ThePilliga Forest, sometimes known as thePilliga Scrub, constitute over 5,000 km2 of semi-arid woodland in temperate north-centralNew South Wales,Australia. It is the largest such continuous remnant in the state. The forest is located near the towns ofBaradine andNarrabri and the villages ofPilliga andGwabegar.
Most land within the Pilliga is in crown tenure, either as State Forest[1] (2,416 km2), Nature Reserve, State Conservation Area or National Park[2] (2,770 km2).
AuthorEric Rolls wrote a historic account of the Pilliga calledA Million Wild Acres,[3] which gives an insight into the history of the region. One of Rolls' most-cited conclusions is that the forest used to be an open woodland forest and that European influence has enabled the cypress pine to dominate. However, many scientific authors now disagree with much of Rolls' analysis, quoting historical records from as early as the 1870s which suggest that the plant communities in the scrub have not undergone the level of alteration that Rolls suggests.[4][5] However most of his history of the region is uncontested and his book remains an invaluable document for understanding the region.
The geology of the area is dominated by Pilliga sandstone, a coarse red to yellowJurassicsandstone containing about 75%quartz, 15%plagioclase and 10%iron oxide,[6] although local variations in soil type do occur. Sandstone outcrops withbasalt-capped ridges are common in the south, while the Pilliga outwash areas in the north and west are dominated byalluvium from flooding creeks.Gilgais occur in some areas. In the west "sand monkeys" (abandoned creek beds) are common. In the east is a heavily eroded sandstone mountain range, visible in outcrops such as those around Gin's Leap between Baan Baa and Boggabri.
The forest contains at least 900 plant species, including some now widely grown in cultivation, as well as many threatened species. Some areas of the forest, particularly in the western Pilliga, are dominated bycypress-pine (Callitris spp.). However, there are a variety of distinct plant communities in the forest, some of which do not includeCallitris, such as mallee and heathland. Another prominent sub-canopy genus are theshe-oaks, whileeucalypts dominate the canopy throughout the forest.
Fauna recorded from the Pilliga Nature Reserve include at least 40 native and nine introduced mammals, 50 reptiles and at least 15 frogs.Squirrel gliders,koalas,rufous bettongs andPilliga mice are present.
A 4,909 km2 tract of land, including the forest and the nearbyWarrumbungle National Park, has been identified byBirdLife International as anImportant Bird Area (IBA) because it supports populations ofpainted honeyeaters anddiamond firetails. It also experiences irregular occurrences of endangeredswift parrots andregent honeyeaters, andnear threatenedbush stone-curlews.[7] Other declining woodland birds present in good numbers includebarking owls,glossy black-cockatoos,grey-crowned babblers,speckled warblers,brown treecreepers,hooded robins andturquoise parrots.[8]
Fire plays a major role in the ecology of the forest with many plant species depending on fire to regenerate. However, in unfavorable conditions fire can be extremely intense, spread very quickly and threaten nearby properties as well as laying waste to entire ecosystems. If intense fires occur less than 15 years apart there can be a loss of plant and animal biodiversity.[9] The magnitude of historical Pilliga bushfires correlates extremely well with theEl Niño Southern Oscillation phenomena, with El Niño (dry) years having the most severe fires.[9]
In 1997 a major fire burned close to 1,435 km2 of the forest. An extremely dry winter and spring in 2006 saw a number of large fires develop, including the Pilliga 4 Fire in November/December which burned out 740 km2 on just its first day.
Towns in the area includeNarrabri, Pilliga,Gwabegar,Baradine,Coonabarabran,Boggabri andBaan Baa. There is an extensive network of roads throughout the scrub, many of which are former forestry roads. The forest once supported a large forestry industry in the surrounding towns (harvesting mostly cypress pine and ironbarks) however this has been greatly scaled back since 2005 when much of the forest was set aside for environmental conservation by theNSW government.
There are many attractions in the forest, including:
30°45′35″S149°17′48″E / 30.75972°S 149.29667°E /-30.75972; 149.29667
