 39 °C, and has been found to survive in the temperature range of 8 °C to 45 °C.[9][8] The effects of pH, salinity, temperature, turbidity, and conductivity on concentrations ofP. shigelloides in freshwater conditions is not currently understood.
SomePlesiomonas strains share antigens withShigella sonnei andShigella flexneri and cross-reactions withShigella antisera may occur.[10]Plesiomonas can be distinguished fromShigella in diarrheal stools by anoxidase test:Plesiomonas is oxidase positive andShigella is oxidase negative.Plesiomonas is easily differentiated fromAeromonas sp. and other oxidase-positive organisms by standard biochemical tests.[11]
P. shigelloides has been isolated from a wide variety of human clinical specimens including both intestinal (usually feces or rectal swabs) and extra-intestinal. It has been isolated from the feces of humans, both with and without diarrhea, and/or vomiting (gastroenteritis). Although reports have found a link betweenP. shigelloides anddiarrhea orgastroenteritis, research has not yet determined whether this bacteria is always responsible for these conditions.[4]
AlthoughP. shigelloides is primarily associated with the diarrheal disease state in humans, certain animals including cats and dogs have been found to frequently carry the bacterium while in a healthy state.[12] Freshwater fish can often be infected withP. shigelloides which can be lethal depending on the concentration of the bacterium in their bodies.[13]