| Planet of the Apes | |
|---|---|
 Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Franklin J. Schaffner |
| Screenplay by | |
| Based on | Planet of the Apes byPierre Boulle |
| Produced by | Arthur P. Jacobs |
| Starring | |
| Cinematography | Leon Shamroy |
| Edited by | Hugh S. Fowler |
| Music by | Jerry Goldsmith |
| Color process | Eastmancolor |
Production company | APJAC Productions |
| Distributed by | 20th Century-Fox |
Release dates |
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Running time | 112 minutes[1] |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $5.8 million[2] |
| Box office | $33.3 million[2] |
Planet of the Apes is a 1968 Americanscience-fiction film directed byFranklin J. Schaffner from a screenplay byMichael Wilson andRod Serling, loosely based on the1963 novel byPierre Boulle. The film starsCharlton Heston,Roddy McDowall,Kim Hunter,Maurice Evans,James Whitmore,James Daly, andLinda Harrison. In the film, an astronaut crewcrash-lands on a strange planet in the distant future. Although the planet appears desolate at first, the surviving crew members stumble upon a society in which apes have evolved into creatures with human-like intelligence and speech. The apes have assumed the role of thedominant species and humans are mute primitives wearing animal skins.
The outlinePlanet of the Apes script, originally written by Serling, underwent many rewrites before filming eventually began.[3] DirectorsJ. Lee Thompson andBlake Edwards were approached, but the film's producerArthur P. Jacobs, upon the recommendation of Heston, chose Franklin J. Schaffner to direct the film.[4] The script portrayed an ape society less advanced—and therefore less expensive to depict—than that of the original novel.[5] Filming took place between May 21 and August 10, 1967, inCalifornia,Utah, andArizona, with desert sequences shot in and aroundLake Powell,Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. The film's final "closed" cost was $5.8 million.
Planet of the Apes premiered on February 8, 1968, at theCapitol Theatre in New York City, and was released in the United States on April 3, by20th Century-Fox. The film was a box-office hit, earning a lifetime domestic gross of $33.3 million.[2] It was groundbreaking for itsprosthetic makeup techniques by artistJohn Chambers[6] and was well received by audiences and critics, being nominated forBest Costume Design andBest Original Score at the41st Academy Awards, and winning anhonorary Academy Award for Chambers. In 2001,Planet of the Apes was selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registry by theLibrary of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[7][8]
Planet of the Apes' success launched afranchise,[9] includingfour sequels, as well as atelevision series,animated series,comic books, and various merchandising. In particular, Roddy McDowall had a long-running relationship with the franchise, appearing in four of the original five films (he was absent from the second film,Beneath the Planet of the Apes, in which he was replaced byDavid Watson in the role of Cornelius) and also in the television series. The original film series was followed byTim Burton'sremakeof the same name in 2001 and areboot series, which began withRise of the Planet of the Apes in 2011.[10]
Astronauts Taylor, Landon, and Dodge awaken from deep hibernation after a near-light-speed space voyage. Their spacecraft crashes into a lake on an unknown planet; Taylor's estimate places them in Orion'sBellatrix System, 300 light-years from their home solar system. Before they abandon their sinking vessel, Taylor, the mission commander, reads the ship's chronometer as November 25, 3978 – 2,006 years after their departure in 1972. The three astronauts have been in hibernation pods and have aged slightly less than one year. A fourth astronaut, Stewart, is found to be dead, having aged rapidly after her hibernation pod was compromised.
The men travel through desolate wasteland, coming across eerie scarecrow-like figures and a freshwater lake with lush vegetation. While the men are swimming, their clothes are stolen and shredded by primitive, mute humans. Soon after, armed gorillas raid a cornfield where the humans are gathering food. Taylor is shot in the throat as the others and he are captured. Dodge is killed, and Landon is captured in the chaos. Taylor is taken to Ape City. Two chimpanzees, animal psychologist Zira and surgeon Galen, save Taylor's life, though his throat injury renders him temporarily mute.
Taylor is placed with a captive woman, whom he later names Nova. He observes an advanced society of talking apes with a strict caste system; gorillas are the enforcers and laborers, orangutans oversee government and religion, and intellectual chimpanzees are mostly scientists and doctors. The ape society is atheocracy, while the apes consider the primitive humans as vermin to be hunted and either killed outright, enslaved, or used in scientific experiments. Taylor convinces Zira and her fiancé, Cornelius, that he is as intelligent as they are by communicating through written messages and by making a paper airplane. Dr. Zaius, their orangutan superior, arranges for Taylor to be castrated against Zira's protests. Taylor escapes and finds Dodge'sstuffed corpse on display in a museum. He is soon recaptured and regains his voice, which alarms the apes.
A hearing is convened to determine Taylor's origins. Taylor mentions his two comrades, learning that Landon waslobotomized and renderedcatatonic. Zaius denounces Taylor, claiming that he is either from an unknown human tribe beyond their borders or was the subject of a mad scientist who gave him the power of speech. Zaius privately threatens to castrate and lobotomize Taylor for refusing to reveal his origins. With help from Zira's nephew Lucius, Zira and Cornelius free Taylor and Nova and take them to the Forbidden Zone, a taboo region outside Ape City, where Taylor's ship crashed. Ape law has ruled the area off-limits for centuries. To clear their heresy charges, Cornelius and Zira are intent on gathering proof of an earlier nonsimian civilization, which Cornelius had discovered a year earlier; Taylor focuses on proving he comes from a different planet.
When the group arrives at the cave, Cornelius is intercepted by Zaius and his soldiers. Taylor holds them off by threatening to shoot Zaius, who agrees to enter the cave to disprove their theories. Inside, Cornelius displays remnants of a technologically advanced human society antedating simian history. Taylor identifies artifacts such as dentures, eyeglasses, a heart valve, and, to the apes' astonishment, a talking human doll. Zaius admits he has always known about the ancient human civilization. Taylor wants to search for answers. Zaius warns Taylor against finding an answer that he will not like, adding that the now-desolate Forbidden Zone was once a lush paradise and that it was destroyed by humans. After Taylor and Nova are allowed to leave, Zaius seals off the cave to destroy the evidence, charging Zira, Cornelius, and Lucius with heresy.
Taylor and Nova follow the shoreline on horseback. Eventually, they discover the remnants of the Statue of Liberty, revealing that this supposedly alien planet is Earth, long after a nuclear war. Understanding Zaius' earlier warning, Taylor falls to his knees in despair, cursing humanity for destroying the world.
ProducerArthur P. Jacobs bought the rights for thePierre Boulle novel before its publication in 1963. Jacobs pitched the production to many studios, and in late 1964, the project was announced as aWarner Bros. production, withBlake Edwards attached to direct.[11] After Jacobs made a successful debut as a producer doingWhat a Way to Go! (1964) for20th Century-Fox and begun pre-production of another film for the studio,Doctor Dolittle, he managed to convince Fox vice presidentRichard D. Zanuck to greenlightPlanet of the Apes.[12]
One script that came close to being made was written byThe Twilight Zone creatorRod Serling, though it was finally rejected for a number of reasons. A prime concern was cost, as the technologically advanced ape society portrayed by Serling's script would have involved expensivesets,props, andspecial effects. Previouslyblacklisted screenwriterMichael Wilson was brought in to rewrite Serling's script, and as suggested by director Franklin J. Schaffner, the ape society was made more primitive as a way of reducing costs. Serling's stylized twist ending was retained, and became one of the most famous movie endings of all time. The exact location and state of decay of the Statue of Liberty changed over severalstoryboards. One version depicted the statue buried up to its nose in the middle of a jungle, while another depicted the statue in pieces.[12]
To convince Fox that aPlanet of the Apes film could be made, the producers shot a brief test scene from a Rod Serling draft of the script, using early versions of the ape makeup, on March 8, 1966. Charlton Heston appeared as an early version of Taylor (named Thomas, as he was in the Serling-penned drafts),Edward G. Robinson appeared as Zaius, while two then-unknown Fox contract actors,James Brolin andLinda Harrison, played Cornelius and Zira. Harrison, who was at the time the girlfriend of studio chief Richard D. Zanuck, went on to be cast as Nova. Jacobs had at first consideredUrsula Andress, then screen testedAngelique Pettyjohn, and even considered doing an international talent search for the role before Harrison's casting.[13][14] Robinson wound up not joining the cast due to his declining health.
Michael Wilson's rewrite kept the basic structure of Serling's screenplay, but rewrote all the dialogue and set the script in a moreprimitive society. According to associate producerMort Abrahams, an additional uncredited writer (his only recollection was that the writer's last name was Kelly) polished the script, rewrote some of the dialogue, and included some of the more heavy-handed tongue-in-cheek dialogue ("I never met an ape I didn't like"), which was not in either Serling or Wilson's drafts. According to Abrahams, some scenes, such as the one where the judges imitate the "see no evil, speak no evil, and hear no evil" monkeys, were improvised on the set by director Schaffner and kept in the final film because of the audience reaction during test screenings prior to release.[15] During filming,John Chambers, who designed prosthetic makeup in the film,[6] held training sessions at 20th Century-Fox studios, where he mentored other makeup artists of the film.[16]
Filming began on May 21, 1967, and wrapped on August 10. Most of the early scenes of a desert-like terrain were shot in northern Arizona near theGrand Canyon, theColorado River,Lake Powell,[15]: 61 Glen Canyon[15]: 61 and other locations nearPage, Arizona[15]: 59 Most scenes of the ape village, interiors and exteriors, were filmed on the Fox Ranch[15]: 68 inMalibu Creek State Park, northwest of Los Angeles, essentially thebacklot of 20th Century-Fox. The concluding beach scenes were filmed on a stretch of California seacoast betweenMalibu andOxnard, with cliffs that towered 130 feet (40 m) above the shore. Reaching the beach on foot was virtually impossible, so cast, crew, film equipment, and even horses had to be lowered in by helicopter.[15]: 79
The remains of the Statue of Liberty were shot in a secluded cove on the far eastern end of Westward Beach, betweenZuma Beach andPoint Dume in Malibu.[17] As noted in the documentaryBehind the Planet of the Apes,[12] the special effect shot of the half-buried statue was achieved by seamlessly blending amatte painting with existing cliffs. The shot looking down at Taylor was done from a 70-foot (21 m) scaffold, angled over a1⁄2-scalepapier-mache model of the statue. The actors inPlanet of the Apes were so affected by their roles and wardrobe that when not shooting, they automatically segregated themselves into groups of the species they were portraying.[18] Lou Wagner said that the makeup was particularly heavy in the area of the mouth and made it difficult to drink anything.[19]
At one point, Nova was decided to be pregnant, and scenes were filmed around the Page locations revealing Nova's pregnancy. In the penultimate drafts ofPlanet of the Apes, Taylor was killed by the bullet of an ape sniper, while Nova, pregnant with Taylor's child, escaped and vanished into the Forbidden Zone. Although Harrison believed Heston rejected the idea of Nova's pregnancy, those scenes were deleted, according to screenwriterMichael Wilson, "at the insistence of a high-echelon Fox executive who found it distasteful. Why? I suppose that, if one defines the mute Nova as merely 'humanoid' and not actually human, it would mean that Taylor had committed sodomy."[20] Nova's pregnancy was thought to detract from the film's ending. In any case, all Harrison's scenes with Heston and Hunter in the sequence of Nova's pregnancy were cut. "There's probably a great deal of footage of it somewhere."[21]
Planet of the Apes was met with critical acclaim and is widely regarded as a classic. It was rated one of the best films of 1968, applauded for its imagination and its commentary on a possible world turned upside down.[22][23]Pauline Kael called it "one of the most entertaining science-fiction fantasies ever to come out of Hollywood".[24]Roger Ebert of theChicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four and called it "much better than I expected it to be. It is quickly paced, completely entertaining, and its philosophical pretensions don't get in the way".[25]Renata Adler ofThe New York Times wrote, "It is no good at all, but fun, at moments, to watch."[26] Arthur D. Murphy ofVariety called it "an amazing film." He thought the script "at times digresses into low comedy", but "the totality of the film works very well".[27]Kevin Thomas of theLos Angeles Times wrote, "A triumph of artistry and imagination, it is at once a timely parable and a grand adventure on an epic scale."[28]Richard L. Coe ofThe Washington Post called it an "amusing and unusually engrossing picture."[29]
As of August 2025[update], the film has an 86% rating on the review aggregate websiteRotten Tomatoes, based on 96 reviews with an average rating of 7.60/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Planet of the Apes raises thought-provoking questions about our culture without letting social commentary get in the way of the drama and action."[30] OnMetacritic, the film has an average score of 79 out of 100 based on 14 reviews.[31] In 2008, the film was selected byEmpire magazine as one ofThe 500 Greatest Movies of All Time.[32]
According to Fox records, the film required $12,850,000 in theater rentals to break even, and made $20,825,000—a large profit for the studio.[33]
The film won an honoraryAcademy Award for John Chambers for his outstanding makeup achievement. The film was nominated forBest Costume Design (Morton Haack) andBest Original Score for a Motion Picture (not a Musical) (Jerry Goldsmith).[34] The score is known for itsavant-garde compositional techniques, as well as the use of unusualpercussion instruments and extended performance techniques, as well as his 12-tone music (the violin part using all 12 chromatic notes) to give an eerie, unsettled feel to the planet, mirroring the sense of placelessness.
Writer Rod Serling was brought back to work on an outline for a sequel. Serling's outline was ultimately discarded in favor of a story by associate producerMort Abrahams and writerPaul Dehn, which became the basis forBeneath the Planet of the Apes.[15][page needed] The original film series had four sequels:
A parody of the film series titled "The Milking of the Planet That Went Ape" was published inMad Magazine. It was illustrated byMort Drucker and written byArnie Kogen in regular issue #157, March 1973.[53]
The cartoonThe Fairly OddParents "Abra-Catastrophe!" special has Timmy Turner and his archenemy Denzel Crocker ending up in an alternate Earth where apes are the masters and humans are slaves.
The Simpsons episode "A Fish Called Selma" includes a theatrical production of a musical version of the film titled "Stop the Planet of the Apes, I Want to Get Off!."
TV Globo, Brazil's largest television network, aired from 1976 to 1982 a sketch calledPlaneta dos Homens (Planet of the Men) where three apes from a highly evolved ape planet tried to comprehend the illogical human civilization.
In 2001 the Irish comedy seriesPodge and Rodge - A Scare at Bedtime included an episode entitled ‘Monkey Do’, featuring many references to both the original 1968 film as well as the 2001 Tim Burton remake.
Based onLa Planète des singes (1963) byPierre Boulle | |||||||
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