Family of mammals
ThePitheciidae (/p ɪ θ ɪ ˈ s aɪ . ɪ d iː families ofNew World monkeys now recognised. Formerly, they were included in the familyAtelidae . The family includes thetitis ,saki monkeys anduakaris . Most species are native to theAmazon region ofBrazil , with some being found fromColombia in the north toBolivia in the south.
Pitheciids are small to medium-sizedmonkeys , ranging from 23 cm in head-body length for the smaller titis, to 44–49 cm for the uakaris. They have medium to long fur, in a wide range of colors, often with contrasting patches, especially on the face.
They arediurnal andarboreal animals, found in tropical forests from low-lying swamp to mountain slopes. They are predominantlyherbivorous , eating mostly fruit and seeds, although some species will also eat a small number of insects. Sakis and uakaris have adiastema between thecanine andpremolar teeth, but the titis, which have unusually small canines for New World monkeys, do not.[ 2] dental formula :2.1.3.3 2.1.3.3
Females give birth to a single young after agestation period of between four and six months, depending on species. The uakaris and bearded sakis arepolygamous , living in groups of 8-30 individuals. Each group has multiple males, which establish a dominance hierarchy amongst themselves. The titis andPithecia sakis, by contrast, aremonogamous and live in much smaller family groups.[ 2]
There are 54 currently recognizedextant species of pitheciid monkey, grouped into twosubfamilies and sixgenera .[ 1] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5]
Family Pitheciidae : titis, sakis and uakarisSubfamilyCallicebinae , titisGenusPlecturocebus White-eared titi ,Plecturocebus donacophilus Rio Beni titi ,Plecturocebus modestus Rio Mayo titi ,Plecturocebus oenanthe Ollala brothers's titi ,Plecturocebus olallae White-coated titi ,Plecturocebus pallescens Urubamba brown titi ,Plecturocebus urubambensis Baptista Lake titi ,Plecturocebus baptista Prince Bernhard's titi ,Plecturocebus bernhardi Brown titi ,Plecturocebus brunneus Parecis titi ,Plecturocebus parecis Ashy black titi ,Plecturocebus cinerascens Hoffmanns's titi ,Plecturocebus hoffmannsi Red-bellied titi ,Plecturocebus moloch Vieira's titi ,Plecturocebus vieirai Milton's titi ,Plecturocebus miltoni Chestnut-bellied titi ,Plecturocebus caligatus Coppery titi ,Plecturocebus cupreus Toppin's titi ,Plecturocebus toppini Madidi titi ,Plecturocebus aureipalatii Caquetá titi ,Plecturocebus caquetensis White-tailed titi ,Plecturocebus discolor Hershkovitz's titi ,Plecturocebus dubius Ornate titi ,Plecturocebus ornatus Stephen Nash's titi ,Plecturocebus stephennashi Alta Floresta titi ,Plecturocebus grovesi GenusCallicebus Genus †Miocallicebus GenusCheracebus Genus †Carlocebus Genus †Homunculus SubfamilyPitheciinae GenusCacajao Genus †Cebupithecia GenusChiropotes Genus †Nuciruptor Genus †Mazzonicebus GenusPithecia Equatorial saki ,Pithecia aequatorialis White-footed saki orbuffy saki ,Pithecia albicans Cazuza's saki ,Pithecia cazuzai Golden-faced saki ,Pithecia chrysocephala Hairy saki ,Pithecia hirsuta Burnished saki ,Pithecia inusta Rio Tapajós saki orGray's bald-faced saki ,Pithecia irrorata Isabel's saki ,Pithecia isabela Monk saki ,Pithecia monachus Miller's saki ,Pithecia milleri Mittermeier's Tapajós saki ,Pithecia mittermeieri (disputed)[ 6] Napo saki ,Pithecia napensis Pissinatti's saki ,Pithecia pissinattii (disputed)[ 6] White-faced saki ,Pithecia pithecia Rylands' bald-faced saki ,Pithecia rylandsi (disputed)[ 6] Vanzolini's bald-faced saki ,Pithecia vanzolinii Genus †Proteropithecia †Proteropithecia neuquenensis Genus †Soriacebus †Soriacebus ameghinorum †Soriacebus adrianae †GenusXenothrix †GenusAntillothrix †Hispaniolan monkey,Antillothrix bernensis †GenusInsulacebus †Insulacebus toussentiana *Newly described species.[ 3] †Extinct taxa.
Silvestro etal 2017 showed the relationship among the extinct and extant pitheciid genera:[ 5]
stem Pitheciidae stem Callicebinae stem Pitheciinae
^a b Groves, C. P. (2005).Wilson, D. E. ; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 141– 148.ISBN 0-801-88221-4 OCLC 62265494 .^a b Macdonald, D., ed. (1984).The Encyclopedia of Mammals 358–361 .ISBN 0-87196-871-1 ^a b c d Boubli, J. P.; M. N. F. Da Silva; M. V. Amado; T. Hrbek; F. B. Pontual; I. P. Farias (2008)."A Taxonomic Reassessment ofCacajao melanocephalus Humboldt (1811), with the Description of Two New Species" .International Journal of Primatology .29 (3):723– 741.doi :10.1007/s10764-008-9248-7 .S2CID 26561719 . ^ The Paleobiology Database Pitheciidae entry accessed on 6 April 2010^a b Silvestro, Daniele; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Serrano Serrano, Martha L.; Loiseau, Oriane; Rossier, Victor; Rolland, Jonathan; Zizka, Alexander; Antonelli, Alexandre; Salamin, Nicolas (2019)."Early Arrival and Climatically-Linked Geographic Expansion of New World Monkeys from Tiny African Ancestors" .Systematic Biology .68 :78– 92.bioRxiv 10.1101/178111 doi :10.1093/sysbio/syy046 .PMC 6292484 ^a b c Serrano-Villavicencio, J.E.; Murtado, C.M.; Vendramel, R.L.; Oliveira do Nascimento, F. (January 2019)."Reconsidering the taxonomy of thePithecia irrorata species group (Primates: Pitheciidae)" .Journal of Mammalogy .100 (1):130– 141.doi :10.1093/jmammal/gyy167
