Pixodarus
Portrait on Carian coinage of the time of Pixodaros.[1]
Satrap ofCaria
Reign	340–334 BC
Predecessor	Ada
Successor	Orontobates
House	Hecatomnids
Father	Hecatomnus

Hecatomnid dynasty (Dynasts ofCaria)
c. 395–377 BCE Hecatomnus c. 377–353 BCE Mausolus c. 353–351 BCE Artemisia II c. 351–344 BCE Idrieus c. 344–340 BCE Ada c. 340–335 BCE Pixodarus c. 335–334 BCE Orontobates c. 334–326 BCE Ada
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Pixodarus orPixodaros (inLycian 𐊓𐊆𐊜𐊁𐊅𐊀𐊕𐊀Pixedara; inGreek Πιξώδαρoς; ruled 340–334 BC), was asatrap ofCaria, nominally theAchaemenid EmpireSatrap, who enjoyed the status of king ordynast by virtue of the powerful position his predecessors of the House of Hecatomnus (theHecatomnids) created when they succeeded the assassinated Persian SatrapTissaphernes in the Carian satrapy.Lycia was also ruled by the Carian dynasts since the time ofMausolus, and the name of Pixodarus as ruler appears in theXanthos trilingual inscription in Lycia.

He was the youngest of the three sons ofHecatomnus, all of whom held the sovereignty of their native country. Pixodarus obtained possession of the throne by the expulsion of his sisterAda, the widow of their brotherIdrieus, with whom she had jointly governed Caria.^[2] He ruled Caria without opposition for a period of four years, 340–334 BC. He cultivated the friendship withPersia, giving his daughterAda in marriage to aPersian namedOrontobates,^[2] whom he even seems to have admitted to some share in the sovereign power during his own lifetime.

But, he did not neglect to court the alliance of other powers also, and endeavoured to secure the powerful friendship ofPhilip II, king ofMacedonia, by offering the hand of his eldest daughter in marriage toArrhidaeus, the eldest, but disabled, son of the Macedonian monarch. The discontent of the youngAlexander at this period led him to offer himself as a suitor for the Carian princess instead of his brother — an overture which was eagerly embraced by Pixodarus, but the indignant interference of Philip put an end to the whole scheme.

Pixodarus died — apparently a natural death — some time before the landing of Alexander in Asia, 334 BC: and was succeeded by his son-in-law the PersianOrontobates, who had married his daughter Ada II. Orontobates was soon ousted byAlexander the Great in theSiege of Halicarnassus, and replaced by PrincessAda with the approval of Alexander.^[4]

A fragment of a bilingual decree by Pixodarus inGreek andLycian was discovered atXanthos inTurkey, and is now held at theBritish Museum inLondon. The inscription records grants made by Pixedara (Pixodarus) to the Lycian cities of Arñna (Xanthos), Pñ (Pinara), Tlawa (Tlos) and Xadawãti (Kadyanda).^[5]

Decree of Pixodaros
(British Museum)

Content	Transcription	Transliteration (originalLycian script)	Inscription
Record of tax privileges from Pixedara (Pixodaros) for the Lycian cities of Arñna (Xanthos), Pñ (Pinara), Tlawa (Tlos) and Xadawãti (Kadyanda).[6][7]	eñnẽ pixe[d]ar(a) ekat[m̃mna] arñna se tlawa se p[ñ] se xadawãti meñna ..truweheñneseti ......uti kbijehedi ..........tistwe ñte k ..................illieb ..........................ne.	𐊁𐊑𐊏𐊚𐊓𐊆𐊜𐊁[𐊅]𐊀𐊕(𐊀)𐊁𐊋𐊀𐊗 𐊀𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀𐊖𐊁𐊗𐊍𐊀𐊇𐊀𐊖𐊁𐊓 𐊖𐊁𐊜𐊀𐊅𐊀𐊇𐊙𐊗𐊆𐊎𐊁𐊑𐊏𐊀 ..𐊗𐊕𐊒𐊇𐊁𐊛𐊁𐊑𐊏𐊁𐊖𐊁𐊗𐊆 ......𐊒𐊗𐊆𐊋𐊂𐊆𐊊𐊁𐊛𐊁𐊅𐊆 ..........𐊗𐊆𐊖𐊗𐊇𐊁𐊑𐊗𐊁𐊋 ..................𐊆𐊍𐊍𐊆𐊁𐊂 ..........................𐊏𐊁

Pixadorus is also mentioned in theXanthos trilingual inscription, confirming the rule of Pixodarus over neighbouring Lycia:

In the month Siwan, year 1 of King Artaxerxes. In the fortress of Arñna (Xanthos). Pixodarus son of Katomno (Hecatomnus), the satrap who is in Karka (Caria) and Termmila (Lycia)....^[8]

When Pixodarus, the son ofHecatomnus, became satrap of Lycia, he appointed as rulers of Lycia Hieron (ijeru) and Apollodotos (natrbbejẽmi), and as governor (asaxlazu) of Xanthus, Artemelis (erttimeli).

The Artaxerxes in question is thought to beArtaxerxes IV.

He ordered the minting of his own golden coins, a right at time exclusively reserved to the King of Persia.^[9]

• 
  Coinage of Pixodaros, circa 341/0 to 336/5 BCE.Obv: Head of Apollo facing right, wearing laurel wreath, drapery at neck.Rev: Zeus Labraundos standing right; Legend ΠIΞOΔAPOY, "Pixodaros".
• 
  Coinage of Pixodaros, circa 341/0 to 336/5 BCE.Obv: Head of Apollo, wearing laurel wreath.Rev: Zeus Labraundos standing right; Legend ΠIΞOΔAPOY, "Pixodaros".

• Smith, William (editor);Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,"Pixodarus (2)"^[usurped],Boston, (1867)

Wikimedia Commons has media related toPixodaros.

• Livius,PixodarusArchived 2013-05-01 at theWayback Machine by Jona Lendering

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). "Pixodarus".Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.

• 335 BC deaths
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• Carian people
• Achaemenid satraps of Caria
• Hecatomnid dynasty

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