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| Piwniczna dialect | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Poland |
| Region | Piwniczna-Zdrój |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
ThePiwniczna dialect belongs to theLesser Poland dialect group and is located in the southern part ofPoland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to theGoral ethnolect.[1]
Typical of Lesser Polish dialects (as well as Greater Polish dialects), voicing of word-final consonants before vowels and liquids is present here. Also typical of Lesser Polish dialects is the presence of mazuration.[1]
-e- may be inserted between some consonant clusters. The group eł shifts to oł, and ił/ył shifts to uł both tautosyllabically and heterosyllabically. The Lechitic ablaut is often absent before hard dental consonants.[1]
Slanted á raises to o. Slanted é raises to y after both hard and soft consonants. Slanted ó is retained as ó.[1]
Medial -ę- decomposes to yN before non-sibilant consonants, and medial -ą- to oN. Before sibilants, nasality is retained for both. Final -ę denasalizes to -e, and final -ą can be nasal -ǫ or -o in the third person plural present tense of verbs, -o in the accusative feminine singular of adjectives, numerals, and pronouns, and -om in the instrumental feminine singular of adjectives, numerals, and pronouns.[1]
Initial o- usually labializes to ô-. Initial a- may sporadically gain a prothetic h- or j-.[1]
Final -ch shifts to either -f or -ch, with a preference for -f, in both stems as well as inflections. It shifts to k in many clusters in certain words: krzest (chrzest). Infintives ending in -ść, -źć are usually simplified to -ś, -ź. sz is often realized as ś in loanwords, a process unrelated to masuration. ł is often lost after a consonant. pół and pół- (as a prefix) are reduced to pu(-). trz, strz, drz usually simplify to cz, szcz, dż. źr is present instead of jrz. s may geminate in certain words.[1]
Typical Goral inflectional tendencies are present here.
Nouns may show a lack of mobile e: mech||mechu. -a is preferred for the masculine genitive singular over -u. The archaic -e of feminine genitive singular of soft stems is preserved.[1]
The masculine/neuter instrumental singular is formed with -em instead of -ym.[1]
The imperative is formed with -ej instead of -aj. The first person plural present/future as well as imperative is formed with -ma instead of -my.[1]
Typical word-formation tendencies of southern Poland can be found here.
The noun-forming suffix -ata is present here, albeit rare: odziata (odzienie).[1]
Possessive adjectives may be formed with -in.[1]
Iteratives are often formed with -uwać instead of -ywać/-iwać.[1]
Plural forms may be used as a form of respect.[1]
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