Pipestone National Monument | |
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| Location | Sweet Township, Pipestone County, Minnesota |
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| Nearest city | Pipestone, Minnesota |
| Coordinates | 44°0′48″N96°19′30″W / 44.01333°N 96.32500°W /44.01333; -96.32500 |
| Area | 281.78 acres (1.14 km2) |
| Visitation | 73,267 (2019)[2] |
| Website | Pipestone National Monument |
| MPS | Pipestone County MRA (AD) |
| NRHP reference No. | 66000112[1] |
| Significant dates | |
| Designated HD | October 15, 1966 |
| Designated NMON | August 25, 1937 |
Pipestone National Monument is anational monument located in southwesternMinnesota, just north of the city ofPipestone. Lying alongU.S. Route 75,Minnesota State Highway 23 andMinnesota State Highway 30, it is home tocatliniterock quarries culturally significant to 23Native Americans tribal nations of North America.
Those known to have actually occupied the site chronologically are theYankton Dakota,Iowa, andOmaha peoples. The quarries were considered aneutral territory in the historic past where all tribal nations could quarry “pipestone” forceremonial pipes[3] vitally important toPlains Indian traditional practices.
Archeologists believe the site has been in use for over 3000 years, with Minnesota pipestone having been found in ancientNorth Americanburial mounds across a large geographic area.[4]
From the 15th to 18th centuries theIowa people lived by the quarry. By the late 1700s, theSioux were the dominant tribe in the area.[5] On October 11, 1849, the 5th Resolution passed by theMinnesota Territorial Legislature was to send a block of pipestone collected by then governorHenry H. Sibley as a memorial stone to theWashington Memorial inWashington, D.C. The red stone is referred asínyanša in the Dakota/Lakota language. In 1851 theSisseton andWahpeton bands of the Dakota signed theTraverse des Sioux treaty ceding southwest Minnesota to the U.S. government including the quarry. However, some of that ceded land was claimed by the Yankton people and they were not present nor signers of the treaty. To protect the site, theYankton Dakota secured unrestricted access via article 8 of theYankton Treaty signed on April 19, 1858. That created a one-mile square reservation, of over 600 acres, which was encroached upon by settlers multiple times.[5] In 1891, the United States took a 100 acre parcel of the Yankton's Pipestone Reservation to build thePipestone Indian School.[6] As the U.S. government started the process of taking possession of the Yankton Reservation in 1899, the quarry again reached the news.[7][8] The Yankton tribe contested this seizure as illegal taking their claim to theU.S Supreme Court. The court ruled in their favor in 1926 and ordered that they be compensated.[5] Afterwards, the land came under full control of the U.S. Government.[6] The Pipestone Indian Training School closed in 1953 with the acreage remaining from the school transferred to theMinnesota Department of Natural Resources to create the Pipestone Wildlife Management Area.[6] A boundary change occurred on June 18, 1956 with the original reservation reduced to just 108 acres.[9]
TheNational Monument was established by an act of Congress on August 25, 1937, with the establishing legislation reaffirming the quarrying rights of the Native Americans.[3] Any enrolled member of a federally recognized American Indian tribe may apply for a free quarry permit to dig for the pipestone.[10] TheNational Park Service regularly consults with representatives from 23 affiliated tribal nations to discuss land management practices, historic preservation, exhibit design, and other facets of the park's management.[11] The historic area is listed on theNational Register of Historic Places under the heading "Cannomok'e—Pipestone National Monument". Cannomok'e means "pipestone quarry" in the Dakota language.[12] The pipestone quarries within the monument are also designated as a Minnesota State Historic Site.[13]
TheUpper Midwest Indian Cultural Center is located inside the national monument's visitor center, and during the summer months sponsors demonstrations of pipemaking by Native craftworkers using the stone from thequarries. Local Native Americans carve the stones using techniques passed down from their ancestors. Many of the demonstrators are third or fourth generation pipe makers.[14][15]
The Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of the American Indian has an extensive collection of 705 catlinite objects that it attributes to the Pipestone quarry, 585 of which are pipes.[16][17]
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Visitors can walk along a three-quarter mile (1.2 km) self-guided trail to view the pipestone quarries and awaterfall. A trail guide is available at the visitor center. About 260 acres (1.1 km2) of the national monument has been restored to nativetallgrass prairie. Monument staffburn prairie parcels on a rotating basis to control weeds and stimulate growth of native grasses. This habitat hosts many native wildlife species, including bird species such asbobolink andeastern kingbird.[18] A larger area of restored tallgrass prairie and a smallbison herd are maintained by theMinnesota DNR atBlue Mounds State Park, 20 miles (32 km) to the south. The visitor center features exhibits about the natural and cultural history of the site, including a display of thepetroglyphs found around the quarry. There is also an orientation video about the history of the pipestone quarries.
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