According to Homer,Dia had sex withZeus, who was disguised as a stallion, and gave birth to Pirithous; afolk etymology derived Pirithous' name fromperitheein (περιθεῖν, 'to run around'), because that was what Zeus did to seduce Dia.
His best friend wasTheseus. In theIliad I, Nestor numbers Pirithous and Theseus "of heroic fame" among an earlier generation of heroes of his youth, "the strongest men that Earth has bred, the strongest men against the strongest enemies, a savage mountain-dwelling tribe whom they utterly destroyed." No trace of such an oral tradition, which Homer's listeners would have recognized in Nestor's allusion, survived in literary epic.
In disjointed episodes that have survived, Pirithous had heard rumors about Theseus' courage and strength in battle but he wanted proof. He rustled Theseus' herd of cattle fromMarathon, and Theseus set out to pursue him. Pirithous took up arms and the pair met, then became so impressed with each other's gracefulness, beauty and courage they took an oath of friendship.[4] They were among the company of heroes that hunted theCalydonian Boar, another mythic theme that was already well known to Homer's listeners.
Pirithous next to Apollo from the west pediment of the temple of Zeus atOlympia, 460s BC.
Later, Pirithous was set to marryHippodamia, their offspring beingPolypoetes. Thecentaurs were guests at the party, but they got drunk and tried to abduct the women, including Hippodamia who was carried off by the intoxicated centaurEurytion orEurytus. The Lapiths won the ensuing battle, theCentauromachy, a favorite motif of Greek art.[5][6][7]
Pirithous, Hippodamia (here labeled under the nameLaodameia), a Centaur, and Theseus, on anApulian red-figurecalyx-krater, 350-340 BC.
Hippodamia died shortly after Polypoetes' birth, after which Pirithous went to visit Theseus at Athens only to discover that Theseus' own wife,Phaedra, who, according toOvid, felt left out by her husband's love for Pirithous,[8][9] was dead.[10] Thus, Pirithous and Theseus pledged to marry daughters ofZeus; Theseus choseHelen of Sparta and together they kidnapped her when she was 10 years of age and decided to hold on to her until she was old enough to marry. Pirithous chose a more dangerous prize:Persephone herself. Theseus objected, and tried to talk him out of it, as this act would be too blasphemous; but Pirithous insisted, and Theseus was bound by his oaths, so he agreed.[11] They left Helen with Theseus' mother,Aethra, atAphidnae, and traveled to theunderworld. When they stopped to rest, they found themselves unable to stand up from the rock as they saw theFuries appear before them.
Heracles freed Theseus from the stone, but the earth shook when he attempted to free Pirithous.[12] He had committed too great a crime for wanting the wife of one of the great gods as his own bride.[13] According to ascholium onAristophanes, in a lost play byEuripides, Hades had Pirithous fed toCerberus for his impiety.[14] By the time Theseus returned to Athens, theDioscuri (Helen's twin brothersCastor and Pollux) had taken Helen back toSparta; they had taken captive Aethra as well as Pirithous' sister, Physadeia, and they became handmaidens of Helen and later followed her to Troy.[15]
The rescue of Theseus and Pirithous acquired a humorous tone in the realm of Attic comedy, in which Heracles attempted to free them from the rock to which they had been bound together in theUnderworld (for having tried to carry offPersephone). He succeeded in freeing only Theseus and left behind his buttocks attached to the rocks. Due to this Theseus came to be called hypolispos, meaning "with hinder parts rubbed smooth."[16][17] This may have been a later invention.
Pirithous was worshiped at Athens, along with Theseus, as a hero.[18][19][20][21]
Erinnye, den Peirithoos in der Unterwelt bindend (Vasenbild) (circa 1885)
Theseus and Pirithous abducting Elena by Pelagio Palagi (1814)
Herakles, Theseus and Pirithoos in Hades, with Hermes. (Attic red-figure calyx-krater between circa 450 and circa 440 BC)
Theseus and Pirithoüs Clearing the Earth of Brigands, Deliver Two Women from the Hands of their Abductors by Angelique Mongez (1806)
Theseus leading Helen to a chariot arranged by Peirithoos. Helen's sister, Phoibe (on the right), watches on. Attic red-figure stamnos by Polygnotos, ca. 430-420 BC.
Pausanias,Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918.Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.